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POSITIVE COMPUTING Technology for psychological wellbeing Prof. Rafael A. Calvo ARC Future Fellow, Engineering The University of Sydney
Presented at: The Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education
(CCARE) Stanford University January 22, 2015
Dorian Peters Creative Leader, Education and Social Work The University of Sydney
About the University of Sydney • 50,200 students; 7,500 Staff • First University in Australia (1850)
Wealth, technology, happiness
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Beyond money. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5(1), 1–31.
We design for… • ProducOvity • Efficiency • Accuracy • Speed
• Performance • SaOsfacOon • Pleasure • Desire
The Tyranny of Productivity
Technology should be designed to support psychological wellbeing.
POSITIVE COMPUTING “The research and development of technology to support wellbeing and human potential”
Outline Technologies that change us
Multidisciplinary foundations
Wellbeing measures and factors
Current Projects
Technology already changes us... 1. Facebook Use Predicts Declines in Subjec8ve Well-‐Being in Young Adults. Kross E,
Verduyn P, Demiralp E, Park J, Lee DS, et al. (2013) PLoS ONE 8(8): e69841. 2. Experimental evidence of massive-‐scale emo8onal contagion through social networks
Kramer, A, J.E. Guillory, and J.T. Hancock. PNAS 2014 3. Detec8ng Emo8onal Contagion in Massive Social Networks. Coviello, Lorenzo, et al.
PloS one 9.3 (2014): e90315. 4. Growing Closer on Facebook: Changes in Tie Strength Through Social Network Site Use
Moira Burke et. al CHI 2014 5. A wandering mind is an unhappy mind. Killingsworth, M.A. and Gilbert, D.T.
Science 330, 6006 (2010), 932. (Experience sampling using smartphones) 6. A 61-‐million-‐person experiment in social influence and poliOcal mobilizaOon. Bond, R.M.,
Fariss, C.J., Jones, J.J., et al. Nature 489, 7415 (2012), 295–298.
Cognitive Computing Understanding what people think via wriOng
J. Villalón, P. Kearney, R.A. Calvo, P. Reimann. (2008) “Glosser: Enhanced Feedback for Student WriOng Tasks”.
• essays, • journals • CBT
Behavioural Analytics Understanding what people do and the impacts of interven8ons
Example: R.A. Calvo, A. Aditomo, V. Southavilay and K. Yacef. (2012) "The use of text and process mining techniques to study the impact of feedback on students’ wriOng processes". InternaOonal Conference on the Learning Sciences.
Faculty Research Award
Behavioural Analytics Understanding what people do and the impacts of interven8ons
Example: R.A. Calvo, A. Aditomo, V. Southavilay and K. Yacef. (2012) "The use of text and process mining techniques to study the impact of feedback on students’ wriOng processes". InternaOonal Conference on the Learning Sciences.
Faculty Research Award
Affective Computing Understanding what people feel
Physiology
The Oxford Handbook ofAFFECTIVE COMPUTING
O X F O R D L I B R A R Y O F P S Y C H O L O G Y
EDITED BY
RAFAEL A.CALVOSIDNEYD’MELLOJONATHANGRATCHARVIDKAPPAS
• HCI & UX • Human-Centered Design • Values-Sensitive Design • Emotional design • Architecture
• HCI • Affective computing • Personal informatics • Persuasive tehnologies • Attentive technologies
COMPUTING PSYCHOLOGY & BRAIN SCIENCE
DESIGN
• Positive psychology • Subjective Wellbeing • Psychiatry • Neuroscience
• Behavioral Economics • Personal development • Learning technologies • Media Studies • Social Work
EDUCATION & SOCIAL SCIENCES
Research Foundations Many areas can contribute to our understanding of wellbeing and how to apply it to technology.
Foundations in Psychology
MODELS OF POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH 1. Clinical
DSM Global Assessment of FuncOoning (e.g. CES-‐D < 16)
2. Posi8ve Psychology (e.g. Seligman, Lyubimorski, Huppert ) 3. Socio-‐emo8onal intelligence (e.g. Salovey, Mayer & Caruso) 4. Self-‐determina8on Theory (Ryan & Deci) 5. Subjec8ve well-‐being (e.g. Diener, Kahneman)
6. Neuroscience and Physiology (e.g., Panksepp, Davidson)
COMPONENTS Autonomy, connectedness, competence (Deci), Meaning, Posi8ve Emo8ons, Engagement, (Seligman)
Mindfulness (Davidson) ...
Population-wide measures UN’s first World Happiness Report (Helliwell, Layard, & Sachs, 2012) Happy Planet Index which combines data on experienced wellbeing, life expectancy and economic footprint First UK happiness report released in 2012 with staOsOcs on QoL and SBW Gallup-‐Healthways Well-‐being Index undertakes and an impressive live daily assessment of health and wellbeing measures across the U.S. (see well-‐beingindex.com)
Experienced U8lity -‐ Average of posiOve & negaOve emoOons. sampled over Ome (Kahneman & Krueger, 2006)
Experience Sampling (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1987) or Day ReconstrucOon Method
Affec8ve Compu8ng techniques The model contemplates accounOng for engagement.
