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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Special issue AMMA SOP0 LISA contribution
1) Rajot et al., General overview of Banizoumbou results
2) Formenti et al., Physico-chemical characteristics of aerosols over Western Africa (I): results from the AMMA dry season campaign
3) Alfaro et al., Spectral optical properties of mineral dust and biomass burning and their mixing
P. Formenti
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
1) What are the physico-chemical and optical properties of mineral dust in the Sahel ? (source regions)
2) How to predict dust optical properties knowing their physico-chemical properties ?
3) How to account for mixing with other aerosol species ?
4) How do mineral dust aerosols modify the solar and terrestrial radiation budgets at the local and the regional scales ?
Scientific questions within SOP0
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
SOP0 operation Timing
11/01 21/0114/01 27/01 16/0212/02
DJOUGOU
BANIZOUMBOU
M’BOUR
03/02
DABEX DODO
24/01 01/0213/01
ULM
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Long term (2005-2008) + intensive observations (Jan-Fev et Jun-Jul 2006)
Banizoumbou
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Sampling inlets
Laboratory "Belgique"
Banizoumbou ground-based station
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Ground-based measurements at Banizoumbou (1 / 2)
On-line measurements (sampling interval)– Number and mass concentration, GRIMM OPC and TEOM (5-min)– Number size distribution, GRIMM OPC (5-min)– Spectral absorption coefficient, Magee Aethalometer (5-min)– Spectral scattering coefficient, TSI nephelometer (5-min)– Global, diffuse & direct radiation, MFRSR-7 shadowband radiometer (1-min)– Global and spectral downwelling radiation, ARM ancillary – Aerosol vertical profile, lidars (B. Heese and F. Cairo)– Ozone concentration (5-min)– Meteorology
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Filter sampling and analysis
Aerosol sampling (sampling interval/frequency)Bulk
– Elemental Chemical composition (12-h + events, total + PM10)– Water soluble fraction (12-h + events)– Carbon content (24-h) – Mineralogy (12-h + events)– Single-particle composition and morphology (12-h + events)
Size-segregated– Chemical composition on 4- and 13-stage impactors (24-h) s
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Sampling strategy: schematics
Lidars
TEOM
GRIMM GRIMMNEPHELOMETRE
TSI
AETHALOMETREMagee
Sampling inlets (physico-chemical and optical
measurements) ARM ancillary
Shadow-band
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Ground-based, Banizoumbou
To the in
struments
To the buried instrumented
container
Air in
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Filter collection onboard the UK BAe146
Air in Air in
Air out Air out
Quartz0.4-µm Nuclepore
90-mm SFU1:Inorganics
47-mm SFU2:Organic andElemental carbon
• Elemental Chemical composition (all)• Water soluble fraction (depends on concentration)• Mineralogy (depends on concentration)• Single-particle composition and morphology (selected events)
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Collected samples
• About 500 bulk samples collected at the ground-based station• Dust and aged BB
• About 120 samples collected on the aircraft• SLR from ~ 170 feet to FL120• Various aerosol types (dust, fresh BB, aged BB, background, their mixing)
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Status of analysis
ElementalWater-soluble fraction
MineralogyIron content speciation
Individual particle analysis
OC/BC
Bulk
Ground-based
Done July Done June July Done
Aircraft Done June July JuneJune (dust)
BB (TBD)Done
Size-segregated
Ground-based
June ---- ----- ------ ------ N/A
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
1
10
100
1000
13 Jan 18 Jan 23 Jan 28 Jan 02 Feb 07 Feb 12 Feb
Date
Un
co
rre
cte
d s
ca
tte
rin
g c
oe
ff,
Mm
-1
Dust aerosols are found at to the surface
BB
1
10
100
1000
13 Jan 18 Jan 23 Jan 28 Jan 02 Feb 07 Feb 12 Feb
Date
Un
co
rre
cte
d s
ca
tte
rin
g c
oe
ff,
Mm
-1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Co
lum
n A
OD
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Episodes of dust and biomass burning
0.E+00
1.E+08
2.E+08
3.E+08
4.E+08
13 Jan 18 Jan 23 Jan 28 Jan 02 Feb 07 Feb 12 Feb
Nu
mb
er
(#/m
3 )
0
500
1000
Mass
(µg
/m3)
DustBB Banizoumbou, Jan 2006
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Mineral dust from different source regions
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
13 Jan 18 Jan 23 Jan 28 Jan 02 Feb 07 Feb 12 Feb
Date
Ca/
Fe
rati
o
1
