Scientific Research Journal of India ( SRJI )Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana,
Mau, U.P., India. Pin- 276403Email: [email protected]
Cont: +91-9320699167, 8822485959, 9305835734Web: http://www.srji.co.cc
Scientific Research Journal of India(SRJI)
Vol 1 ● No. 1 ● Year: 2012 ISSN: 2277-1700
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 1
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Table of Content
● Editorial 2
● Vermicompost: a source of soil fertility management in organic
farming(Agriculture ) 3
● Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh
(Anthropology ) 10
● Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy
(Physiotherapy )
19
● Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training
in Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with
Impaired Balance
23
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Editorial
Dear Readers,
It is my immense pleasure to present the first issue of the first volume of the Scientific
Research Journal of India (SRJI). This journal is the official organ of Dr. L. Sharma Medical
Care and Educational Development Society. Scientific Research Journal of India is a
Multidisciplinary, peer reviewed and open access Journal of science. The scope of this
journal is therefore necessarily broad to cover recent discoveries in structural and functional
principles of scientific research. It encourages and provides a forum for the publication of
research work in different fields of pure and applied sciences. The Journal will publish
selected original research articles, reviews, short communications and book reviews in the
various fields of science like Botany, Zoology, Medical Sciences, Agricultural Sciences,
Environmental Sciences, Natural Sciences, Anthropology and any other branch of related
sciences. The Journal will be regularly published and issued quarterly. We shall also publish
special issues based on specific themes at the suggestion of the executive committee of Dr. L.
Sharma Medical Care and Educational Development Society and members of editorial of
SRJI.
I hope you shall appreciate our effort.
Dr. Popiha Bordoloi, Ph.D.
Email: [email protected]
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 3
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Vermicompost: A Source of soil fertility management in organic farming
P. Bordoloi*, A. Arunachalam**, K. Arunachalam*** & S.C. Garkoti****
Introduction
Arunachal Pradesh is a ‘biodiversity rich
hot spot’ in the Indian Eastern Himalayas.
The agro climatic condition and variation
in elevation and latitude caused the
occurrence of different and distinct
vegetation types of this region. Huge
amount of agricultural crop residues, weed
biomass from both cropped and non-
cropped areas are also available annually,
which are usually burned for crop
cultivation in the subsequent years. The
estimated amount of agricultural crop
waste in Arunachal Pradesh was 261865
tonne (t) per year which could be
harvested from the cereals and legumes
cultivated. In addition, a substantial
Abstract: Use of vermicompost in crop field can reduce the cost of cultivation by replacing
chemical fertilizer and it maintains sustaimentnable agriculture by improving soil texture and
its enrichment. Vermicompost can convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly becoming a
growth business with an overall mandate of organic farming. Most of the farmers of India in
general and Arunachal Pradesh in particular are marginal and poor. For them it is sometimes
not possible for construct a cemented vermicomposting tank for producing vermicompost due
to lack of Government subsidy. A low-cost bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was prepared
and productivity was analyzed. The economics of bamboo beam vermicomposting unit was
worked out and compared with that of the cemented tank vermicomposting unit as collected
from different sources. In bamboo beam vermicomposting unit, the cost of production of one
quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 79. For second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third
year it was Rs. 14.40. In cemented tank vermicomposting unit the cost of production of one
quintal vermicompost for first year was Rs. 632 and for second year onwards it was Rs. 10.
Thus it is concluded that low-cost vermicomposting technology can be used as a source of
income generation for the rural people by recycling and utilizing the locally available
biodegradable wastes.
Key words: Vermicomposting technology, biodegradable waste, Arunachal Pradesh.
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amount of wastes are also arising from
livestock. For instance, about 2221440 t of
wet dung per annum, and 1382520 t of
urine per annum were arising from total
number of livestock available (Bordoloi et
al., 2007). In all, these agro-wastes could
be utilized successfully for compost
preparation and recycled for integrated
nutrient management for enhancing
production and maintaining productivity.
While using organic materials as
manures for crop production, the farmers
are faced with the problems of organic
materials being bulky, with a low nutrient
content in relation to their volume, and
being often messy and has bad odour.
Therefore there is a need to develop an
eco-friendly and appropriate technology to
maximize economic value of nutrients of
agro-waste for sustainable utilization.