Measures of Subjective Wellbeing
Kahneman, D., Diener, E., & Schwarz, N. (Eds.). (1999). Well-‐Being: The Founda/ons of Hedonic Psychology. New York: Rusell Sage FoundaOon. Kahneman, D., & Krueger, A. B. (2006). Developments in the measurement of subjecOve well-‐being. The journal of economic perspec/ves, 20(1), 3–24. Layard, R. (2006). Happiness: Lessons from a new science. Penguin.
Moving the population towards flourishing Pe
rcen
tage of P
opula8
on
Common Mental Disorder
Languishing Moderate Mental Health
Flourishing
Psychological Resources
Source: Felicia Huppert, Cambridge Wellbeing InsOtute
Designing to support Determinants of Wellbeing
• PosiOve emoOons • Autonomy • Connectedness • Self-‐awareness • Resilience • Engagement & flow
• Meaning • Mindfulness • Empathy • Compassion &
altruism
Emotional Design
Aesthetics
Fun, “Delighters”
Casual Games reduce stress & depression (eg. Rusoniello et.al.)
Positive Emotions Jane McGonigal Game designer and author Institute for the Future
Don Norman One of World’s most in7luential designers (Newsweek)
Seeking-‐focused Affilia8ve-‐focused Drive, excitement Contentment, connectedness
Gilbert, P. (2014), The origins and nature of compassion focused therapy. BriOsh Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53: 6–41. Depue, R.A., & Morrone-‐Strupinsky, J.V. (2005). A neurobehavioral model of affiliaOve bonding. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 313–395.
Positive Emotions in Technology
Catching up with email
Organizing your week's events on a calendar
Preparing a talk in powerpoint
“Meforming” on twiser
Combat simulaOon
A round of candy crush
Online shopping
Searching for informaOon
Tracking exercise
Anything gamified
Striving-achievement (dopaminergic)
• TexOng playfully with spouse • GraOtude journal app • Praising someone on facebook
Affiliative-contentment (opiate system, oxytocin)
Empathy
peacemakergame.com
FronOers-‐game.com InteracOve Guide to EmoOons
Understanding and experiencing other’s emotions.
New Design tradeoffs example: speed vs. gratitude
Praise is valuable to both sides LinkedIn & Yammer: speed vs. psychological benefits?
Compassion vs. Empathy
1. Addressing appraisals of deservedness 2. SupporOng feelings of agency 3. Providing opportuniOes for the pracOce of
altruism 4. Providing opportuniOes for elevaOon
5. SupporOng compassion training pracOces. Peters, D, & R Calvo. "Compassion vs. empathy: designing for resilience.” Interac/ons 21.5 (2014): 48-‐53.a Goetz, J. L., Keltner, D., & Simon-‐Thomas, E. (2010). Compassion: An evoluOonary analysis and empirical review. Psychological BulleOn, 136(3), 351.
Altruism Developing helping behaviors with VR
Rosenberg, R. S., Baughman, S. L., & Bailenson, J. N. (2013). Virtual Superheroes: Using Superpowers in Virtual Reality to Encourage Prosocial Behavior. PloS one, 8(1).
Superhero experiment, Stanford (images from Catalyst, ABC)
Types of integration Types&of&positive&computing&technologies&
A&4&Not&positive&computing&&
Wellbeing(&(human(potential(were(not(considered(in(the(design(of(the(technology((
B&–&Preventative&integration&&&
Obstacles(or(compromises(to(wellbeing(are(treated(as(errors.(
C&4&Active&integration&&
Technology(is(designed(to(actively(support(components(of(wellbeing(or(human(potential(in(an(application(that(has(a(different(overall(goal((
(
D&4&Dedicated&integration&&
A(technology(that(is(purpose=built(and(dedicated(to(fostering(wellbeing(and/or(human(potential(in(some(way.((
• Word redesigned to support flow • Social media redesigned to support
social intelligence
• Posi/ve psychology interven/ons • Game for developing empathy
Examples
• Redesign to prevent trolling or cyberbullying
Framework for Research and Practice Operationalizing wellbeing research for technology design
!Factor! Literature!&!Theory! Strategies!
Methods!&!Measures!
Self!(Intrapersonal)!
Positive!Emotions!
• Hedonic!Psychology!
(Kahneman)!
• Subjective!Wellbeing!(Deiner)!
• Building!&!Broadening!Effect!
(Fredrickson)!
• Savouring!
• Positive!ruminating!
• Reframing!
• Compassion!
meditation!
PANAS!scales;!General!
wellbeing!measures!such!
as!SWB,!SWLS!and!QoL!
scales.!
Motivation!&!Engagement!!
• SelfOdetermination!Theory!
(Ryan!&!Deci)!!
• Flow!Theory!Csikszentmihalyi)!
• Intrinsic!and!extrinsic!rewards!
The!Motivation!and!
Engagement!Scale;!SelfO
Regulation!
Questionnaires!
Self<awareness!
• Cognitive!Behavioral!Therapy!(Aaron!Beck)!
