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SLIDE 1 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
PIV applicationsPresentation of a select range of PIV applications.Historic review of measurements then and now.
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SLIDE 2 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Aerospace
• Aircraft model aerodynamics• Wing design (drag & lift) • Trailing vortices • Helicopter rotor design•Super sonic flows•Gas turbine fuel injection & cooling• Flight cabin ventilation• Validation of CFD models
# 33356
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SLIDE 3 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Automotive
• Car body aerodynamics• Air flows in passenger compartments
• Engine compartment flows
• Engine combustion
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SLIDE 4 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Bio-medical and bio-technology
Artificial hearts
Hart-valve function
Blood flows
Medicine inhalers
Micro fluidics Flow in biological valve, Prof. Roberto Zenit UNAM, Mexico City
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SLIDE 5 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Combustion Diagnostics
• Fuel injection• Air/fuel mixing• Combustion efficiency• Cooling efficiency• Rocket engineering• Flame research
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SLIDE 6 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
• Sedimentation & particle transport• Wave dynamics• Mass transport
Earth science & environmental protection
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SLIDE 7 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Fundamental fluid dynamics research
Turbulence research
Boundary layers
Fluid-structure interactions
Vortex evolution
Heat transfer studies
Super sonic flows
CFD code validation
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SLIDE 8 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Hydraulics & hydrodynamics
• Ship hull design (hydrodynamics)• Propulsion efficiency• Pipe & channel flows• Flows in pumps• Cavitation prevention (propellers)• Cooling performance
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SLIDE 9 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Mixing processes
Research in mixing processes
Flow in industrial mixers
Micro mixers
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SLIDE 10 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Process and chemical engineering
• Cyclone separators• Heat exchangers• Liquid metal flows (moulds)
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SLIDE 11 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Data presentation from select applications
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SLIDE 12 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Stimulated air jet
• Ø30 air jet stimulated by a loud speaker
• Velocity: ~2.7 m/s• Lens: 60mm/#F2.8• S=500mm
(Distance between light sheet and lens)
• 2-3µm oil droplet seeding• Field of view:
82x103 mm at 1024x1280 pixel
Fan
Loud speaker
Grid
Jet
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SLIDE 13 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Jet flow without stimulation
• RMS of the v- velocity component
• Vorticity based on 250 Hz PIV
Strongreflection
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SLIDE 14 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Flow with 45 Hz stimulation
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SLIDE 15 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
RMS V - velocity component
• RMS v - flow with45 Hz stimulation
• RMS v - flow without stimulation
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SLIDE 16 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
PIV testing at HSVA Towing tank, Germany
Rudder
PIV system Camera Laser
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SLIDE 17 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
HSVA Towing tank measurementTracking the vortex from a rudder
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SLIDE 18 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Travelling of the tip vortex
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SLIDE 19 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
PIV in towing tank moving with carriage
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SLIDE 20 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
The professional presentation makes it look simple
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SLIDE 21 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
PIV under a microscope
Pump
Microscope Lens, High NA
Microfluidic device
Inlet Outlet
Ocular
12 bit InterlineCooled CCD Camera
Max ~5 mJ
Lamp
Filter cubeEpi-fluorescent Prism
Flow + Tracing Particles
= 532 nm
= 560 nm
Waste
Relay lens
Beam splitter
Optics for lamp / fiber
Nd: YAG Laser
Optical fiber
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SLIDE 22 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Micro channel Experiments
30 m
xz
x
y
300 m
Top View
Side View
MeasurementArea
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SLIDE 23 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Micro channel Flow (x - z plane)
Courtesy: Meinhart et. Al.
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SLIDE 24 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Results at X63 measurement
Measurement area
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SLIDE 25 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Results at X63 measurement
• Magnification X63 (X0.5) = X31.5
• Time between laser pulses 200 µs
• Measurement volume 14 x 14 x 8 µm
• Vectors spaced 3.4 µm
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SLIDE 26 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Micro PIV mixing Time resolved
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SLIDE 27 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Rotating disk experiment
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SLIDE 28 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Some times a Cartesian grid does not suffice
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SLIDE 29 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Some experiments makes you wonder
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SLIDE 30 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Shadow Sizing
Spatial distribution, cumulative histogram and table for data analysis
Spray analysis
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SLIDE 31 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Shadow Sizing of bubbly flow
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SLIDE 32 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Flow-Structure interaction
• Flow-Structure solid interaction has been research topic for many years.
