CSCI-365Computer Organization

Lecture

Note: Some slides and/or pictures in the following are adapted from: Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, ©2005

Single Cycle vs. Multiple Cycle

Multiple Cycle Implementation:

Clk

Cycle 1

IF ID EX MEM WB

Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5 Cycle 6 Cycle 7 Cycle 8 Cycle 9Cycle 10

IF ID EX MEM

lw sw

IF

R-type

Clk

Single Cycle Implementation:

lw sw Waste

Cycle 1 Cycle 2

General Definitions

• Latency: time to completely execute a certain

task

– E.g., time to read a sector from disk is disk access

time or disk latency

• Throughput: amount of work that can be done

over a period of time

A Pipelined MIPS Processor

• Start the next instruction before the current one has

completed

– improves throughput

– instruction latency is not reduced

– clock cycle (pipeline stage time) limited by slowest stage

– for some instructions, some stages are wasted cycles

Cycle 1 Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5

IF ID EX MEM WBlw

Cycle 7Cycle 6 Cycle 8

sw IF ID EX MEM WB

R-type IF ID EX MEM WB

Single Cycle vs. Multiple Cycle vs. Pipelined

Multiple Cycle Implementation:

Clk

Cycle 1

IF ID EX MEM WB

Cycle 2 Cycle 3 Cycle 4 Cycle 5 Cycle 6 Cycle 7 Cycle 8 Cycle 9Cycle 10

IF ID EX MEM

lw sw

IF

R-type

Clk

Single Cycle Implementation:

lw sw Waste

Cycle 1 Cycle 2

lw IF ID EX MEM WB

Pipeline Implementation:

IF ID EX MEM WBsw

IF ID EX MEM WBR-type

Theoretical Performance

• An ideal pipeline divides a task into k independent sequential

subtasks

– Each subtask requires 1 time unit to complete

– The task itself requires k time units to complete

• For n iterations of task, the execution times:

– With no pipelining: nk time units

– With pipelining: k + (n-1) time units

• Speedup of a k-stage pipeline is

– S = nk / [k+(n-1)] ==> k (for large n)

Simplified MIPS Pipelined Datapath

Can you foresee any problems with these right-to-left flows?

Why are we duplicating some functional units?

Pipeline registers

• Need registers between stages

– To hold information produced in previous cycle

IF

ID

EX for Load

MEM for Load

WB for Load

Wrongregisternumber

There is a BUG here

Corrected Datapath for Load