Download - Ship handling
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Shiphandling/WatchstandingSeminar II
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Lesson Contents• Shiphandling Theory
• Laws of Motion• Controllable Forces• Uncontrollable Forces
• Shiphandling• Terminology• Ground Tackle• Getting Underway• Single Screw Characteristics• Twin Screw Characteristics• Tug Handling• Man Overboard Recovery
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Shiphandling Theory: Motion
• Various forces acting on the ship create movement.
• Newton’s Laws of Motion1. Unless acted upon by an outside
force:• An object in motion tends to stay in
motion.• An object at rest tends to stay at rest.
2. The resulting motion of an object is the sum of all forces acting on it.
3. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
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Shiphandling Theory: Forces
• Controllable• Propeller• Rudder• Bow
Thruster/APU• Mooring Lines• Anchors• Tugs
• Uncontrollable• Wind• Current/Tides• Seas• Water Depth
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Controllable Forces
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Propellers
• Provides the most important source of force on a ship.
• (Usually) makes ship go forward.• Most ships have 2 propellers.• Aircraft carriers / Patrol Craft have
4.• Frigates have 1.
Controllable Forces
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Propellers
• Forces resulting from the use of the propellers:• Forward (or reverse) thrust• Side Force
Controllable Forces
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Propeller Thrust
• A result of the propeller spinning on its shaft.
• Caused by a pressure differential between the opposite sides of the propeller blade.
Controllable Forces
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Propeller Thrust
Rotation ofpropeller blade
Water FlowLow Pressure
High Pressure
PropellerBlade
Resulting Thrust
Controllable Forces
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Controlling Propeller Thrust
• Depends on type of propellers• Fixed Pitch Propellers• Controllable Pitch Propellers
Controllable Forces
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Controllable Pitch Propellers
• Found on all gas turbine ships and some diesel amphibs
• 0 - 12 kts• shaft rotates at 55 RPM• thrust (speed) controlled by changing
the pitch of the propeller blade
Controllable Forces
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Controllable Pitch Propellers
• >12 kts• thrust controlled by changing the
speed (RPM) of the shaft.
• The shaft always spins in same direction whether going forward or backward.
Controllable Forces
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Fixed Pitch Propellers• Found on steam ships (carriers, subs,
amphibs)
• Cannot change pitch of propeller
• Thrust (speed) controlled by changing speed of the shaft
• To go backwards, must stop shaft and spin the shaft in the opposite direction.
Controllable Forces
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Side Force
• Causes stern to move sideways in the direction of propeller rotation.
Propeller
Controllable Forces
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Side Force
SideForce
Bottom
Single ScrewGoing Ahead
AheadAsternTwin Screw
SideForce
SideForce
Controllable Forces
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Screw Current
• Consists of two parts• Suction Current - going into the
propeller• Discharge Current (Prop Wash)-
comes out of the propeller
Suction Current Discharge Current
Propeller
Acts on Rudder
Controllable Forces
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Rudders
• Used to control ship’s heading by moving the stern.
• To have an effect, must have a flow of water across the rudder.
• Normally this flow of water is the discharge current of the screw.
Controllable Forces
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RudderForce
Low Pressure Area High Pressure Area
• Acts a wing
RudderWaterFlow
RudderForce
Low Pressure AreaHigh Pressure Area
Controllable Forces
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Propellers / Rudders
• Primary means of controlling the stern
Thrust
Side Force
Rudder Force
Controllable Forces
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Pivot Point
• Imaginary point on the ship’s centerline about which the ship pivots
ThrustSide ForceRudder Force
Pivot Point
Controllable Forces
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Pivot Point
Ship twisting with no way on.
Controllable Forces
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Pivot Point
• Usually located 1/3 the length of the ship from the bow. (Just behind the bridge.)
• Pivot point is not fixed
Controllable Forces
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Forces which affectlocation of the Pivot Point
• Headway or Sternway• Ship’s Speed
• Anchors• Mooring Lines• Tugs
Controllable Forces
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Wind• Acts on the sail area of the ship
• Exposed superstructure• Hull structure
• Ships tend to back into the wind
• 30kts of wind = 1kts of current
Uncontrollable Forces
Current• Acts on the underwater part of the
ship.
