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Scientific Revolution
Chapter 22 Section 1
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Ancient & Medieval Science• Aristotle’s Geocentric
Theory – earth was center of the universe– Sun, moon, planets moved
around earth in circular paths• Greek astronomer Ptolemy
supported the geocentric theory
• Medieval Christianity taught that God had placed earth in center of the universe
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Scientific Revolution = new way of thinking about natural world
• Careful observation, questioning accepted beliefs
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Causes of the Scientific Revolution
• Middle Ages establishment of universities• Renaissance encouraged scientific progress• Reformation led people to question, printing press• Exploration need for navigational technologies
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Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)• Polish cleric & astronomer
• Heliocentric Theory: sun was center of universe
• Feared persecution, so did not publish findings until his death
• Wrote On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
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Tycho Brahe (1546-1601)• Danish astronomer• Built sophisticated
observatory• Collected numerous data to
support heliocentric theory• Star catalogue
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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
• Brahe’s assistant
• Mathematical laws governed planetary motion
• Elliptical orbits around sun, not circles
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)• Italian scientist
• Built own telescope
• Discovered Jupiter’s four moons, Saturn’s rings, sun spots, rough surface of moon– Published Starry
Messenger
• Summoned to stand trial before the Inquisition
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Scientific Method: logical procedure for gathering & testing ideas
• Question, hypothesis, experiment, observe, record data, conclude
• Francis Bacon
- English statesman & writer
- Empiricism (experimental method) experiment & then draw conclusions
- Generate practical knowledge to improve people’s lives
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Scientific Method • René Descartes
- Developed analytical geometry
- Doubt until proven by reason
- Mind and matter “I think, therefore I am”
- Observation, experimentation, general mathematical laws led to understanding of world
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Isaac Newton (1642-1727)• Law of universal gravitation
every body in universe attracts every other body
• Mathematical relationships degree of attraction depends on mass & distance
• Published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy in 1687
• Universe was giant clock; God was clockmaker
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Scientific Instruments• Zacharias Janssen first microscope• Anton van Leeuwenhoek used
microscope to discover bacteria & red blood cells
• Gabriel Fahrenheit & Anders Celsius thermometers for temperature
Leeuwenhoek & his
microscope
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Advances in Medicine• Andreas Vesalius studied anatomy & muscle
contraction
• William Harvey described circulatory system & heart
• Edward Jenner introduced smallpox vaccine
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Discoveries in Chemistry
• Robert Boyle founder of modern Chemistry
- The Sceptical Chemist (1661)
- challenged Aristotle’s ideas of four elements
- Boyle’s law explains how volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other
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Results of the Scientific Revolution• Rise of new social group international scientific
community
• Introduced new knowledge about nature & revolutionary way of obtaining such knowledge
• Scientific point of view begins to dominate European thought, people of 1700’s spoke of their changing times as an “Age of Enlightenment.”