• Areas of application include:- Aero-elasticity- Bridge design- Building design- Micro air vehicle
• Measurement of deformation of and flow behind a flexible winglet.- Flow Measured with TR-PIV- Deformation measured with Digital Image Correlation (DIC)- DIC is a optical technique for Time Resolved (TR-DIC)
measurement of 3-D deformation and strain
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SLIDE 33 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Flexible wing and it’s influence on flow
• Optical measurements of real time Deformation of a Flexible Wing and the associated Flow behind a flexible wing.
• The wing has one spare and 4 ribs over which is latex membrane is mounted with adhesive (5.7x3)
• Curtsey Mr. Ryan Wallace and Prof. Mark Glauser of Syracuse University
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SLIDE 34 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Wing layout and area of investigation
Image of full wing, placed in wind tunnel.Flow 14 m/s angle of attack 4 deg
Flow field measured by TR-PIV
Temporal resolution on TR-DIC and TR-PIV measurements: 1 ms (1kHz)
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SLIDE 35 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
TR-DIC measurements on wing
Z displacement
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 51 101 151 201 251 301 351 401 451
ms
mm
Z displacement
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
ms
mm
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SLIDE 36 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Point spectral information
• Z-displacement spectral in formation from a point
Spectrum
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0.0 55.6 111.1 166.7 222.2 277.8 333.3 388.9 444.4 500.0
Hz
Dis
pla
cem
ent
Spectrum (zoom)
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
60.0 66.7 73.3 80.0 86.7 93.3 100.0 106.7 113.3 120.0 126.7 133.3 140.0
Hz
Dis
pla
cem
ent
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SLIDE 37 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
TR-PIV Flow measurements behind wing
Flow field behind wing and associated spectrum
Frequency contents of Flow after wing
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 104 109 114 119 124 129 134
FrequencyU
@ 9
,15
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SLIDE 38 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Comparison of frequency contents between Structure and Flow
Spectrum mean over surface
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.0 55.6 111.1 166.7 222.2 277.8 333.3 388.9 444.4 500.0
Hz
Dis
pla
cem
ent
Frequency contents of flow after wing
-0.01
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
70 75 80 85 90 95 100 104 109 114 119 124 129 134
Frequency
U @
9,1
5
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SLIDE 39 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
A closer look at the PIV data from behind the flexible wing
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SLIDE 40 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Flow measurements then and now
• Today we take many things for granted• How have we advanced?• Let’s have a quick review
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SLIDE 41 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
1981 LDA underwater measurements
PIV underwater measurements
Maritime research, Propellers in towing tanks
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SLIDE 42 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Airborne studies
1977 Hotwire in-flight measurements at high altitude and speed
Airborne LDA measurements
Combustion in Micro-gravity with a PIV system onboard
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SLIDE 43 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Understanding tip vortices in detailswith PIV measurements in water
Wingtip vortices, then and now
x/b=6.80.2 nm
K. & C. Huenecke, Airbus
x/b=30.00.9 nm
x/b=63.02.0 nm
1962 CTA measurements in open air,waiting for the fly-by of the aircraft
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SLIDE 44 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
On the way to micro applications
1965 CTA in a “microfluidic” bi-stable fluid amplifier
Flow Discharge Vectoring using a Miniature Fluidic Actuator mapped with PIV
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SLIDE 45 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
When it gets bloody !
1970 CTA built into a hypodermic needle, used in patients to verify results after operation
Microscopic PIV in a 30 x 100 µm wide channel with real human blood
wall
100
µm
wid
e
30 µm deep
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SLIDE 46 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Thermodynamics in combustion
1956 The PV indicator revolutionized combustion understanding. Now, the thermodynamic work was online !
LIF measurement in an engineat different crank angles
Result: PV diagram for all crank angles
Modern day developments requires much more detail and advanced imaging
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SLIDE 47 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
We can see it - quantification of bubbles with advanced image processing
1967 Investigation of a hot film and bubble interaction
Quantification of bubbles with shadow sizing techniques
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SLIDE 48 | Kim D. Jensen| USP March 2013A Nova Instruments company
Jet flow still the same 30 years later ?
1971 First commercial LDAinvestigated by F. Durst and J. Whitelaw
2001 First commercialTime Resolved PIV system based on fast powerful Nd:Yag lasers
1971: 5 mWatt laser2001: 50 Watt laser & more information