A Partner of
Setting up for successful Agricultural Water Management interventions
an analysis of a consultative approach in Volta and Limpopo using participatory GIS
Annemarieke de Bruin1, Rachel Pateman1, Jennie Barron1, Mariam Balima2, Issa Ouedraogo2, Da Dapola3, Mathias Fosu4, Frank Annor5, Manuel Magombeyi6, Sikhululekile Ncube7, Collin Mabiza7
Institution: Stockholm environment Institute1, Institut National de l’Environnement et de Récherche Agricole (INERA)2, Dept. of Geography of the University of Ouagadougou3, Savanna Agricultural Research Institute (SARI)4, Civil Engineering Dept. of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST)5, University of WitWatersrand6, and Waternet7
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
KEY MESSAGE:
The enabling factors to success are • technical support including training and financial
and material inputs; • a clear need or demand for the technology in the
community; and • creating a sense of ownership of the technology
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Content
BackgroundMethodologyFindings from expert consultations and 19 casesConclusions
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
AWM technologies in past 50 years
Little systematic evidence about successful scaling out of technologies
Taken from: Douxchamps, S., Ayantunde, A. and Barron, J. (2012) Evolution of Agricultural Water Management in Rainfed Crop -Livestock Systems of the Volta Basin. Colombo, Sri Lanka: CGIAR Challenge Program for Water and Food (CPWF). 74p. CPWF R4D Working Paper Series 04.
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Methodology
1. Expert consultations in four countries‘What are critical factors to success?’
2. 19 in-depth case studies using Participatory GIS‘What were the benefits?’‘What contributed to the success in this case?’
3. Qualitative text analysis using Nvivo software‘What are similarities and differences between 4 countries, two basins and 19 cases?’
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Expert consultations – defining success
Farmers adopted technology and a positive impact on farmer’s well-being
And/or• Continued to use it more than 2 years after intervention• More farmers taking up technology during project
intervention• Volunteered adoption of the technology
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Expert consultations - resultsType of technology Failure Successful Not said
Rainfed Soil and water conservation/DRS/CES SA - BF BF
Planting pits BF? - ZimTrench technology SA SAConservation agriculture SA SABunding Gha Gha BFContour bunds/ridges/ploughing Zim Gha-ZimTied ridges SA - Zim SA – Gha - BFCover crop GhaTree planting SA – Gha - BFMulching SA - Zim SA Zim
Shallow groundwater GhaShallow wells Gha BFWaste water re-use Zim ZimWater pumps (small scale irrigation) Gha Gha BFTreadle pump SA BFSprinkler irrigation SA-Zim Zim ZimDrip irrigation SA-Zim SA-Zim BF -ZimPunched bag ZimMicro irrigation GhaSupplemental irrigation (rice) BFRoof Rainwater Harvesting ZimFerro-cement tanks SAEarth dams SA - Gha BFUnderground level dams SA
Full irrigation Small dams/reservoirs SA BF BF-ZimLarge scale irrigation SA
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Expert consultations - Critical factors to success
Especially project management related factors are critical to the success of AWM interventions
A third of the factors mentioned related to project management: ‘Early engagement with stakeholders’ ‘Community owns the initiative’ ‘Continuous support’ ‘Clear objective’ ‘Appropriate implementation and design of the technology’
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
19 successful cases
• Burkina Faso, Ghana, South Africa, Zimbabwe
• AWM technologies ranged from in situ to ex situ technologies
• Implemented at different times (on-going, finished recently, some started in 60’s)
• Implemented by Government or NGO’s
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Enabling factors
Nature of the communitiesCommunities that had previous knowledge of the technologyDynamic, functional, and peaceful communities open to innovation
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Clear demand from the communities• In Zimbabwe and South Africa farmers got involved
because they wanted to reduce poverty and in one case specifically because they wanted to feed their children.
Early engagement• Information and awareness sessions and meetings
between project partners and members of the communities were used in Burkina Faso and Ghana to create interest in the intervention.
Enabling factors
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Enabling project implementation
Training • Demonstration farms, observation based learning, extension
services
Ownership of the technology• Communities part of the design of the technology• Beneficiaries invested in the technology with labour and/or
money
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Enabling factor or barrier?
Labour could be an enabling factor – availability of human labour and draft power BUT AWM intervention could increase labour demand
Inputs (equipment, fertiliser, seeds) provided or subsidised by interventions were an enabling factor for take upBUT the costs related could be too high and therefore become a barrier for scaling out
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Improved well-being
Direct benefits: Increased yield and/or improved livestock management
More cooperation between beneficiaries due to user groups being established
Indirect benefits:Increased food securityincreased wealth (e.g. able to buy clothes, mobile phones, motorbikes)Access to educationAbility to diversify income streams (e.g. fruit)
Andes • Ganges • Limpopo • Mekong • Nile • Volta
Conclusions
Both expert consultations and in-depth case studies highlighted that the enabling factors for successful AWM interventions were:
• Technical support including training and financial and material inputs
• A clear need or demand for the technology in the community• Creating a sense of ownership of the technology• Some enabling factors (provided inputs such as fertiliser and
equipment) can become barriers for scaling out