10
100
1000
Un
corrected
scatterin
g
coeffic
ient, M
m-1
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Bulk composition of dust from ground-based and aircraft samples (DABEX) : Si vs Al
Si vs Al
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Bulk composition of dust from ground-based and aircraft samples (DABEX) : Fe vs Al
Ongoing analysis to quantify the proportion of iron oxydes
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Individual particle analysis of dust samples (B160, B161, B165)
Supermicronic composition flight B161 N3
Si, Al, Fe (Si/Al >2)53%Si, Al, Fe (Si/Al <2)
27%
Quartz13%
Salt particles3%
Carbonate (Ca)4%
Submicronic composition flight B161 N3
Si, Al, Fe (Si/Al <2)22%
Carbonate (Ca)8%
Quartz6%
Iron Oxyde4%Salt particles
16%
Si, Al, Fe (Si/Al >2)44%
Iron oxyde
• Iron oxydes observed in the fine fraction (4-5% by number), results of the mass analysis are still missing• "Uncontaminated" dust, soot particles less than 1% by number, although trajectories show that airmasses where dust plumes were sampled might have come in contact with pollution
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Dust from Mauritania is enriched in minerals such as halite (Na-rich)
Confirmed by microscopy analysis
0
1
10
100
1000
Al Na Mg Si S K Ca Ti Fe
DABEXDODODODO (including dust storm B238)
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Measuring the attenuation of the Al signal gives indication on particle size
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Al PIGE (µg/cm2)
Al P
IXE
(µ
g/c
m2)
PIXE/PIGE = 0.83 ± 0.02
20% attenuation corresponds to aerodynamic VMD of ~ 2 µm (geometric 1.2 µm)
B238N3
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
The Ca-to-Fe elemental ratio as a marker of major source region
(DODO)
Niger (DABEX)
Local erosion
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Mineralogy from ground-based samples S
OP
-0-4
SO
P-0
-5
SO
P-0
10
SO
P-0
-14
SO
P-0
-17
SO
P-0
20
SO
P-0
21
SO
P-0
23
SO
P-0
27
SO
P-0
29
SO
P-0
31
SO
P-0
-36
SO
P-0
-38
SO
P-0
-39
SO
P-0
-46
SO
P-0
-47
SO
P-0
-48
SO
P-0
-49
SO
P-0
-50
Gypse
Dolomite
Calcite
Feldspath
Plagio
Quartz
Kaolinite
Illite
smectite
BB
Clays
Quartz
Ca-rich
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Mineral dust ubiquitous even in elevated BB layer
0.1
1
10
100
1000
2 6 10 14 18
X-ray energy (keV)C
ou
nts
/C
B158N6Fe
Zn
Br
Ti
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1 2 3 4 5
X-ray energy (keV)
Co
un
ts/
C
B158N6
Al
Si
S
CaK
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Tracers of biomass burning
Dust samplesy = 0.18x + 0.49
R2 = 0.99
Fresh BB samplesy = 0.16x + 2.41
R2 = 0.97
Old BB samplesy = 0.52x - 0.14
R2 = 0.89
0
5
10
15
20
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Al concentrations, µg m-3 STP
K c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
s, µ
g m
-3 S
TP
Banizoumbou
K vs Al
BB episode in Banizoumbou
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Individual particle analysis of biomass burning samples
B158N4
• Coarse fraction dominated by mineral dust• Fine and coarse fraction are externally mixed
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Conclusions
• Analysis still ongoing– won't be ready to submit in July– delaying some of your work (water-soluble fraction)
• Analysis is focusing on mineral dust– Biomass burning
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Tracers of biomass burning
Old BB samplesy = 0.5x - 0.3
R2 = 0.58
Fresh BB samplesy = 2.5x - 6.5
R2 = 0.83
Dust samplesy = 4.9x - 5.4
R2 = 0.76
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15
BC concentrations, µg m-3 STP
K c
on
ce
ntr
ati
on
s, µ
g m
-3 S
TP
SAFARI2000, aged smoke
K+/BC = 0.54
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Aerosol optical properties in Niger during the dry season
Alfaro et al.
Objectives: Document and explain the temporal variability of the spectral dependence of scattering and absorption measured at ground
level in Banizoumbou.
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
DATA AVAILABLE from 13 Jan. to 12 Feb.
Optical propertiesat ground level
nephelometer TSI (3)aethalometer (Magee scientific, 7)
vertically averagedsunphotometer (AERONET)
Particulate concentrationsBulk mass concentration (TEOM microbalance)BC estimates derived from the aethalometerSize-resolved number(Grimm optical counter)
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
METHODOLOGY
Caracterization of spectral dependence
neph = C- abs = C-
and are the Angström’s exponents for scattering and absorption. They
are derived directly from nephelometer and aethalometer measurements.