• Emotional!Intelligence!(Mayer!
&!Salovey)!
• Life!summary!
• Online!CBT!study!• TechnologyOMediated!Reflection!
Emotional!Intelligence!
measures!(eg.!MSCEIT);!
wellbeing!measures!such!
as!Life!Satisfaction!
Mindfulness! MindfulnessObased!Stress!
Reduction!!(KabatOZinn)!
MinfulnessObased!Cognitive!
Therapy!(Segal,!Williams!&!
Teasdale)!
• Mindfulness!
meditation!
• MBSR!strategies!
• MBCT!strategies!
MAAS;!Freiburg!
Mindfulness!Inventory!
Resilience! psychology!of!resilience!
(Seligman,!Keyes)!!
Building!&!Broadening!Effect!
(Fredrickson)!!
• Positive!psychology!interventions!
• SuperBetter!
Resilience!Scale;!!
Social!(Interpersonal)!
Gratitude! Emmons!&!McCullough!
Psychology2of2Gratitude!• Gratitude!visit!
• Gratitude!journal!
Gratitude!Questionnaire!
Empathy! Emotional!Intelligence!(Salovey!&!
Mayer;!Goleman),!Affective!and!
Cognitive!empathy!(Gerdes!etal;!
Singer)!
• RoleOplaying!
• PerspectiveOtaking!
• Emotion!recognition!
training!
EQ;!Interpersonal!
Reactivity!Index;!
Children's!Empathic!
Attitudes!Questionnaire!
Transcendent!(Extra:personal)!
Compassion! CompassionOFocused!Therapy!
(Paul!Gilbert)!
• Compassion!
Meditation!
SelfOcompassion!Scale;!
Prosocial!Orientation!
Scale;!Hostile!Attribution!
Bias!Questionnaire!Altruism!
!
Batson!(empathyOAltruism!
!
• Prosocial!games!
• RoleOplaying!helping!
behavior!
Wisdom! • Psychology!of!wisdom!
(Staudinger)!
• Balance!Theory!of!Wisdom!
(Sternberg)!
• 16!principles!of!
teaching!for!wisdom!
(Sternberg)!!
SelfOassessed!Wisdom!
Scale;!ThreeOdimensional!
Wisdom!scale!
From: Positive Computing
Expert Perspectives Multidisciplinary views of wellbeing technology (in the book)
Don Norman One of World’s most influential designers (Newsweek)
Prof . Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi Founder of the Quality of Life Research Center.
Prof. Mark Williams Director, Oxford Mindfulness Centre, University of Oxford
Mary-Helen Immordino-Yang Brain and Creativity Institute USC
Jeremy Bailenson Augmented Virtual Reality Stanford University
danah boyd Social Media researcher at Harvard & Microsoft
Prof . Felicia Huppert Director of Cambridge Well-being Institute
Prof . David Caruso Yale
Jonathan Nicholas CEO Reachout Foundation
Prof. Jane Burns CEO, Young and Well CRC .
Moderator Assistant
Ming Liu, Rafael A. Calvo, Tracey Davenport, Ian Hickie "Moderator Assistant: helping those who help via online mental health support groups". Social Technologies for Health and Wellbeing' workshop at OzChi 2013. Nov 25 & 26. Adelaide, South Australia
Self-management in health
In Partnership:
In Partnership with: Charles Perkins Centre | Children’s Hospital at Westmead | Asthma Australia
[Autonomy]
MH promotion in emergency services workplace
Men @ Work – workplace wellbeing [Resilience, Compassion]
ARC Future Fellowship (2015-2019)
Identifying software design strategies that can foster various determinant factors of wellbeing
Understanding expert/disciplinary concep8ons.
Iden8fying design strategies
Measurement – Evalua8ng proposed design strategies in specific projects
In collaboraOon with:
Positive Computing workshops Competence: Feeling that one has sufficient ability/experOse relevant to an experience.
Autonomy: Feeling that one has the power to influence or endorse the outcome of an experience. “Internal perceived locus of causality”.
Meaning: Find a deep sense of fulfilment by employing our unique strengths for a purpose greater than ourselves.
Posi8ve emo8ons: eg. joy, graOtude, serenity, interest, hope, pride, amusement, inspiraOon, awe, love.
Engagement: taking part in acOviOes that absorb one completely, state of flow (loss of self-‐consciousness, no mind-‐wandering)
Relatedness: Belongingness and connectedness with others, ”secure relaOonal base”
With support from the Charles Perkins Centre RA Calvo, D. Peters, D. Johnson, Y. Rogers “Autonomy in Technology Design” CHI ’14
Conclusions 1. Technology changes us. 2. There are psychological factors known to increase
wellbeing (described in psychological theories) 3. These factors can be used to inform the design of
technologies that beser support wellbeing 4. PosiOve compuOng provides a framework to support
effort by: • Drawing on mulO-‐disciplinary work and theoreOcal
frameworks that can serve as an evidence base for pracOce
• Helping pracOoners manage design for wellbeing by addressing determinants
• TargeOng the promoOon of flourishing in all technology