![Page 1: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond
Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow)
“Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories”
23-25 March
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
![Page 2: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
BEYOND:Lexical Typology. Main objectives
•A relatively new area of linguistic typology
•Until recently, linguistic typology grammatical or phonological typology
•Lexical typology deals with cross-linguistic universals and variation in lexical categorization of conceptual domains
2
![Page 3: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Main approaches to lexical typology
Natural Semantic Metalanguage
(Anna Wierzbicka and Cliff Goddard)
primarily determined via introspection
Denotation-based approach: MPI Nijmegen
(Stephen Levinson, Asifa Majid et al.) < Berlin&Kay 1969
experimental approach to LT: pictures or videoclips
as stimuli and lexical reactions of native speakers
3
![Page 4: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
(1) NSM: Limitations
Which one is to choose a primitive among several near-synonymsxotet’ /zhelat’ in Russian or want / wish in English
How to deal with changes in meanings?
4
![Page 5: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
(2) Denotation-based approach: limitations
+ clear tertium comparationis (= extralinguistic stimuli)
non applicable for domains of subjective experience & metaphorical extensions
5
![Page 6: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
(2) Denotation-based approach: limitations
PAIN
How to collect language data?
Even if one would prick
a native speaker for the sake of lexical typology, the result would be poor, because all individuals experience pain differently.
Thus , pain terms need another – non-experimental – approach (Reznikova et al. 2012)
Pain is not the only case. Subjective experience constitutes a large part of what is expressed in human languages, cf. physical qualities, like soft or heavy.
6
![Page 7: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
MLexT Methodology• The general idea is to combine:
• the Moscow Semantic school tradition (deep semantic analysis of the lexicon with a special focus on synonymy)
• Tradition of grammatical typology= Lexical typology
So, basically we take into account the “linguistic behavior” of lexical items, i.e. combinability restrictions (dictionaries, corpora, field work with specially developed questionnaires)
![Page 8: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Moscow Lexical Typology Group projects:
Typology of activities & states:
Verbs of aquamotionPain metaphorsSound metaphorsVerbs of rotationVerbs of oscillationCutting & breaking Sitting & standingPhysical qualities (‘sharp’, ‘wet’, ‘soft’…)FALLING
![Page 9: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Verbs of aquamotion
9
Majsak, Rakhilina (eds.)2007
![Page 10: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Pain metaphors
10
Britsyn, Rakhilina, Reznikova, Yavorska (eds.) 2010
![Page 11: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Sound metaphors
11
![Page 12: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Suggested methodology: Main steps
• To collect all lexical items covering the field in your own languagecf. English old
• To look for occurrences of these items in the corpus and check the initial list of terms:cf. old woman, old horse, old tree, old town (+ancient), old clothes, old director (+ former)….
• To look for translations for these words in bilingual dictionaries:cf. Georgian : ‘old person’ → moxuci,
‘old clothes’ → dzveli,‘old director’ → qop’ili‘old coins’ → adrindeli
12
![Page 13: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Questionnaire
• Obtaining a semantic classification of nouns based on dictionary data and corpus examples.
• This classification provides the basis for a questionnaire to be completed by native speakers of different languages. • We have an ___oak close to our house; my
great-grand father planted it many years ago.• His ___ wife was kind-hearted and the new
one is beautiful but bad-tempered.