In the case of the aethalometer, difference can be made between the values of
at short (sw) and long ( lw) solar wavelengths.
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
All data is used with particular emphasis on 3 case studies
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
1/13/06 0:00 1/18/06 0:00 1/23/06 0:00 1/28/06 0:00 2/2/06 0:00 2/7/06 0:00 2/12/06 0:00 2/17/06 0:00
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Angstrom Cimel 440-675Angstrom
Angstrom neph 450-700 nm
AOT_440
Jan. 15 Feb.9Jan. 18
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Examples of results
Dependence of to the BC mass fraction
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0.10 1.00 10.00
%BC
An
gstr
öm
exp
on
en
t (s
catt
eri
ng
)
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Absorption spectral dependence in the two wavelength ranges
lw is particularly stable whereas sw is much more variable and seems to be extremely sensitive to the presence of mineral dust
0
1
2
3
4
5
1/13 1/15 1/17 1/19 1/21 1/23 1/25 1/27 1/29 1/31 2/2 2/4 2/6 2/8 2/10 2/12 2/14
An
gstr
öm
exp
on
en
ts f
or
ab
so
rpti
on
SW/LW beta_LW
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Sensitivity of sw/lw to the composition of the aerosol mixture
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0.1 1.0 10.0
%BC
be
taS
W/b
eta
LW
sw/lw is - much larger when the proportion of dust increases- lower during BB advection than during local “pollution” events
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Still to be done:
Assess the exact impact of aerosol size and composition (content in iron oxides) on the magnitude of sw
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Radiative impact over source regions
Radiatif transfert
Emission model
Radiative impact over transport regions
Physico-mineralogicalcharacterization
Soil
Optical properties
Physico-chemical characterization
Optical model
Mineral dust aerosols Mineral dust aerosols (mixing)Transport
Aerosol
The mineral dust cycle
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
The Ca-to-Fe elemental ratio as a marker of major source region
Niger (DABEX)
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
LISA contribution to field observations
Dry season (Jan-Feb 2006, 6 weeks)Ground-based measurements in Banizoumbou + UK BAe146 operated in Niger and Senegal
Wet season (Jun-Jul 2006, 6 weeks)Ground-based measurements in Banizoumbou + F-ATR-42 operated in Niger and Benin
Wet season (Sep 2006, 2 weeks)UK BAe146 operated in Senegal
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Aerosol inlets, orientable to the main wind direction
Banizoumbou, dry season
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Air masses where dust plumes where found
B160N3 B165N7
Courtesy: M. Harrison
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
FL120 FL100 3200 feet3200 feet
FL100
FL120
B161 – 23 Janvier, nord of Niger
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
y = 0.47x + 13.5R2 = 0.71
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
OC, µg C
BC
, µg
C BB episoderatio BC/OC 0.24
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
y = 0.81x - 3.8R2 = 0.99
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40
OC, µg m-3
BC
, µg
m-3
Flight B166, "fresh smoke"
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.1 1 10 100
Concentration, µg m-3
Alt
itu
de,
kft
AlOC
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Air in
Air out
90-mm SFU1
PIXE PIGE
0.4 µm Nuclepore
Bulk elemental composition (Na…Pb)
IC/ICP CBDDRSEM
TEM
DRX
Water soluble fractionIron oxyde content and speciation
Bulk mineralogy
Individual particle characteristics
Analysis of inorganic fraction
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Organic and elemental carbonAir in
Air out
47-mm SFU2
DRI
Quartz
BC/OC
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
This presentation
• Our scientific objectives for SOP0
• Our contribution to field observations within SOP0
• Status of data analysis: issues
• Some results relevant to publications in the SOP0 special issue
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Rajot et al., General overview of Banizoumbou results
Aim of the paper1) Description of the sampling station2) Description of the temporal variability of the aerosol content and type as observed in Banizoumbou in Janvier-Fevrier 2006
DataTime series of 1) Number concentration2) Mass concentration3) Spectral scattering coefficient 4) Aerosol optical depth5) Basic meteorology
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Formenti et al., Physico-chemical characteristics of aerosols over Western Africa (I): results from the AMMA dry season campaign
Aim of the paperDescribing the elemental and mineralogical composition and size distribution of mineral dust and biomass burning aerosols and their mixing
DataGround-based and airborne1) Filter samples2) OPC size distribution
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Second SOP0 workshop, Exeter 15 May 2007
Bulk composition of dust from ground-based and aircraft samples (DABEX) : Ca
vs Al