• Creates set and drift.
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Depth of Water
• Squat - Occurs a high speeds• bow of a ship rides up onto the bow
wave• stern of a ship tends to sink
• Shallow water effects.
Uncontrollable Forces
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SHIP TERMINOLOGY
• Bow• Stem• Forecastle• Hawsepipe• Weather
decks• Draft• Freeboard
• Superstructure
• Pilothouse• Mast• Yardarm• Truck• Stack• Keel
• Shaft• Propeller• Rudder• Stern• Transom• Waterline
Shiphandling
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SHIP TERMINOLOGY
Shiphandling
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Turning Circle: The path described by a
ship’s pivot point as it executes a 360° turn.
Tactical Diameter (180°)
Final Diameter (360°)
Shiphandling: Terms
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Final Diameter
Turning Circle
Kick
Tactical Diameter
Shiphandling: Terms
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• Advance• Distance gained toward the direction of
the original course after the rudder is put over.
• Transfer• Distance gained perpendicular to the
original course after the rudder is put over.
Shiphandling: Terms
Advance and Transfer
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Advance & Transfer 90° Turn
KickA
dvance
Transfer
Shiphandling: Terms
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Advance & Transfer 180° Turn
KickA
dvanc
e
Transfer
Shiphandling: Terms
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Advance & Transfer 360° Turn
Kick
Ad
vanc
e
Transfer
Shiphandling: Terms
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• Headway• moving forward thru the water
• Sternway• moving backwards thru the water
• Bare Steerageway• the minimum speed a ship can
proceed and still maintain course using the rudders
Shiphandling: Terms
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Mooring Lines
123456
BowLine
SternLine
Spring Lines
After BowSpring
Forward BowSpring
After QuarterSpring
Forward QuarterSpring
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines
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Mooring Lines
• Lines• 1-6• Lines 1 and 6 are thicker than others
• Mooring procedure• fake out lines• safety brief• heaving lines
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines
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Mooring Lines
• Terms:• Heaving Line• Tattletale• Fenders• Capstan (p. 188 Seamanship)• Rat Guards (p. 175 Seamanship)
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines
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• Stand by lines• Take in the slack• Take a strain
• Heave around• Avast heaving• Hold• Check
• Double up• Single up• Take in
• Slack• Ease• Take to the
capstain
Sequence:
Commands:
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines
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Safety
• Battle dress• Snap back zone• Tugs• Pilots ladder
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Mooring Lines
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Deck and Pier Fittings
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle
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Anchors
• Most common anchor• Standard Navy Stockless
• Most ships have two• Deep water anchor - 14 shots of chain• Normal anchor - 12 shots of chain
• Shot - 15 fathoms (90 feet)
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Anchors
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Scope of Chain15 fathoms
30 fathoms
45 fathoms
60 fathoms
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Anchoring
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Scope of Chain
Next to Last Shot
Last Shot
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Anchoring
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Anchoring
• Approach• Standby• Let Go the Anchor• Reports• P. 194 (Seamanship)• Anchor watch
Shiphandling: Ground Tackle, Anchoring
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• Concerns:• Watch the stern/pier• Watch for other
ships• Winds / Currents
• Set on or set off pier?
• Using mooring lines and tugs as necessary to control bow / stern
Shiphandling: Getting Underway, Mooring
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The Ideal Approach• Approach on a converging course 10
to 20 degrees from the heading of our berth.
• When parallel, swing the rudder opposite the pier, and stop the ship.
• Stop headway by backing outboard engine.
• “Walk” the ship in by tensioning line 1; “twist” the stern with the engines.
Shiphandling: Getting Underway, Mooring
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Less than Ideal Conditions
• Being Set On: • Stop parallel to the pier, with 1/2 a
beam width of open water between you and the pier.
• Allow the current to push you onto the pier.
• Being Set Off: • Make your approach at a larger angle
to the pier at a considerable speed.• Be careful not to part your bow line.
