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INTRODUCING PLANTS
Section 22-1
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Criteria for Kingdom Plantae Cell type: Eukaryotes. Cell structure: Cell wall made of cellulose. Cell number: Multicellular. Mode of nutrition: Autotrophic. Carry out photosynthesis using the green
pigments chlorophyll a and b. Some are parasitic or saprobes.
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Plant Life Cycle
Textbook, page 552
All plants have a life cycle with
alternation of generations, in
which the haploid
gametophyte phase
alternates with the diploid
sporophyte phase.
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Plant Life CycleAlternation of Generations! Haploid (N)
– Gametophyte plant (N) – Produces either sperm or eggs.
(gametes = reproductive cells)
Diploid (2N)– The sperm and egg join to create the
Sporophyte plant (2N), which is diploid. – Egg and sperm join to create spores by
meiosis.
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Evolutionary Cladogram of Plants
(Angiosperms)
(Gymnosperms)
(Bryophytes)
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Plant Survival Sunlight needed to carry out photosynthesis. Minerals and water are needed to make
new plant parts. Gas exchange (through photosynthesis and
cellular respiration) must occur without losing excessive amounts of water.
Movement of water and nutrients is required for plant energy production and growth.
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Overview of the Plant Kingdom
The majority of plant life is ______________.
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BRYOPHYTESSection 22-2
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Bryophytes (ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
Life cycles depend on water for reproduction.
Abundant in moist environments (bogs, near streams, in rain forests) because there is no vascular tissue.
Sphagnum moss alive is used in gardening, and when compacted (peat) it’s used for fuel.
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Typical Moss Plant
Capsule
Stalk
LeaflikeStructure
StemlikeStructure
Rhizoid
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
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Life Cycle of a Moss
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FERNS:Seedless Vascular Plants
Section 22-3
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What developed between plant divisions 1 and 2?
Vascular Tissue developed!
Vascular tissue: specialized tissue to transport water and nutrients throughout the plant.
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Phylum Pterophyta: Ferns Ex. horsetails, club mosses, ferns. Leaves are called fronds. Undergound stems called rhizomes . Found in moist, shaded forest areas. Sori – clusters of sporangia (spores
on the underside of fronds).
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Vascular Tissue Tracheids are specialized cells that can move
fluids through the plant body, even against the force of gravity.– Xylem (moves water
upward).– Phloem (moves
nutrients and carbohydrates throughout
the plant).
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Typical Fern Plant
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Life Cycle of a Fern
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GYMNOSPERMS:Seed Plants
Section 22-4
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Gymnosperms: Cone Bearers Means “naked seed”. Includes conifers (pines
& spruces) and palms (cycads & ginkgoes).
Second evolutionary development: Adapted seed to allow reproduction without water; able survive in dry and extreme temperatures.
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Reproduction Germination: early growth stage of a
plant embryo. Dormancy: period of time during which a
plant embryo is alive but not growing. Features that allow seeds to reproduce
without water:– Reproduction in cones.– Movement of gametes by pollination.– Protection of embryo in a seed.
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Diagram of a Pine Seed
Embryo
Endosperm
Seed Coat
Embryo– Growing part of
seed Endosperm
– Tissue that provides nutrition for the developing seed.
Seed Coat– Protective outer
covering of the seed.
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Pollination Transfer of pollen from the male
reproductive structure to the female reproductive structure.
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Adaptations of Gymnosperms Needles
Winged Seeds
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ANGIOSPERMS:Flowering Plants
Section 22-5
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Anthophyta: Angiosperms Dominate plant life. Flowers are the reproductive
organs of plants.– has ovaries (fruit) to
protect the seeds.– Attracts animals which
help with pollination.
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Diversity of AngiospermsCan be classified into:
1. Stems: herbaceous vs. woody.2. Lifespans: annuals, biennials, perennials.3. monocotyledon vs. dicotyledon.
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Monocots vs. Dicots
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Lifespans Annuals
– Complete life cycle in one year. Biennials
– Life cycle takes 2 years Year one: germinate and grow roots, maybe leaves. Year two: grow new stems, leaves, and flowers.
