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Before we begin…P-E-G-ASBefore we begin…P-E-G-AS
Political: Who controls what? What type of government is there? Anything to do with laws or war.Economic: What type of economy? How do people make a living? Geography: Where is it? Is the land mountainous? Desert? Oceanic? Advances/Social: Religious, intellectual, artistic
Sumer •Flooding of Tigris and Euphrates unpredictable•No natural barriers•Limited natural resources for making tools or buildings
Egypt •Flooding of the Nile predictable•Nile an easy transportation link between Egypt’s villages•Deserts were natural barriers
Indus Valley • Indus flooding unpredictable•Monsoon winds•Mountains, deserts were natural barriers
China •Huang He flooding unpredictable•Mountains, deserts natural barriers•Geographically isolated from other ancient civilizations
Slide 3 Early River Valley Slide 3 Early River Valley CivilizationsCivilizations
Slide 4 Slide 4 ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAANCIENT MESOPOTAMIA
Oldest known civilization
Cradle of Human Civilization
Old Testament
Nebuchadnezzar
Ziggurat (right)
Hanging gardens
Slide 5 GeographySlide 5 Geography
This civilization rose in the valleys between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.Some say this Fertile Crescent was the real Garden of Eden.It has few natural barriers.
Slide 6 In what modern day country Slide 6 In what modern day country was the Fertile Crescent?was the Fertile Crescent?
Slide 9 Slide 9 SumeriansSumeriansThe Sumerians invented writing called cuneiform.
Babylonians wrote using this “wedge-shaped” writing on clay tablets.
Number system based on 60.
12 month calendar
wheel, plow , sailboat
Slide 11 Ancient Mesopotamia Slide 11 Ancient Mesopotamia Social ClassesSocial Classes
Enslaved people
Artisans, merchants,
farmers, and fishers
Kings, Kings, Priests, Priests, Gov’t Gov’t
officialsofficials
Slide 14 Babylon under King Slide 14 Babylon under King Nebuchadnezzar II.Nebuchadnezzar II.
Herodotus (historian in 450 B.C.) was quoted as saying the following: "In addition to its size, Babylon surpasses in splendor any city in the known world." Outer walls were 56 miles in length, 80 feet thick and 320 feet high. Wide enough to allow a four-horse chariot to turn. Inside the walls were fortresses and temples containing immense statues of solid gold. Rising above the city was the famous Tower of Babel, a temple to the god Marduk, that seemed to reach to the heavens
Slide 15 Another painting of the hanging Slide 15 Another painting of the hanging gardens with Tower of Babel in backgardens with Tower of Babel in back
Slide 16 Economic: Trade and Slide 16 Economic: Trade and FarmingFarming
Traditional Economy
Sumerians (Mesopotamians) were known to trade with the Egyptians and the Indus Valley civilizations.
In later years, these trade routes became Silk Road.
Slide 17 Sumerians Invented Slide 17 Sumerians Invented The WheelThe Wheel
The wheel was invented by 6000 BC
It helped military, farming and trade.
At right, this is made of wood.
Slide 18 Political: Slide 18 Political: Mesopotamian LawMesopotamian Law
Code of Hammurabi
“eye for an eye tooth for a tooth”
Slide 20 ANCIENT Slide 20 ANCIENT EGYPTEGYPT
Nile River
Mummies
Pharaohs
Rameses
King Tutankhamen
Hieroglyphics
Slide 21 Egyptian CivilizationSlide 21 Egyptian Civilization
Egyptian civilization arose after Mesopotamia.
Geography: It was centered around the Nile River.
Slide 21 Nile RiverSlide 21 Nile River
Provided fish
Supported plants and animals
Two rivers, Blue Nile and White Nile, join to make the Nile River.
World’s longest river
Flows south to north
Floods watered the land and provided fertile soils for crops to grow.
Slide 22 The Sahara Desert.Slide 22 The Sahara Desert.
Largest desert in the world.
Egypt is naturally protected from enemies because it was surrounded by deserts, rivers, deltas, and cataracts (rapids).
Slide 23 PyramidsSlide 23 Pyramids
Pyramids were tombs for the kings.
The most famous are the Giza pyramids (shown to left).
These were built in 3500 B.C.E.
How old are they?
Slide 24 Political: Egyptian Slide 24 Political: Egyptian PharaohsPharaohs
Egyptians were led by Pharaohs, who were priest-kings.The most famous pharaoh is King Tut.Using computers, this image was reconstructed using his remains.Eventually, Egypt was divided into 2 kingdoms (Upper and Lower).
Slide 25 Egypt’s ReligionSlide 25 Egypt’s Religion
They believed in many gods and goddesses and in life after death for the pharaohs.
Hapi – main god
Isis – main goddess
Book of the Dead
Slide 26 MummiesSlide 26 Mummies
Egyptians who could afford to do so would have themselves mummified.
They believed in a better afterlife if their body was preserved.
Slide 27 Slide 27 Mummification Mummification
ProcessProcess
Took out all of the internal organs, except the heart because it was believed to be the intelligence and emotion of the person.
Organs were put in canopic jars, that were put in the tomb with the mummy.
Brain was taken out through the nose because it had no significant value.
The body was packed and covered with natron (a salty drying agent). Then the body was left for 40-50 days.