Shiphandling: Getting Underway, Mooring
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• Easier than anchoring• Buoy held securely by several anchors.• Chance of dragging reduced.
• Two methods• Ordinary• Trolley
Shiphandling: Getting Underway, Mooring
Requires:MWB / RHIB with boat crewYour shipA buoy
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Conning Officer
• Drives the ship’s heading and speed through standard commands (orders) to the helm and leehelm
• Helm - controls the rudder• Leehelm - controls the propellers
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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Basic Format
Conning Officer
Command
Acknowledges Report
Helm / Leehelm
Verbatim Repeat back
(Carries out command)
Report
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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HELM CONSOLEShiphandling: Standard Commands
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ENGINE ORDER TELEGRAPH
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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MODERN HELM CONSOLE
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• Direction: Either left, right or “Rudder amidships”
• Amount: Expressed as a number of degrees of rudder (10, 15, etc.), or one of the following: (nominal values given)• Standard: 15°• Full: 30°• Hard: 35°(maximum rudder angle)
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
• Course: >10 degree change
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COMMANDS TO THE HELMFormat Example
-Direction "Right. . .""Left. . ."
-Amount ". . standard rudder. . ."". . .ten degrees rudder. . ."
-Course ". . .steady course two zero zero."". . .steady on course one one five."
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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COMMANDS TO THE HELM
• Exception: Course changes of 10° or less:• For small course changes, a specific
rudder angle is not given. This allows the Helm to use up to 10° of rudder to make the course change.
• The standard command is:• Direction: “Come right/left”• Course to steer: “Steer course ___”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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OTHER HELM COMMANDS
• Desired action: Increase or decrease rudder angle from a previously ordered angle
• Command:• “Increase your rudder to ________”• “Ease your rudder to _______”
• Note: Anytime a new rudder angle is ordered, a steering/steady course must be repeated if it is desired.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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OTHER HELM COMMANDS
• Desired action: Change rudder angle to an equal amount of rudder in the opposite direction
• Command: “Shift your rudder”• Note: Again, if desired, course to
steer must be repeated.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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OTHER HELM COMMANDS• Desired action: Steady the ship on
the current heading• Command: “Steady as she goes”
• When given, the Helm immediately determines ship’s head at the instant of the command, and steadies the ship on that course.
• This should normally be given only with the rudder at or near amidships.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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OTHER HELM COMMANDS• Desired action:
Determine current ship’s heading
• Command: “Mark your head”• When given, the
Helm immediately determines ship’s head at the instant of the command,and reports it to the Conn.
• Desired action: Warn the Helm to steer more exactly
• Command: “Mind your helm”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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HELM REPLY
• Whenever an order to the Helm is given, the Helm repeats the order back to the Conn verbatim.
• This assures the conning officer that the order was heard and understood correctly.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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HELM REPLY
• Examples:• The Conn orders: “Right standard
rudder, steady course 260.”• The Helm replies: “Right standard
rudder, steady course 260, aye.”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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HELM REPLY
• Order: “Mark your head”• Reply: “Mark my head, aye. 283.”
• Order: “Mind your helm”• Reply: “Mind my helm, aye.”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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HELM REPLY
• If the helm does not understand an order from the Conn, the helm will reply:“Orders to the helm”
• The Conn should immediately check his/her order and restate it clearly to the Helm.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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REPORT & ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Once a desired action is complete, the Helm reports it to the Conn.
• The Conn acknowledges all reports with “Very well’
• If the Conn does not acknowledge a report, the Helm should repeat the report until acknowledged.
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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EXAMPLES
Order: “Right standard rudder, steady course 298.”
Reply: “Right standard rudder, steady course 298, aye.”
Report: “Sir, my rudder is right standard, coming to new course 298.”