13
![Page 14: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Questionnaire and Frames
By comparing questionnaires completed for different languages we extract a set of situations that may be distinguished lexically (= frames)• ‘having lived for many years’ (old woman)
• ‘object being in use for a long time, has become useless and/or decayed’ (old clothes, old house)
• ‘the object that is no longer in use or the duty that is not performed any more’ (old flat, old director)
• ‘dating from the remote past’ (old coins, old city)
14
clothes
person
coins
director
![Page 15: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Visualization of typological data: Semantic maps
Dominant system (e.g. English)
15
Binary system(e.g. Japanese)
![Page 16: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Distributed systems
16
Visualization of typological data: Semantic maps
(e.g. Ossetian) (e.g. Bashkir)
![Page 17: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SHARP domain: Collocating nouns
17
‘arrow’
‘bristle’
‘knife’
‘nose’
‘scissors’‘(rose) thorns’
‘(woolen) blanket’
‘boots’
‘needle’
![Page 18: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
SHARP domain: Frames
19
‘arrow’
‘bristle’
‘knife’
‘nose’
‘scissors’
‘(rose) thorns’
‘(woolen) blanket’
‘boots’
‘needle’
Instrument with a functional edge
Instrument with a functional end-point
Object with a pointed shape
Natural object that pricks
Surface that pricks
![Page 20: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SHARP domain
Instrument with a functional edge (knife, saw)
Instrument with a functional end-point (arrow, spear)
Surface that pricks(blanket, bristle)
Natural object that pricks(thorns)
Object with a sharp form(nose)
20
![Page 21: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
SHARP domain: Serbian
Instrument with a functional edge (knife, saw)
Instrument with a functional end-point (arrow, spear)
Surface that pricks(blanket, bristle)
Natural object that pricks(thorns)
Object with a sharp form(nose)
21
oštar nož ‘sharp knife’, oštro koplje ‘sharp spear’, oštar nos ‘sharp nose’, oštar pokrivač ‘prickly blanket’
oštar
![Page 22: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
SHARP domain: Japanese
22
Instrument with a functional edge (knife, saw)
Instrument with a functional end-point (arrow, spear)
Surface that pricks(blanket, bristle)
Natural object that pricks(thorns)
Object with a sharp form(nose)
surudoi naifu ‘sharp knife’, surudoi yari ‘sharp spear’ vs. togatta hana ‘sharp nose’
surudoi
togatta
![Page 23: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
SHARP domain: Kabardian
23
Instrument with a functional edge (knife, saw)
Instrument with a functional end-point (arrow, spear)
Surface that pricks(blanket, bristle)
Natural object that pricks(thorns)
Object with a sharp form(nose)
ŝeẑje ž’an ‘sharp knife’ vs. ʁʷəčw əne pamc�e ‘sharp nail’ , ʔandeʁʷə pamc�e ‘sharp elbow’
ž’an pamc�e
![Page 24: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Typology of verbs of falling:research program
24
![Page 25: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Falling: vertical motion due to gravity
Description of falling has two dimensions:
A. Substructure of the field and oppositions between its main frames
B. Other semantic fields related to falling
either directly (1)
or through metaphorization procedure (2)25
![Page 26: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
A. Substructure of the field
Two main topologically opposed clusters of situations:
Falling down from an upper surface
(NB! Motion of substances) Falling of vertical objects “standing” on the ground
Non prototypical:“Reflexive motion”
(1) (2)
26
![Page 27: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Falling down from an upper surface
• Locations: • Source (initial location) and Goal (final location)
• Source is normally not marked (except for containers: falling out of smth)
![Page 28: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Falling down from an upper surface• Goal bias. Types of Goals as final locations:
liquids / hard surfaces / soft surfaces …
[NB! Onomatopoeia: falling is accompanied by special sounds]
‘Trajector + location’ pair is relevant• Hard Trajector + hard surface [a huge suitcase onto
the road] • Hard Trajector + soft surface [stone into the mud]• Soft Trajector + hard surface [a piece of mud onto the
road]• A piece of glass onto the hard surface …• Splash – fall with a thud – fall with a bang…
![Page 29: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Substances as special kinds of Trajectors
• Water can move forward, upward and fall either in a flow or in small quants
• One general predicate or a system of classifying verbs?
• Special term for dropping of drops?• Sand, sugar, grain as free-flowing substances can
only move down in their own manner • no special verb for falling of a quant ?
