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STUDY NOTES EPISODE 8: AIR ARCHIVE
VERBS – PRESENT PERFECT ANDSIMPLE PAST TENSES STUDY TIPS
When speaking or writing aboutsomething, which happened at anunspecified time in the past and isstill continuing in the present, usethe simple present perfect.
This is also the tense, which isused for news broadcasts, storiesin the newspaper and biographical
information about a living person.
When speaking or writing about the past,English uses a variety of different tenses,including:
the simple past (he wrote), simple presentperfect (he has written), pastcontinuous/progressive (he was writing),simple past perfect (he had written), presentperfect continuous/progressive (he has
been writing) and the past perfectcontinuous/progressive (he had beenwriting).
Knowing when to use which tense can be quite challenging because the time framewithin which an event, state or action takes place needs to be taken intoconsideration.
Mastering and differentiating between simple present perfect and the simple past,in particular, often poses difficulties because of the time reference.
The most important rules, which govern the use of these two tenses is presented and
contrasted in the notes below.
Simple Present Perfect and Simple Past Tenses
Time Reference
Tense Period of Time
Simple Present Perfect refers to an event, state or action which has started sometime in the past but which may be linked with the present
Simple Past refers to an event, state or action which has beencompleted at a specific time in the past
Forms
Simple Present Perfect
Auxi liary Verb (to have) Past Part ic iple
I haveyou havehe/she haswe haveyou havethey have
-ed or -t endings: dwelled/dwelt,learned/learnt, looked, startedirregular verbs: become, drawn, felt, written
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Simple Past
regular -ed or -t endings
Infin itive Past Tense
burn burned/burnt
change changed
learn learned/learnt
look looked
start started
irregular
eat ate
become became
do did
fall fell
see saw
throw threw
write wrote
Compare Past Tense and Past Participial Forms
Infin itive Past Tense Past Particip le
arise arose arisen
become became become
build built built
come came come
dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
give gave given
grow grew grown
make made made
pay paid paid
say said said
see saw seen
sing sang sung
teach taught taught
throw threw thrown
write wrote written
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Rules of Use – Simple Present Perfect
Simple Present Perfect
Use Example Meaning
a completed action or eventwhich is linked to thepresent; it refers to theaction or event whichstarted at some unspecifiedtime in the past, butextends into the present
The tsunami hasdevastated the touristindustry in the region.
Have you read the latestHarry Potter book?
the tourist industry is stillfeeling the effects of thetsunami which occurredsome time in the past;
if you haven’t read the bookearlier would you like toread it now
commonly used for newsbroadcasts and newspaperstories
The Treasurer has said
that the economy is strongand performing well.
There has been anaccident on the PacificHighway.
the period in which the
economy grew precedesthe present time, but isrelevant to the present;
the accident occurredearlier but is being reportednow
an action or event whichbegan in the past, andcontinues up to the present;the following adverbs arecommonly used – already,before, ever , never , often,seldom, so far , still, yet
Have you ever been to theMiddle East?
The film festival has been fabulous so far .
the question is askingwhether the person hasbeen to the Middle East atany time up to now;
the festival until now is
great but that can changelater
an action or event whichhas repeatedly happenedand continues to now; for and since are commonlyused
as a preposition, for + aduration of time, forexample, for twelve hours,for a day, for two hundredyears
as a preposition since + a
specific starting time, forexample, since February,since 2004; since can alsobe used as a conjunction
I have lived in Australiasince 2002.
Harry has known Sally for20 years.
He hasn’t slept since hearrived from Mongolia.
the person has been livingin Australia specifically from2002
they have been acquaintedfor the specified amount oftime
since is used as aconjunction; introduces theclause which specifies thestarting time
an action or event whichhas happened recently;adverbs such as just, lately and recently are commonlyused
Would you like somecoffee? I’ve just had mymorning tea.
Have you been to thebeach lately?
the person recently finishedhaving a beverage formorning tea
the person is askingwhether someone has beento the beach recently
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The different meanings of the prepositions used with the simple present perfect can be illustrated graphically as follows:
forfromsince
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past now future
justalready
ever/never
Rules of Use – Simple Past
Simple Past
Use Example Meaning
an action or eventwhich started andended in the past;time expressions mayalso be used such as
in 2004, yesterday,last night, two yearsago
She sat the IELTS test last weekend.
The new term started yesterday.
taking the test has beencompleted
the commencement ofthe term has already
ended, namelyyesterday
habitual past actionsor events or asequence of pastactions or events
I watched the boats come in everymorning.
I got up, had breakfast and caught the early morning train.
the habitual action ofwatching the boats
referring to a sequenceof past actions
Contrast – Simple Present Perfect versus Simple Past
Simple Present Perfect Simple Past
an action or event happened at an indefinitetime
I have seen the tall ships in the Harbour.
an action or event happened at adefinite time in the past
I saw the tall ships in the Harbour on Australia day.
an action or event which happened in thepast is relevant to the present
The negotiators have reached an agreement.
an action or event which happened inthe past bears no relevance to thepresent
The negotiators reached an agreement.
an action or event which is unfinished; itstarted in the past and is still happening
She has been in China for two years.
an action or event which is finished; itstarted and finished in the past
She was in China for two years.