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Peter ButtonVice Secretary-General, UPOV
Bangkok, Thailand
February 23, 2017 1
Session1:Benefits of the UPOV System of Plant
Variety Protection for Farmers and Growers
Seminar on“The benefits of the UPOV System of Plant Variety Protection for farmers and growers”
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FARMERS’ BENEFITS
2
BREEDERS’ RIGHTS
NEEDS OF SOCIETY
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UPOV: INDEPENDENT INTERGOVERNMENTAL
ORGANIZATION
The International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
established in 1961
The International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants
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4Photo: istockphoto/belterz
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0
25
50
75
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014
1000 p
erso
ns
Thousa
nds
Rural and urban population: Thailand1990 - 2015
ThailandUrban populationPopulation - Est & Proj.
ThailandRural populationPopulation - Est & Proj.
71%50%
© FAO http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/216 [February 6, 2017]
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UPOV MISSION STATEMENT
“To provide and promote an effective
system of plant variety protection,
with the aim of encouraging the
development of new varieties of
plants, for the benefit of society”
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Bernard Le Buanec, Second World Seed Conference (Rome, September 2009)
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Lodging
Height
Earliness
Resistance to sprouting
Mildew
Yellow rust
Brown rust
Septoria nodorum
Septoria tritici
Eyespot
Fusarium ear blight
Orange wheat blossom midge
Yield: treated/untreated
Yield: early sown/late sown
Yield: light soil/heavy soil
Breadmaking quality
Biscuit making quality
Feed quality
(Photo: istockphoto/Ziva_K)
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9(Video: iStockphoto.com/SaddamStock)
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UPOV MISSION STATEMENT
“To provide and promote an effective
system of plant variety protection
(PVP), […]”
Plant Breeder’s Right (PBR)
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The boundaries shown on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UPOV concerning the legal status of any country or territory
Members of UPOV (74) covering 93 States
Initiating States (15) and Organization (1)
States (25) and Organization (1) in contact with the UPOV Office11
UPOV status
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Protected plant varieties
Unprotected plant varieties
Landraces
Wild populations
Not regulated by UPOV
(ITPGRFA, CBD, seed marketing
regulations etc.)
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States and organizations bound by the UPOV Convention indicating those that
are also bound by the ITPGRFA and/or the Nagoya Protocol
The boundaries shown on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UPOV concerning the legal status of any country or territory
UPOV/ITPGRFA/Nagoya Protocol
UPOV/ITPGRFA
UPOV/Nagoya Protocol
UPOV only
as of March 14, 2017
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Some other things
NOT regulated by UPOV
• Genetically modified organisms
• Market regulation
(e.g. seed certification,
official register of varieties
admitted to trade)
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Protected plant varieties
Unprotected plant varieties
Landraces
Wild populations
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FARMERS’ BENEFITS
17
BREEDERS’ RIGHTS
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Annual land productivity developments since Viet Nam joined UPOV in 2006 in
Rice, Corn (maize) and Sweet Potatoes
• 1995-2005: increase in yield mainly through increased level of inputs – no detectable increase due to plant breeding
• 2006-2016: annual land productivity increase due to plant breeding– Rice 1.7 %
– Corn 2.1 %
– Sweet potatoes 3.1 %
STUDY in VIET NAM
(Noleppa, S. (2017) (interim report))
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Without those developments since 2006,
current annual yields in Viet Nam would be lower by:
– Rice 16 %
– Corn 19 %
– Sweet potatoes 27 %
STUDY in VIET NAM
(Noleppa, S. (2017) (interim report))
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Annual value added:
– Arable farming $2.3 billion
– Horticulture $1.0 billion
– Floriculture $ 0.2 billion
– GDP added upstream/downstream (value chains)
$1.5 billion
TOTAL ADDED: $5 billion
(more than the annual GDP of 40 countries)
STUDY in VIET NAM
(Noleppa, S. (2017) (interim report))
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UPOV MISSION STATEMENT
“To provide and promote an effective
system of plant variety protection
(PVP), […]”
Plant Breeder’s Right (PBR)
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Scope of the PBR
1. Duration
2. Acts covered
3. Material covered
4. Varieties covered
5. Exceptions
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TREES and VINES 25 years
OTHER PLANTS 20 years
to be counted from the date of grant
MINIMUM DURATION OF PROTECTION
• Sustained and long-term breeding efforts are only
worthwhile if there is a chance to be rewarded for the
investment made
• It takes a long time to develop a successful plant
variety
(10 to 15 years in the case of many plant species)
• Not all new plant varieties are successful and, even
where the varieties show significant improvements,
changes in market requirements may eliminate the
possibility of a return on investment
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Scope of the PBR
1. Duration
2. Acts covered
3. Material covered
4. Varieties covered
5. Exceptions
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VARIETIES COVERED
• which are essentially derived from the protected variety
…
• whose production requires the repeated use of the
protected variety
e.g. hybrids requiring repeated use of parent lines
VARIETIES:
• not clearly distinguishable from the
protected variety
In addition to the protected variety itself…
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PURPOSE:
to ensure sustainable plant breeding
development by:
– providing effective protection for the breeder and
– encouraging cooperation between breeders and developers of new technologies such as genetic modification
ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETIES
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Patented genetic
element
>===<
Protected by Patent?