Decomposition reduces much of organic
substances due to physical breakdown of
substrate, leaching of soluble materials,
and catabolism or oxidation (Seastedt,
1984). Conventional methods of
composting takes relatively higher time
and produce low quality manure. Use of
earthworm for degradation of organic
waste and production of vermicompost is
becoming popular and is being
commercialized. Use of vermicasting as
biofertilizer can be one of the measure to
overcome productivity crisis in agriculture
and play a multifaceted role in the
improvement of soil texture through its
influence in soil pH, as agent of physical
decomposition by promoting humus
formation by improving soil texture and its
enrichment (Venkateshwarlu, 1995).
Desai (1993) reported that by using
vermiculture the cost of production could
be substantially reduced by way of
replacing chemical fertilizers.
In totality, vermicompost can
convert waste in to money, so, it is rapidly
becoming a growth business with an
overall mandate of organic farming. Most
of the farmers of India in general and
Arunachal Pradesh in particular are
marginal and poor and may not afford to
construct cemented vermicomposting tank.
So, it is envisaged to have a low- cost unit
for the resource poor farmers of this
region. By considering all these views, for
maintaining sustainable crop production as
well as to reduce the cost of fertilizer
application an attempt was made to
prepare a non-tank vermicomposting unit
(bamboo beam) by utilizing locally
available materials and resources. It can
also be viably used as a source of income
generation for the rural people by utilizing
locally available biodegradable waste
materials.
Material and Methods
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate
a low-cost bamboo beam structure for
vermicompost preparation. The specific
objective of the study being to test the
efficiency of some plant waste material as
a source of compost as well as to test the
efficiency of methods of compost
preparation and also to develop a low-cost,
eco-friendly bio-composting technique.
Three types of compost namely
simple compost, enriched compost and
vermicompost were prepared from easily
available agricultural waste i.e. rice straw,
weeds from rice field and kitchen waste.
Cow dung was mixed for all the compost
in the ratio of 1:1 (by weight). Bamboo
beam of size 1m×1m×0.5 m were
prepared. The beam was covered with
polyethylene sheet to check the nutrient
loss and to provide proper temperature for
quick decomposition. In vermicomposting,
after 25 days of decay the partial
decomposed materials were transferred to
the vermicomposting bed of size
2m×1m×0.3 m for inoculation of
earthworms. The identified suitable strain
of earthworm i.e. Eisenia foetida (Sav.)
was collected from Multi-Disciplinary
Training Centre (MTDC), Khadi Village
Industries Commission (KVIC), Midpu,
Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 1500
earthworms (750 earthworms; size < 0.7 g,
750 earthworms size > 0.7 g) was
inoculated for each bed and the bed was
covered by a gunny cloth. Moisture was
maintained at 40-50%. Each of the
treatments was replicated three times to
reduce the error of measurement of
particular parameters. Among all,
vermicompost was found more nutritious,
less time consuming and more productive.
The structure of bamboo beam unit and
different stages of vermicomposting are
presented in Figure 1.
The economics of bamboo beam
vermicomposting unit was worked out and
compared with that of the cemented tank
vermicomposting unit as collected from
different sources. The cost of cemented
tank vermicomposting unit was calculated
by personal observation and by having
interviews with different farmers which
have their own vermicomposting units
prevailing in Papum Pare district and from
the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of
Arunachal Pradesh. The net cost of
production per kilogram per year was
calculated.
Results and Discussion
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For construction of low cost bamboo beam
vermicomposting unit of 1 tonne capacity
per harvesting a total of 60 piece bamboos
was needed for construction of shed and
bamboo beam, which was cost around Rs.
600. The total cost of thatch and polythene
sheet comes around Rs. 600. Labour cost
for construction of the unit was Rs. 350.
The initial cost of earthworm was Rs.
2000. The total cost including maintenance
and packaging for first year was Rs. 3950.
For second year it was Rs. 300 and for
third year it was Rs. 720. In one year 5
harvesting was done, so total of 50 q of
compost was harvested from the unit. Net
profit for first year was Rs. 31,050, for
second year it was Rs. 34,700 and for third
year it was estimated Rs. 34,280. In the
first year, the cost of production of one
quintal vermicompost was Rs. 79, for
second year it was Rs. 6 and for the third
year it was Rs. 14.40 (Tables 1 and 2).
The construction cost of one tonne
capacity per harvesting cemented tank type
of vermicomposting unit was Rs. 31,600.