Report: “Sir, steady on course 298, checking 309.”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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EXAMPLES
Order: “Come left, steer course 345.”Reply: “Come left, steer course 345,
aye.”Report: “Sir, my rudder is left 5°,
coming to new course 345.”Report: “Sir, steady on course 345,
checking 352.”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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EXAMPLES
Order: “Right full rudder.”Reply: “Right full rudder, aye.”Report: “Sir, my rudder is right full,
no new course given.”Report: “Passing 230 to the right.”Order: “Belay your passing heads.”Reply: “Belay my passing heads,
aye.”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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EXAMPLESOrder: “Ease your rudder to right 15°.”Reply: “Ease my rudder to right 15°,
aye.”Report: “Ma’am, my rudder is right
15°, no new course given.”Order: “Steady course 143.”Reply: “Steady course 143, aye.”Report: “Ma’am, my rudder is right
15°, coming to new course 143.”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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EXAMPLES
Order: “Hard left rudder.”Reply: “Hard left rudder, aye.”Report: “Sir, my rudder is left 35°,
no new course given.”Order: “Shift your rudder.”Reply: “Shift my rudder, aye.”Report: “Sir, my rudder is right 35°,
no new course given.”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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EXAMPLESOrder: “Right full rudder.”Reply: “Right full rudder, aye.”Report: “Sir, my rudder is right 30°, no new
course given.”Order: “Rudder amidships”Reply: “Rudder amidships, aye.”Report: “Sir, my rudder is amidships, no new
course given.”Order: “Steady as you go.”Reply: “Steady as you go, aye. Course 098.”Report: “Steady on course 098, checking
107.”
Shiphandling: Standard Commands
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ENGINE ORDERS
• For fixed pitch propellers, ship speed is dependent on shaft rpm only.
• For controllable pitch propellers, ship speed is dependent on shaft rpm and, below about 12 knots, propeller blade pitch.• For gas turbines, the shaft is always
spinning when the engine is on line. “All engines stop” is achieved by a blade pitch of 0°.
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ENGINE ORDERS
• Prescribed standard speeds are predetermined ship’s speeds:• “Standard speed” - normally 15 knots• “1/3” - one third of standard speed• “2/3” - two thirds of standard speed• “Full” - speed higher than standard
speed• “Flank” - maximum speed
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ENGINE ORDERS
• AheadBell Speed1/3 52/3 10Std 15Full 20Flank Max
speed
Typical Prescribed Standard Speeds
• AsternBell
Speed1/3 52/3 10Full
Max
speed
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ENGINE ORDERSFormat Example
-Engines ”All engines. . ."
-Direction ". . ahead full. . ."
". . .back 2/3. . ."
-Speed ". . indicate 108 revolutions for 15 knots."
". . .indicate 072 revolutions and 20% pitch for 3 knots."
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ENGINE ORDERS
• Engines: Port, starboard, or all engines. Unnecessary for single screw ships.
• Direction: Ahead, back or stop, and nearest standard speed (except for stop)
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ENGINE ORDERS
• Speed: “..indicate ____ turns for __ knots.”, OR“..indicate turns for __ knots.”• For controllable pitch propellers below 12
knots:“..indicate ___ turns and __% pitch for __ knots.”OR, “..indicate pitch and turns for __ knots.”
-Note: If proceeding at a prescribed standard speed, none of this is required.
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MANEUVERING COMBINATIONS
• In maneuvering situations, where frequent engine changes are expected, the Conning Officer may set “maneuvering combinations”.
• When set, the Lee Helm answers all bells at the prescribed standard speed increment.
• On ships with an EOT, this is indicated by an RPM setting of “999”.
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REPLIES AND REPORTS
• Reply: Verbatim repeatback is required.• Reports: Lee Helm reports when action
is completed.• Note: Every report must include the
complete status of all engines, even if only one was changed.
• Acknowledgement: Conn will acknowledge all reports with “Very well”
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EXAMPLES
Order: “All engines ahead standard, indicate 115 revolutions for 16 knots.”
Reply: “All engines ahead standard, indicate 115 revolutions for 16 knots, aye.”
Report: “Ma’am, engine room answers all engines ahead standard, indicating 115 revolutions for 16 knots.”
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EXAMPLES
(Continued from previous slide)Order: “Indicate 122 revolutions for 17
knots.”Reply: “Indicate 122 revolutions for 17
knots, aye.”Report: “Ma’am, engine room answers
all engines ahead standard, indicating 122 revolutions for 17 knots.”
