www.periodni.com

4.0026

2

20.180

10

14.007

7

1817

18.998

9

15.999

8

12.011

6

C10.811

B5

Al13

Si14

P15

S16

He

NeN

ArCl

FO

IVA VA VIA VIIA

VIIIA

13 14 15 16 17

18

IIIA

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1.0079

1

6.941

Li3

9.0122

Be4

22.990

Na11

24.305

Mg12

39.098

K19

40.078

Ca20

85.468

Rb37

87.62

Sr38

132.91

Cs55

137.33

Ba56

(223)

Fr87

(226)

Ra88

H

IA

IIA

1

2

138.91

La57

174.97

Lu71

140.12

Ce58

140.91

Pr59

144.24

Nd60

(145)

61

150.36

Sm62

151.96

Eu63

157.25

Gd64

158.93

Tb65

162.50

Dy66

164.93

Ho67

167.26

Er68

168.93

Tm69

173.05

Yb70

Pm

(227)

Ac89

232.04

Th90

231.04

Pa91

238.03

U92

(262)

103

(237)

93

(244)

94

(243)

95

(247)

96

(247)

97

(251)

98

(252)

99

(257)

100

(258)

101

(259)

102

LrNp Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No

44.956

Sc21

88.906

Y39

IIIB3

Tc

BhRf Db Hs Mt

39.94835.453

83.798

36

131.29

54

(222)

86

26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065

47.867

Ti22

50.942

V23

51.996

Cr24

54.938

Mn25

55.845

Fe26

58.933

Co27

58.693

Ni28

63.546

Cu29

65.38

Zn30

69.723

Ga31

72.64

Ge32

74.922

As33

78.96

Se34

79.904

35

91.224

Zr40

92.906

Nb41

95.96

Mo42

178.49

Hf72

180.95

Ta73

183.84

W74

(98)

43

126.90

I53

101.07

Ru44

102.91

Rh45

106.42

Pd46

107.87

Ag47

112.41

Cd48

186.21

Re75

190.23

Os76

192.22

Ir77

195.08

Pt78

196.97

Au79

200.59

Hg80

204.38

Tl81

207.2

Pb82

208.98

Bi83

(209)

Po84

(210)

At85

114.82

In49

118.71

Sn50

121.76

Sb51

127.60

Te52

Kr

Xe

Rn

Br

IVB VB VIB VIIB IB IIBVIIIB

54 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(272)

107

(267)

104

(268)

105

Sg(271)

106

(277)

108

(276)

109

(281)

Ds110

(280)

Rg111

(285)

Cn112

Uut Fl Uup(...)

113

(287)

114

(...)

115

(291)

Lv116

(...)

Uus117

(...)

Uuo118

Cd

PbHg

Cr

BaK

1550 °C

520 °C

300 °C

1560 °C

1450 °C

1540 °C

Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. , No. 11, (2009) 2131-2156)81

Pb , Ag , Hg , Hg , Bi , Cu , Cd , As , As , Sb , Sb , Sn , Sn , Fe , Fe , Cr , Al , Co , Ni , Mn , Zn , Ba , Sr , Ca , Mg , Na , K , NH2+ +22+ 2+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 5+ 3+ 5+ 2+ 4+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + +

4+

Hg , Bi , Cu , Cd , As , As , Sb , Sb , Sn , Sn , Fe , Fe , Cr , Al , Co , Ni , Mn , Zn , Ba , Sr , Ca , Mg , Na , K , NH2+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 3+ 5+ 3+ 5+ 2+ 4+ 2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + +4+

Fe , Fe , Cr , Al , Co , Ni , Mn , Zn , Ba , Sr , Ca , Mg , Na , K , NH2+ 3+ 3+ 3+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + +4+

Co , Ni , Mn , Zn , Ba , Sr , Ca , Mg , Na , K , NH2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + +4+

Ba , Sr , Ca , Mg , Na , K , NH2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ + +4+

Sb , Sn3+ 2+

NaNO +2 rhodamine B

Zn-uranyl acetate

HCl + HgCl2

Sb S2 3 Sb S2 5SnS2

CrO , Al OH42-

4-( )

HAc + Pb(Ac)2 NH Cl4

NH SCN4

Fe OH( )3

brown ppt.

PRECIPITATE

MnSpink ppt.

ZnSwhite ppt.

CoSblack ppt.

NiSblack ppt.

CoS

black ppt.

NiS

black ppt.

Co , Ni2+ 2+

Mn , Zn2+ 2+

MnO2

brown ppt.

HNO + NaBiO3 3

HCl (conc.)

orange ppt. orange ppt.yellow ppt.yellow ppt. yellow ppt. brown ppt.

HNO3 (conc.)

NH3 (conc.)