An expenditure of Rs. 500 was required
for maintenance and packaging from the
second year onwards. Thus the production
cost for one quintal vermicompost was Rs.
632 in the first year. And from second year
onwards it was Rs. 10 only (Tables 3 and
4).
From the data it is seen that non-
tank bamboo beam vermicomposting unit,
takes very low-cost compared to a concrete
tank. The cost of production of one tonne
vermicompost can be reduced by 87.5 % in
the first year. For second year cost of
production could reduce to 40%. Third
year it needs some what more that is 44%
more cost of production due to repairing of
bamboo beam and bamboo shed for
production of vermicompost for
subsequent years. On an average, the
production cost of one quintal
vermicompost in bamboo beam was Rs.
33.13 and in cemented tank it was Rs. 217
in first three years.
Low cost vermicomposting
technology can help the marginal and
resource poor farmers of the North East
India. The cost of cultivation of crops can
also be reduce by popularizing
vermicomposting technology by replacing
the need of chemical fertilizers. Most of
the peoples of North East India depend on
Agriculture. Vermicompost not only helps
to increase the productivity of crops but
also helps as income generation for the
youth of North East India. By utilizing
locally available resources and waste
material available by their own, the
farmers can construct a small
vermicomposting unit and can utilize it as
a source of income generation. Now a
days, it is a great concern to popularize the
organic farming. The demands of organic
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products are increasing not only in the local market but also in global market.
a b
c d
Figure 1: (a) Bamboo beam structure (partial decomposition tank), (b) Placing of agricultural waste material in partial decomposition tank, (c) Earth worm collection from rearing bed, (d) Vermicomposting bed after inoculation of earthworm.
Table 1. Cost of production of non tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam)
Parameters Cost
1st year 2nd year 3rd year
Construction of shed (Bamboo 20 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm), (Size of shed 14m×16 m)
200.00 - 40.00
Bamboo beam 12 numbers (size 1 m ×1m×0.5 m), and bed 6 numbers (size 2 m × 1 m × 0.3 m), (Bamboo 40 pieces @Rs. 10 per culm)
400.00 40.00
Thatch 400.00 - 100.00
Polyethylene sheet 200.00 - 100.00
Man days for construction ( @ Rs. 70) 350.00 - 140.00
Miscellaneous 100.00 100.00 100.00
Cost of earthworm 2000.00 - -
Packaging cost 200.00 200.00 200.00Sieve 100.00 - -
Total cost 3950.00 300.00 720.00
Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost Rs. 79.00 Rs. 6.00 Rs. 14.40
(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)
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Table 2. Production of vermicompost in non-tank vermicomposting unit (bamboo beam)
1st year 2nd year 3rd year
Production in one harvesting 10q 10q 10q
5 harvesting in one year 50 q 50 q 50 q
Market price for 1 kg vermicompost
Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00
Gross income after 1 year Rs.25,000.00 Rs.25,000.00 Rs.25,000.00
Sale of earthworm Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00
Gross income after 1 year Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Net profit Rs. 31050.00 Rs. 34700.00 Rs. 34280.00
Table 3. Cost of production of tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type)
Parameters Cost
1st year 2nd year 3rd year
Construction of shed (11m ×3m) 14,000 - -Construction of tank of size ( 3m× 1m ×1m) total 3 numbers of tank
15,000 - -
Miscellaneous 300.00 300.00 300.00
Cost of earthworm 2000.00 - -
Packaging cost 200.00 200.00 200.00Sieve 100.00 - -Total cost 31,600.00 500.00 500.00
Cost of production of 1 q vermicompost Rs. 632.00 Rs. 10.00 Rs. 10.00
(Production capacity per harvesting 10 quintal)
Table 4. Production of vermicompost in tank type vermicomposting unit (cemented type)
1st year 2nd year 3rd year
Production in one harvesting 10q 10q 10q5 harvesting in one year 50q 50q 50qMarket price for 1 kg vermicompost
Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00 Rs. 5.00
Gross income after 1 year Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 25,000.00 Rs. 25,000.00Sale of earthworm Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00 Rs. 10,000.00Gross income after 1 year Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00 Rs. 35,000.00
Net profit Rs. 3,400.00 Rs. 34,500.00 Rs. 34,500.00
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References
-Bordoloi, P., Balasubramanian, D.,
Arunachalam, A., Arunachalam, K. and
Garkoti, S.C. (2007). Agricultural waste
management for sustainable crop Production:
A case study in Arunachal Pradesh.
