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Second Industrial Revolution: la belle
époque
European History
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Image page 652
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Science Triumphs: “Second” IR
SIGNIFICANCE: 1) Impact of ideas and products wide
spread 2) Optimism in human progress3) Science = only way to truth
New ProductsSteelChemicalsElectricityPetroleum
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Steel= lighter, smaller, faster
machines, engines, ships, railways, and weapons
By 1910 America = #1 producer, Germany #2, GB #3
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ChemicalsFrance & Germany in lead
Alkalies & artificial dyes revolutionize soap, textile, paper industries
Photographic plates and filmChemical fertilizers
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Electricity Thermodynamics
Sig: impacts heat, light, motion & communication Michael Faraday – electromagnetism (electric
engine) Thomas Edison (AM) & Joseph Swan (GB) - electric
lighting Alexander Graham Bell (AM) – telephone, 1876 Guglielmo Marconi – radio waves across Atlantic,
1901 Electric Streetcar – Berlin, 1879 Factories – conveyor belts, cranes, machines
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Petroleum Internal combustion engine, 1878 (gas &
air) Gottlieb Daimler, 1886 – light engine
Automobile – 1900=9000 cars; 1916=750,000 Henry Ford (AM) & mass production
1900 Zeppelin airship 1903 Wright Brothers
WWI = boom in aircraft industry 1919 = 1st commercial aircraft
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New Markets Increase in population growth Increase in wages (up 2/3) Decrease in price of food and
manufactured products Gives rise to mass marketing & department
stores (pg. 654)
Bon Marche, Paris 1867 Macy’s, NYC 1908
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Tariffs & Cartels (pg. 653) Protective tariffs: What & why?
Cartels: What & why?
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Larger Factories Cartels = need for larger, more efficient
factories (1000+ employees) Germany 205,000 (1882) to 879,000 (1907) Also GB, France & Belgium
Streamline production – use of electric machines, precision tools & assembly line
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Industrial Leadership GB passes the Industrial baton to
_____________? Why? (pg. 654-655)
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Economic Zones by 1900 Industrialized Zone = GB, Belgium, Germany,
France, Netherlands, Austro-Hungarian Empire (West), Italy (North) High standard of living, education, healthier, system of
transportation Agricultural Zone = Italy (south), Austro-
Hungarian Empire (East), Spain, Portugal, Balkan kingdoms, Russia Providers of raw materials and food Decline in price of food makes farming difficult – large
farms develop By 1870 Russia and Japan begin industrialization World economy = interdependency of goods &
products