• Rain• Snow
![Page 30: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Standing vertical objects:orientation of the falling object
Objects with intrinsic orientation (mainly humans):
direction of the motion (could be marked with the predicates or adverbs)
• Falling backwards, on one’s back • Falling sideways • Falling forwards
+ metonymy (manner)• Stumble • Slip• Tumble
30
![Page 31: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
“Reflexive motion” (Susan Lindner 1981)
= Motion of the parts
• Simple motion: John went out <of the house>
• Reflexive motion: Syrop spread out
![Page 32: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
“Reflexive motion”: rotation
32
Simple rotation: Trajector is moving round the Landmark
Reflexive rotation: the fox (Tr) rolled itself into a ball
![Page 33: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
“Reflexive motion” & related frames
• Crash down, collapse:
about a building
the house fell down
• To fall down:
about a surface itself e.g. due to the heavy object on it
the ice crashed
+ meton. smb. fell trough the ice
![Page 34: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
“Reflexive motion”: related frames
• Body parts (no motion)• Teeth / Hair: come out
[+ Tail of a lizard]
[+ Tongue (a running dog)]
• Parts of artifacts (the motion is not vertical)• May be separated due to the movement • High speed, type of initial connection is relevant• Break off, come off, be torn off …
![Page 35: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
sand/sugar surfaces (falling and destruction)
water snow buildings hair, teeth
Falling down vertical objects
from an upper surface forwards/backwards sideways
Parts of artifacts
FLYING JUMPING BREAKING
Preliminary semantic map
onomatopoeia
![Page 36: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
sand/sugar surfaces (falling and destruction)
water snow buildings hair, teeth
Falling down vertical objects forwards/backwards sideways
Parts of artifacts
rich subdomain FLYING JUMPING BREAKING
Preliminary semantic map: KomiData from a field study (Egor. Kashkin)
us’ny
kissylnyvöjny
onomatopoeia
pörny
?
![Page 37: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Preliminary semantic map: Russianrain sand/sugar surfaces
(falling and destruction)
water snow
buildings hair, teeth out-of-containers
Falling down vertical objects backwards sideways
Parts of artifacts
FLYING JUMPING BREAKING
padat’
sypat’sjakapat’
provalivat’sja
rušit’sja
onomatopoeia
šmjaknut’sjapl’uxnut’sjagroxnut’sjašlepnut’sjabrjaknut’sja
high-level falls
![Page 38: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
B 1. Related semantic fields: flying(Plungian, Rakhilina 2007)
• The lexical domain of ‘flying’ (‘moving through the air’) proves not to be elementary.
• In the languages of the world it often splits into two zones, or sub-domains.
• Active sub-domain covers staying in the air of a living creature who abruptly moves its limbs.
• Passive sub-domain describes an inanimate object’s movement through the air caused by an external force applied to it.
• Cognitive distinction between them is manifested in different strategies of conceptual assimilation applied in the two cases:
![Page 39: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
B 1. Related semantic fields: flying
• Flying may be conceptualized either as jumping (active flying) or falling (passive flying).
• This explains why in various languages the meanings ‘fall’ and ‘fly’ are interchangeable in some contexts, cf. English fall off ~ fly off.
• There are also cases when the meanings ‘fly’ and ‘fall’ are combined within one predicate (similarly to what happens to ‘fly’ and ‘jump’); native speakers then perceive the two meanings as closely related to each other.
• The most known case is Sanskrit pat- which had two meanings ‘fall’ and ‘fly’; this polysemy is preserved in many modern Indo-Arian languages.
39
![Page 40: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
B2: Metaphors of falling: two main sources
(1) LESS IS DOWN [< G.Lakoff]• Decrease: SAE
+ Negative evaluation• Moral decay: Russian
![Page 41: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
B2: Metaphors of falling: two main sources
(2) LACK OF CONTROL SUDDENNESS • Coming out unexpectedly: Komi• Astonishment: Russian • Sudden death (humans: at the war // cattle: due
to disease) SAE• + Military defeat (Syrian regime will fall …)• Birth: Indonesian • Unexpected occasion (good / bad luck)
< dicing, Russian• Transformation (ice into water) < vertical
objects only! Komi
![Page 42: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Dreams and Plans
• 20-30 languages, including Russian gesture language
• Direct meanings & semantic maps• Types of systems• Metaphorical extensions• Cases of intersection with other semantic
fields• Statistical experiments
42
![Page 43: Semantic / Lexical Typology: Verbs of Falling and Beyond Katia Rakhilina (NRU HSE, Moscow) “Verbs, verb phrases and verbal categories” 23-25 March Hebrew](https://reader033.vdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061617/5697c0211a28abf838cd2a1c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
And grammaticalization paths --?Heine, Kuteva 2002: 133• Some African Languages:Fall > down (adverb)• Korean, TamilFall > passive suffix
43