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Should publishers offer OA?Thomas J. WalkerUniversity of Florida
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Outline• OA models for publishers
• Two BioOne publishers that offer OA
• What BioOne publishers should do
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Who benefits from open access?
• Researchers
• Teachers
• Students
• The public
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Who is afraid of open access?
• Most publishers
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Open Access models
• Author self-archiving
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Open Access models
• Author self-archiving
• OA sold by the article(=“hybrid model”)
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PNAS3 Apr 2007 issue
$1100 price of OA per article
24% (16 of the 68 articles
in this issue are OA)
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PNAS3 Apr 2007 issue
$1100 price of OA per article
24%OA
All articles freelyweb accessible6 months after
publication
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G. Eysenbach. 2006. The open access advantage. J Med Internet Res 8(2).
Citations to articles published in PNAS in last half of 2004
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Open Access models
• Author self-archiving
• OA sold by the article(=“hybrid model”)
• 100% OA
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FloridaEntomological
Society 100% OA since 1994
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Florida Entomological Society• 1993 OA endorsed• 1994 OA via PDF to all articles (1994 forward)
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Florida Entomological Society• 1993 OA endorsed• 1994 OA via PDF to all articles (1994 forward)
• 1999 OA to complete back-file (1917-1993)
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FES: Revenues from library subscriptions
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rev
enue
s (c
onst
ant $
$)
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Florida Entomological Society• 1993 OA endorsed• 1994 OA via PDF to all articles (1994 forward)
• 1999 OA to complete back file (1917-1993)
• 2001 Obligatory OA fees
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Florida EntomologistObligatory OA fees
Articles $100
Scientific notes $ 50
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FES: Initial year of OA fees
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rev
enue
s (c
onst
ant $
$)
Net OA fees
Library subscriptions
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Florida Entomological Society• 1993 OA endorsed• 1994 OA via PDF to all articles (1994 forward)
• 1999 OA to complete back file (1917-1993)
• 2001 Obligatory OA fees• 2002 OA on BioOne (2002 forward)
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FES: Summary of OA revenue effects
0
2500
5000
7500
10000
12500
15000
17500
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Rev
enue
s (c
onst
ant $
$)
Start-up costs for BioOne
Net OA fees
Library subscriptions
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Entomological Society
of Americacurrently ca. 67% OA
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Entomological Society of America
• 1995 GB approves OA sales
• 1997 GB cancels approval
• 1999 GB approves OA sales again
• 2000 OA sales begin!
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ESA: Percentage of authors buying OA
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Au
tho
rs b
uyi
ng
OA
(%
)
Envir Entomol
J Med Entomol
Ann Entomol Soc Am
J Econ Entomol
Sum of journals
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ESA: Gross revenues from OA sales
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Au
tho
rs b
uyi
ng
OA
(%
)
$0
$10,000
$20,000
$30,000
$40,000
$50,000
$60,000
$70,000
$80,000
$90,000
Gro
ss O
A I
nco
me
(US
D)
Percentage of authors buying OA
Gross OA income
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How ESA’s hybrid model generated >$74,000 per year
Year No. of OA Average articles price
2004 550 $143
2005 510 $146
2006 537 $150
ESA price for OA by the article = 75% of the cost of 100 paper reprints
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Current prices of OA by the article
Entomological Society of America [ESA] (1 to 20 pages) $55 to $314 Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Journal of Economic EntomologyEnvironmental EntomologyJournal of Medical Entomology
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Current prices of OA by the article
Entomological Society of America [ESA] (1 to 20 pages) $55 to $314 Annals of the Entomological Society of America
Journal of Economic EntomologyEnvironmental EntomologyJournal of Medical Entomology
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography [ASLO] $350 Limnology and Oceanography Limnology and Oceanography: Methods
National Academy of Sciences $1100Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
Company of Biologists $2560Journal of Experimental BiologyDevelopmentJournal of Cell Science
Springer $3000 OpenChoice
Elsevier $3000 Sponsored Article program
Taylor & Francis $3100 iOpenAccess
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What BioOne publishers should do….
• Sell OA to your authors at a fair price
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Setting the price of OA by the article
• Price too high– Authors/members will recognize the attempt to profiteer– Service will not be profitable
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Setting the price of OA by the article
• Price too high– Authors/members will recognize the attempt to profiteer– Service will not be profitable
• Price too low– So many will buy OA that restricted-access revenues
will be threatened
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What BioOne publishers should do….
• Sell OA to your authors at a fair price
• Provide free access to electronic back-files
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Summary
Society-based publishersshould be fiscally responsible
facilitators of OA, not opponents.
For more on these topics, find my home page (http://tjwalker.ifas.ufl.edu) and click on “Web access to traditionally published journals”