Slide 28 Egyptians wrote in Slide 28 Egyptians wrote in hieroglyphicshieroglyphics
Made up of sound and picture symbols
Only scribes (men) were taught to write
Slide 29 What did Egyptians Slide 29 What did Egyptians write on?write on?
PapyrusAlso used to make baskets, sandals and river rafts
The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.
The Great Sphinx is located on the Giza plateau, about six miles west of Cairo.
Slide 31 Egyptian EconomySlide 31 Egyptian EconomyAlthough Egypt looks really sophisticated, the economy is a traditional economy based on farming and trade.
Egyptians traded up and down the Nile, with Mesopotamians and sometimes with the Indus Valley (in Pakistan)
Slide 33 The Land of IndiaSlide 33 The Land of India
Subcontinent
Himalaya Mountains
Five nations of today:
India,
Pakistan in the NW,
Nepal,
Bhutan, and
Bangladesh in NE
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Slide 34 Fertile River ValleysSlide 34 Fertile River Valleys
2 river valleys: Ganges and Indus
South is dry and hilly (Deccan Plateau)
Eastern and Western coasts are lush, fertile plains.
MonsoonsWinter – cold, dry air from mts
Summer – warm, wet air from
the Arabian Sea
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Slide 35 Indus River ValleySlide 35 Indus River Valley
This civilization is still mysterious.
The writing has not been translated.
Slide 36 Indus River Slide 36 Indus River CivilizationCivilization
We do know the cities were sophisticated enough to have brick walls surrounding them for protection against flooding from the Indus River.
Slide 37 India’s greatest advancements Slide 37 India’s greatest advancements were in mathematics.were in mathematics.
Invented the zero and the symbol for it (another for infinity)
They invented the number system we use today (1-9)
Algebra
Set algorithms
Slide 38 Ancient India’s Slide 38 Ancient India’s contributionscontributions
Farmers raised cattle, made the cow sacred and could not be killed.
Grew wheat, millet, barley, and rice
Developed iron plow
Developed a written language – Sanskitt
Slide 39Ancient India’s Slide 39Ancient India’s religionsreligions
Hinduism-Many gods, reincarnation- (Birth-Death-Rebirth), and Dharma is their law
Buddhism-Nirvana, 4 Noble Truths, No material possessions
Slide 40 Indus EconomySlide 40 Indus Economy
Just like the other river valley civilizations, the Indus river valley people were mostly farmers.
Traditional economy
They traded with the Chinese, with the Sumerians (Mesopotamians) and sometimes with the Egyptians.
Slide 41 Ancient India rulersSlide 41 Ancient India rulers
Dynasty – a series of rulers from the same family.
1st dynasty – Mauryan family
Gupta dynasty
Mahabbarata
Slide 42 ANCIENT Slide 42 ANCIENT CHINACHINAGreat Wall
Began 2000 B.C.
Mandate of Heaven
Dynasties
Silk
Astronomy
Slide 43 YellowSlide 43 Yellow
River CivilizationRiver CivilizationAncient China was formed around the Yellow River.
The color yellow symbolized “centrality”, as in China is the center of the world.
Huang He (Yellow River)
Slide 44 Chinese Slide 44 Chinese AccomplishmentsAccomplishments
During the Zhou and Shang periods achievements in astronomy and bronze work learned to make silkcreate booksdeveloped a complex system of writing.
Slide 45 The Chinese LanguageSlide 45 The Chinese Language
3 examples:
1. Pictographs-Pictures that represent things.
2. Ideographs – join together two or more pictographs to form an idea.
3. Chinese Calligraphy
Most characters in their language represent whole words and not sounds.
Slide 47 Ancient Chinese Social Slide 47 Ancient Chinese Social ClassesClasses
Landowning aristocrats
Peasant farmers
Merchants
Slide 48 E:Chinese Invented Slide 48 E:Chinese Invented SilkSilk
Silk was exotic and expensive, so it was good for trading with the rest of the world.
It is made from silk worms.
Silk also makes “paper”
Slide 50 Ancient China Slide 50 Ancient China EconomyEconomy
•Farming and trade
•Traditional economy
•First to develop terrace farming-Solution for farming on hillsides. People use Terraces or different levels for farming.
•This method is still used today for rice and other crops. Chinese Rice Terrace
Slide 51 DynastySlide 51 Dynasty
Dynasty-A family or group that maintains power for generations
Xia dynasty -1st dynasty
Shang dynasty – built first Chinese cities1750 B.C. – 1045 B.C.
Slide 52 Confucius’ ideasSlide 52 Confucius’ ideasRestore family order and social harmony:
Fathers should display high moral values to inspire their families.
Children should respect and obey their parents.
All family members should be loyal to each other.
Government:
Moral leadership, not laws, brought order to China.
A king should lead by example, inspiring good behavior in all of his subjects.
The lower classes would learn by following the example of their superiors.
Slide 53 Ancient Chinese Slide 53 Ancient Chinese ReligionReligion
Believed in gods and spirits
Had to keep them happy by offerings of food and other goods
Angry gods and spirits may cause a poor harvest or armies to lose a battle
Kings received power and wisdom from them
The Great Wall of China was The Great Wall of China was built to keep the Mongols out.built to keep the Mongols out.
Many died building it, and their Many died building it, and their bodies were used as filler for it.bodies were used as filler for it.