Biodiversity Conservation- The Post-Rio
Scenario in India. Assam University, Silchar.
Seastedt,
-T. R. (1984). The role of microearthopods in
decomposition and mineralization processes.
Annu. Rev. Entomol. 29: 25-46.
-Venkateshwarlu, B. (1995). Composing the
decomposed. Indian Silk, September, 1995, 5.
-Desai A. (1993). Congress of Traditional
Science and Technology of India, I. I. T.
Bombay, 28 November to 3 December, 1993.
CORRESPONDENCE
*KVK, NRC on Pig, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Dudhnoi, Goalpara, Assam,
**A.Arunachalam, Division of Natural Resources Management, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi
Anusandhan Bhavan II, Pusa, New Delhi. ***School of Environment and Natural Resources, Doon University,
Dehra Dun, Uttarnchal, **** School of Environmental Sciences, Jowaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 10
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Growth Status among Females of Solan District of Himachal Pradesh
Trinayani Bordoloi*
Abstract: The study aims to see the age related changes in anthropometric and physiological
characteristics and association between adiposity measures and cardiovascular functions
among preadolescent and adolescent females. Growth pattern diverge at time of
preadolescence and adolescence. The present study was conducted by cross-sectional method
among 125 growing Rajput females ranging from 9 years to 16 years of Solan district,
Himachal Pradesh. The adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, GMT. There is an increase in BMI
with age in the present study and the highest mean value is found at the age of 16. As far as
correlation between cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure are concerned there is a
significant correlation between blood pressure with BMI, GMT and WHR till 12 years, but in
the later years no such pattern was observe.
Key words: Anthropometry, Rajput females, Body Mass Index.
INTRODUCTION
Many changes both structural and functional in
the human body are witnessed with the
increasing age. These changes could be
attributed to growth and development which
starts right from conception and also due to
environmental conditions such as nutritional
pattern, physical activity level, health status etc
experienced by the human body.
Increasing body fatness is accompanied by
profound changes in physiological functions.
These changes are to a certain extent, associated
with the regional distribution of adipose tissue.
Body fatness and its distribution is a useful
epidemiological and clinical marker of health
risk among humans. Adiposity is the result of an
excessive number and/or size of white adipose
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cells. At an individual level, a combination of
excessive caloric intake and a lack of physical
activity are thought to explain most cases of
adiposity (Lau et al 2007). A limited number of
cases are due primarily to genetics, medical
reasons, or psychiatric illness (Bleich et al
2008). Anthropometry is the widely accepted
tool for measures the adiposity of the human.
Studies in this regard reveal that BMI, WC,
WHR, GMT are the good indicators of the
adiposity measures of the preadolescent and
adolescent females. According to Barness et al
(2007) adiposity is a leading preventable cause
of death worldwide, with
increasing prevalence in adults and children,
and is viewed as one of the most serious public
health problems of the 21st century. Excessive
body weight is associated with various diseases,
particularly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes
mellitus type 2, obstructive sleep apnea, certain
types of cancer, and osteoarthritis (Haslam et al
2005). It has been very recently observed by
Kotchen et al. (2008) that blood pressure levels
and the prevalence of hypertension are related to
adiposity, the main components of adiposity
being BMI, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio
(WHtR) and percent body fat.
Taking the above issues into consideration,
the present study on the association of different
anthropometric parameters of adiposity and
blood pressure was designed in the Solan
district of Himachal Pradesh.
Materials and methods
Keeping in mind the objective of the study, data
on anthropometric and physiological
measurements were collected by using cross-
sectional method on 125 preadolescent and
adolescent females in the age groups 9 to 16
years of Solan district, Himachal Pradesh. The
data was collected from the schools in that area;
besides some data was also collected from home
visits. Age was recorded by the verbal response
of the subjects. An exhaustive proforma was
catered to obtain general data of the population
under study. The general information collected
from the mating pattern (constructed using
maternal and paternal subcastes) established the
fact that the Rajputs follow the rule of caste
endogamy and sub-caste exogamy. Different
body measurements were taken on each
individual such as height vertex, body weight,
mid upper arm circumference, waist
circumference, maximum hip circumference,
skinfold thickness at biceps, triceps,
subscapular, suprailiac, calf posterior, blood
pressure both systolic and diastolic, heart rate,
pulse rate and breadth holding time. These
measurements were taken according to the
standard recommendations of Weiner and
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Lowrie (1981). For assessing the adiposity
measures of preadolescent and adolescent
females we have adopted various
anthropometric indices, body mass index, waist-
hip ratio and grand mean thickness and
statistical methods were used to calculate mean,
standard deviation, t-test value and correlation
to draw meaningful conclusions. Mean standard
deviation and t-value were used to assess the
changes in successive ages, while an attempt has
been made to correlate adiposity measures with
blood pressure. The analysis of the data was
done by using the Windows Vista basic version
of Windows. The calculation of data was done
in the Microsoft Excel program. The data was
analyzed by SPSS version 15 evaluation product
package and excel program itself.