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EXAMPLES
Order: “Port engine ahead 1/3, starboard engine back 2/3.”
Reply: “Port engine ahead 1/3, starboard engine back 2/3, aye.”
Report: “Ma’am, engine room answers port engine ahead 1/3, starboard engine back 2/3.”
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EXAMPLES
(Continued from previous slide)Order: “Starboard engine stop.”Reply: “Starboard engine stop, aye.”Report: “Ma’am, engine room
answers starboard engine stop, port engine ahead 1/3.”
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EXAMPLES
Order: “All engines ahead 1/3, indicate pitch and turns for 5 knots.”
Reply: “All engines ahead 1/3, indicate pitch and turns for 5 knots, aye.”
Report: “Sir, engine room answers all engines ahead 1/3, indicating 075 turns and 34% pitch for 5 knots.”
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Ship AheadPropeller AheadRudder Amidships
Shiphandling: Single Screw Ships
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Ship AsternPropeller AsternRudder Amidships
Ship follows the rudder:Ship will tend into the wind:Ship will tend to port very easilyShip does not tend to starboard easily
Shiphandling: Single Screw Ships
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Ship AheadPropeller AsternRudder Amidships
Shiphandling: Single Screw Ships
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Ship AheadBoth Propellers Ahead
Shiphandling: Twin Screw Ships
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Ship AheadOne Propeller Trailing
Counteract with rudder
Shiphandling: Twin Screw Ships
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Ship AsternOne Propeller Trailing
Counteract with rudder
Shiphandling: Twin Screw Ships
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Ship AheadBoth Propellers Ahead Different Speeds
Counteract with rudder
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Propellers Split
Shiphandling: Twin Screw Ships
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Single Headline
• Simplest Tie-up
• Best to allow tug to push or pull only
• Not good if complex tug maneuvers required.
Shiphandling: Tug Tie-Ups
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Double Headline
• Not as simple
• Allows tug to push or pull and complex tug maneuvers
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Power
• Most versatile tie-up
• Good for general purpose use
• Holds tug securely to ship.
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Recovery Maneuvers
• Williamson Turn• Anderson Turn• Race Track• Y-Turn
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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Easiest Method?
• Daylight: Anderson• Night: Williamson• Subs: Y backing• Carriers: Racetrack
• Boat / Helo?
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Recovery considerations
• Helicopter• average time to ready for takeoff is
10-12 mins
• Small boat• average time to launch 6-8 mins
• Ship• fastest method
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Small Boat Considerations
• PPE for boat crews• manning
• coxswain• bow hook• corpsman• boat officer• signalman• SAR swimmer
• 3-5 knots; no sternway
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Initial Actions• Applicable for all recoveries:
• Full rudder to side of ship where person fell overboard.
• Full speed.• Throw smoke float, life ring• Keep in sight• Pass the word• 6 short blasts• Mark on chart• Man Boat Deck• Notify other ships, Helos• Receive muster report
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Follow-on actions• Notify Captain, TAO and Flag• Hoist Oscar flag (day); turn on red-
over-red pulsating (night)• Notify other ships in company• Gather Vitals from CIC
• Time in water• Water temp and stay time• Bearing and range to man
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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Right Full Rudder
All Engines Ahead Full
Kicks Stern AwayMan OverboardStarboard Side
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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Williamson Turn
Shift RudderWhen 60° Off Course
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maneuvering
• Williamson
portport starboardstarboard- slow- slow
- good for night- good for night or low visor low vis
60 deg60 deg
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Anderson Turn
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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maneuvering• Anderson
portport starboardstarboard
- fastest- fastest
- most skill- most skill
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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Racetrack Turn
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maneuvering
• Race track
portport starboardstarboard- high speed- high speed
- easier approach- easier approach
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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Y-Turn
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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maneuvering
• Y-backing
- poor control- poor control
- keeps ship- keeps ship close to manclose to man
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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maneuvering
• tear drop
portportstarboardstarboard
- Carriers- Carriers modifiedmodified racetrackracetrack
Shiphandling: Man Overboard Recovery
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