Protected by PBR?
• if EDV (1991 Act only)
Protected plant variety
ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETIES
Distinct
(Photo: istockphoto/valentinarr)
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...a variety shall be deemed to be essentially derivedfrom another variety (“the initial variety”) when
(i) it is predominantly derived from the initialvariety, or from a variety that is itself predominantlyderived from the initial variety, while retaining theexpression of the essential characteristics thatresult from the genotype or combination of genotypesof the initial variety,
(ii) it is clearly distinguishable from the initialvariety and
(iii) except for the differences which result from theact of derivation, it conforms to the initial variety inthe expression of the essential characteristicsthat result from the genotype or combination ofgenotypes of the initial variety.
ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETIES
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ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETY?
(Photo: istockphoto/valentinarr)
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Predominantly derived from the initial variety
(Article 14(5)(b)(i))
• A derived variety could not, in practice, retain the
expression of the essential characteristics of the
variety from which it is derived unless it is almost
entirely derived from that initial variety
UPOV/EXN/EDV/2 Draft 7
(Photo: istockphoto/valentinarr)
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Predominantly derived from the initial variety
The following might be considered in relation to the notion of
“essential characteristics”:
(i) essential characteristics […] means
heritable traits […] that contribute to the
principal features, performance or value
of the variety;
(ii) characteristics that are important
from the perspective of the producer,
seller, supplier, buyer, recipient, or
user;
UPOV/EXN/EDV/2 Draft 7
(Photo: istockphoto/valentinarr)
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(iii) characteristics that are essential for
the variety as a whole, including, for
example, morphological, physiological,
agronomic, industrial and biochemical
characteristics
UPOV/EXN/EDV/2 Draft 7
(Photo: istockphoto/valentinarr)
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(iv) essential characteristics may or may
not be phenotypic characteristics used
for the examination of distinctness,
uniformity and stability (DUS);
UPOV/EXN/EDV/2 Draft 7
(Photo: istockphoto/valentinarr)
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(v) essential characteristics are not
restricted to those characteristics that
relate only to high performance or value
(for instance, disease resistance may be
considered as an essential characteristic
when the variety has susceptibility to
disease);
(vi) essential characteristics may be
different in different crops/species.
UPOV/EXN/EDV/2 Draft 7
(Photo: istockphoto/valentinarr)
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• Implementation
ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETIES
– With regard to establishing whether a variety is an essentially derived variety, a common view expressed by members of the UPOV is that the existence of a relationship of essential derivation between protected varieties is a matter for the holders of plant breeders’ rights in the varieties concerned.
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Can EDVs be protected ?
Can EDVs be commercially
exploited?