Perennials– Live through many years
May die back in winter, but re-grow in the spring (asparagus, peonies, many grasses).
Most have woody stems (palms, trees, honeysuckle).
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Examples of Monocotyledons(Liliopsida)
Grasses which include grains such as corn and wheat.
Lilies. Orchids. Palms.
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Examples of Dicotylendons(Magnoliopsida)
Roses Mallows Tomatoes Oaks Daisies
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Plant Parts Transport
– Roots, stems, leaves. Energy Production
– Leaves. Reproduction
– Flowers.
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Roots (Transport)
Taproot: primary root grows down from the stem with secondary roots forming.– ex. carrot, potato, radish
Fibrous: small lateral roots that spread out just below surface of the soil.– ex. weeds
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4 Root Functions Absorbs water & nutrients from the soil. Transports water & nutrients to stem. Anchors plant to maintain stability. Stores food and water.
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Outermost layer of cells
Within cortex; contains cells for transport of water, nutrients, & minerals)
Site of absorption
Tissue that stores starch
Protection of root tip
Structure of Roots
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Stems (Transport) Woody
– Thick cell walls that support the plant.
– Trees, shrubs, and vines. Herbaceous
– Stems are smooth, supported by hydrostatic pressure (turgor).
– Dandilions, zinnias, petunias.
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Stems
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3 Functions of Stems Transports water & nutrients from roots
to leaves. Supports/produces leaves, branches,
fruits/flowers. Stores food.
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Transport in Plants Capillary action: the
tendency of water to rise in a thin tube.
The result of the water molecules’ ability to stick to one another (cohesion)and to the walls of the tube (adhesion).
Contributes to the movement of water up the cells of the xylem tissue.
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Leaves (Transport & Energy Production) Photosynthesis
– Process that plants use to produce their food.– 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Transpiration– Loss of water and exchange of carbon dioxide.
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Cuticle– Waxy outer surface;
retains moisture. Mesophyll
– Middle layer of leaf where photosynthesis occurs.
– Palisade layer (upper).– Spongy layer
(underside).
Structure of Leaves
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Epidermis – “Skin” of leaf -
responsible for gas exchange.
– Upper and lower. Stomata
– Outside layer of leaf opening in epidermis where gas and water exchange (controlled by guard cells).
Structure of Leaves (cont’d)
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Gas Exchange in Leaves
Turgor pressure (water pressure)– Stomata close automatically when supplies of
water from roots start to dry up.– Guard cells trigger when water is scarce causing
stomata to become flaccid and pores close.
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Leaf Vein Types
Parallel Pinnate Palmate
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Flowers (Reproduction)
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Structure of Flowers
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Petals– Highly colored part
of the flower, may contain perfume and/or nectar glands.
Sepals– Small green
structures on the base of a flower that protect the flower bud.
Image found at: http://biology.clc.uc.edu
Typical Flower Structure
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Stamen contains:– Anther: produces pollen.– Filament: upholds anther.
Male Plant Organ
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Pistil (carpels) contains:– Stigma: sticky for pollen to attach.– Style: sperm travel to ovary.– Ovary (fruit): stores ovules (eggs).
Female Plant Organ
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Wind Water Animal
Seed Dispersal
Factors that affect seed germination: Temperature Moisture
Flower Pollination Animals Wind
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Plant Response Plant hormones – chemical substances
that control a plant’s patterns of growth & development.
Target cell – cell that has a receptor for a particular hormone.
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Tropisms (Response) Tropism – response of a plant to an
environmental stimulus.– Gravitotropism: response of a plant to the force of
gravity.– Phototropism: tendency of a plant to grow towards
light.– Thigmotropism: response of plants to touch.
Auxin – substance produced in the tip of the seedling that stimulates cell elongation.
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Photoperiodism: the timing of seasonal activities such as flowering and growth.
Herbicides: auxinlike compounds in high concentrations that are toxic to plants therefore inhibiting growth.
Chemical defenses: many plants defend themselves against insect attack by manufacturing compounds that have powerful effects on animals, ex. poison oak.