Hg Cl + Hg2 20

grey precipitate

HNO + H O3 2 2(6 mol/L) (3 %) HCl (0.5 mol/L)

NaOH + H O2 2(6 mol/L) (3 %)

(NH ) C O4 2 2 4

Na , K ,+ + NH4+

PbCl2white ppt.

AgClwhite ppt.

Hg Cl2 2

white ppt.

AgCl

white ppt.

Hg Cl2 2

white ppt.Pb2+

Ag NH( )3 2+

PRECIPITATE

HgS CuS CdS

yellow ppt.

Bi S2 3 As S2 3

yellow ppt.

As S2 5

yellow ppt.

Sb S2 3

orange ppt.

Sb S2 5

orange ppt.

SnS

brown ppt.

SnS2

yellow ppt.

KOH (3 mol/L)

HCl (3 mol/L)

HCl (6 mol/L)

II a subgroup II b subgroup

HgS CuS

black ppt.

CdS

yellow ppt.

Bi S2 3

brown ppt.

HNO3 (3 mol/L)

HNO3 (conc.)

Hg NO ·2HgS( )3 2

Bi OH( )3

NH3 (conc.)

NH3 (conc.)

Bi , Cu , Cd3+ 2+ 2+

Cu NH , Cd NH( ) ( )3 42+

3 42+

KCN + H S2HAc + Fe(CN)64-

SnO22-

AsS , AsO , SnS , SnO , SbS , SbO43-

2-

32-

32-

43-

2-

As S2 3 As S2 5

As S2 3 As S2 5 SnS

PRECIPITATE

NH Cl + NH OH4 4

(NH ) PO

+ NH4 2 4

3

(0.5 mol/L)

(conc.)

PRECIPITATE

NaOH + H O2 2(6 mol/L) (3 %)

Fe(OH)3

brown ppt.

Cr(OH)3

grey-green p.

Ba PO3 4 2( )

white ppt.

Ca PO3 4 2( )

white ppt.

Sr PO3 4 2( )

white ppt.

MgNH PO4 4

white ppt.

Ca (PO )3 4 2

white ppt.

Sr (PO )3 4 2

white ppt.

MgNH PO4 4

white ppt.

Sr , Ca , Mg2+ 2+ 2+

Ca , Mg2+ 2+

Mg2+

Na Co(NO )3 2 6

NaOH + quinalizarine

PRECIPITATE

Zn OH 3-

( )

H S2

H O2 (100 °C)

K Cr O2 2 7

Dete

rmin

ed in the o

rigin

al solu

tion

Al(OH)3

white ppt.

SOLUTION

O R I G I N A L S O L U T I O N

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

SOLUTION

FLAME COLORINGFLAME COLORING

P E R I O D I C TA B L E O F T H E E L E M E N T SP E R I O D I C TA B L E O F T H E E L E M E N T S

NH SCN4

+ amyl alcohol

yellow ppt. yellow ppt.

HNO3 (conc.)

NaAc + AgNO3

white ppt.

black ppt.

HNO + HCl3 (1:3)

SnCl2

Cu Fe(CN)2 6

reddish brown ppt.

Bi0

brown precipitate

CdSyellow precipitate

AgCl

white precipitate

Sb-rhodamine

pinkish-red coloration

Sn4+

grey ppt. Hg Cl2 2

PbCrO4

yellow precipitate

HgNH Cl + Hg20

black precipitate

black ppt.

black ppt. brown ppt. black ppt.

PbCrO4

yellow precipitate

Al(OH)3white precipitate

Fe(SCN)2+

blood red coloration

ZnSwhite precipitate

Ni-dimethylglyoxime

red precipitateCo(SCN)4

2-

deep blue coloration

+ dimethylglyoxime

NH3 (3 mol/L)

MnO4-

violet coloration

BaCrO4yellow precipitate

SrSO4

white precipitate

CH COOH3 (conc.)

K CrO2 4

CH COOH3 (conc.)

(NH ) SO4 2 4

CaC O2 4

white precipitate

Mg-quinalizarine

blue coloration

Na-uranyl acetate

pale yellow precipitate

K Co(NO )3 2 6yellow precipitate

Bariumapple green

Strontiumcrimson red

Calciumbrick red

Sodiumyellow

Potassiumviolet

Lower reduction zone

Lower oxidation zone

Higher reduction zone

Higher oxidation zone(melting zone)

Qualitative inorganic analysis

SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONSSEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF CATIONS

Separate the clear liquid from the precipitate

Test tubes

Bunsen burner

Heating in the water bath

D sownload

Online calculators

Periodic table of the elements

Ag AsO3 4

chocolate brown ppt.

Copyright

Eni G

enera

li,

Split

© 2

005-2

014

c F

aculty o

f C

hem

istr

y a

nd

Technolo

gy,

, C

RO

AT

IA

Nessler's reagentyellow to brown ppt.

HgO·Hg(NH )2 2

H S2(in acidic medium)

(in basic medium)

H S2

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