YES
AUTHORIZATION
NEEDED
It requires the authorization of the
PBR holder of the initial variety
and of the PBR holder of the EDV
ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETIES
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Scope of the PBR
1. Duration
2. Acts covered
3. Material covered
4. Varieties covered
5. Exceptions
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Compulsory
Acts done:
• privately and for non-commercial purposes
• for experimental purposes
• breeding other varieties (breeder’s exemption”)
Optional
Farm-saved seed
EXCEPTIONS TO THE BREEDER’S RIGHT
(1991 Act)
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• Compulsory
• propagation of a variety by a farmer exclusively for the production of
a food crop to be consumed entirely by that farmer and the
dependents of the farmer living on that holding
therefore
“subsistence farming” where these constitute acts done privately
and for non-commercial purposes, may be considered by a UPOV
member to be excluded from the scope of the breeder’s right
(i) Acts done privately and for non-commercial purposes(i) Acts done privately and for non-commercial purposes
Acts Possibly falling within the scope of the exception
EXCEPTIONS TO THE BREEDER’S RIGHT
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Compulsory
Acts done:
• privately and for non-commercial purposes
• for experimental purposes
• breeding other varieties (breeder’s exemption”)
Optional
Farm-saved seed
EXCEPTIONS TO THE BREEDER’S RIGHT
(1991 Act)
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A Contracting Party may restrict the breeder’s
rights in order to permit farmers to use:
for propagating purposes on their own holdings
the product of the harvest obtained on their own holdings
from the protected variety within reasonable limits subject
to safeguarding legitimate interests of the breeder
OPTIONAL EXCEPTION TO THE BREEDER’S RIGHT
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There are no restrictions on who
can be considered to be a
breeder under the UPOV
system: a breeder might be an
individual, a farmer, a
researcher, a public institute, a
private company etc.
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PUBLIC(GOVT.)
PRIVATESMALL
LARGE
INTERNATIONAL LOCAL
TYPE OF VARIETY
INDIVIDUAL
COMMUNITY
CROPS
FOREIGN NATIONAL
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PUBLIC(GOVT.)
PRIVATESMALL
LARGE
INTERNATIONAL LOCAL
TYPE OF VARIETY
INDIVIDUAL
COMMUNITY
CROPS
FOREIGN NATIONAL
Farmers
Farmer cooperatives
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Symposium on the Benefits of Plant Variety Protection for Farmers and Growers
Farmer breeders
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PBR Applications in 2015
• Total 148 applications
• Farmer breeders 8 applications
– Rice 7
– Orange 1
VIET NAM
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PUBLIC(GOVT.)
PRIVATESMALL
LARGE
INTERNATIONAL LOCAL
TYPE OF VARIETY
INDIVIDUAL
COMMUNITY
CROPS
FOREIGN NATIONAL
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50(Photo: iStockphoto.com/VladTeodor) (Photo: iStockphoto.com/luoman)
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51(Photo: istockphoto/saiyood)
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Breeder Performance Test Trials
(Photo: Dupont/Pioneer)
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Symposium on the Benefits of Plant Variety Protection for Farmers and Growers
Vuyisile Phehane
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PUBLIC(GOVT.)
PRIVATESMALL
LARGE
INTERNATIONAL LOCAL
TYPE OF VARIETY
INDIVIDUAL
COMMUNITY
CROPS
FOREIGN NATIONAL
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
400019
82
19
84
19
86
19
88
19
90
19
92
19
94
1996
19
98
20
00
20
02
20
04
20
06
20
08
2010
20
12
20
14
Year
Number of plant genera and species for which protection sought (UPOV Members)
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PUBLIC(GOVT.)
PRIVATESMALL
LARGE
INTERNATIONAL LOCAL
TYPE OF VARIETY
INDIVIDUAL
COMMUNITY
CROPS
FOREIGN NATIONAL
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57
ForeignDomestic
NEW VARIETIES
BREEDERS
CONSUMERS
FARMERS, GROWERS
BREEDERS
CONSUMERS
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58
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Years after joining UPOV
Latin America Countries acceding to UPOV between 1994 & 2000
Applications(non-resident)
Applications(residents)
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59
-
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Vo
lum
e (to
ns)
Valu
e (B
illi
on
Ksh
s)
Figure 2: Export of Kenyan Cut Flowers
Value (Billion (Kshs.)
Volume (Tons)
PVP Operational
UPOV Membership
Evans Sikinyi, Second World Seed Conference
Export of Kenyan Cut Flowers
International Market Development
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Protected plant varieties
Unprotected plant varieties
Landraces
Wild populations
Breeding with protected varieties:
no restrictions under UPOV Convention
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FARMERS’ BENEFITS
61
BREEDERS’ RIGHTS
NEEDS OF SOCIETY