Results
The basic information of the Rajput females of
the Solan district, Himachal Pradesh (Table 1)
indicates a gradual increase in mean stature,
body weight with age. The increase in height
vertex from 9 to 12 years was found to be
statistically significant and increase in body
weight from 13 to 14 years and 14 to 15 years
also found to statistically significant. An
increasing trend was observed in mid upper arm
circumference but at the age of 12 years a slight
decreasing pattern was observed.
Table1: Basic information of Rajput females in different age groups.
Variables
Age(yrs)
NHeight (cm)
Mean±SDt- value
Weight(kg)
Mean±SDt-value
MUAC(cm)
Mean±SDt- value
9 8 123.0±4.06 18.9±2.90 16.1±1.0
10 8 128.2±4.24 2.488* 22.6±4.75 1.875 19.1±9.1 .937
11 12 135.8±6.78 2.799* 26.7±5.4 1.742 17.4±1.7 .633
12 13 141.0±5.95 2.070* 27.6±6.0 .468 17.0±1.4 .605
13 9 143.9±5.70 1.114 31.0±5.5 1.601 17.3±1.5 .367
14 25 150.0±5.98 2.671* 36.5±5.3 2.679* 19.6±1.6 3.778***
15 16 152.2±10.90 .858 41.5±4.3 3.198** 20.0±3.2 .533
16 34 154.8±5.55 1.108 44.0±5.4 1.624 21.9±1.7 2.728**
*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001
MUAC- Mid Upper Arm Circumference
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Table 2 displays a various adiposity measures
among Rajput females in different age group. In
this table BMI and WC showed an increasing
trend with age but WHR and GMT does not
show consistent pattern in subsequent age
groups. The maximum mean value of waist-hip-
ratio was found at 10 years (.879cm). The
increase in body mass index and waist
circumference and grand mean thickness from
14 to 15, 15 to 16 were found to be statistically
significant.
Table2: Adiposity assessed by BMI, WHR, WC, GMT
*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001
BMI- Body Mass Index
WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio
WC- Waist Circumference
GMT- Grand Mean Thickness
Table 3 displays mean values of various
physiological variables along with their standard
deviation among Rajput females of different age
group. An increasing trend was observed in
systolic blood pressure and breathes holding
time. The diastolic blood pressure, heart rate
and pulse rate declined and inclined pattern was
found with advancing age. The increase in
Variables
Age(yrs)
N
BMI
(kg/m2)
Mean±SD
t-valueWHR
Mean±SD
t-
value
WC (cm)
Mean±SDt-value
GMT
(mm)
Mean±SD
t-value
9 8 12.6±1.7 .83±.08 50.1±2.6 7.1±1.5
10 8 13.6±2.3 1.188 .88±.21 .614 55.2±11.2 1.246 6.0±1.8 1.312
11 12 14.3±1.4 .842 .85±.13 .325 54.7±4.9 .133 6.9±2.0 1.051
12 13 13.8±1.5 .894 .80±.11 1.183 54.2±7.9 .183 6.9±1.4 .096
13 9 14.9±1.8 1.497 .78±.04 .576 55.4±4.9 .410 6.3±2.2 .738
14 25 16.1±1.5 2.070 .78±.07 .339 59.6±3.8 2.622* 7.2±2.1 1.109
15 16 18.0±2.2 3.198** .77±.06 .566 62.4±3.4 2.351* 7.3±2.2 .077
16 34 18.3±1.5 .529 .74±.10 1.108 84.4±4.9 .069 9.0±2.1 2.556*
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systolic blood pressure from 12 to 13 years was
statistically significant and the maximum mean
value mean value was found at 13 years of age.
Table3: The various physiological variables of the subjects.
Variables
Age(yrs)
NSBP
(mm/hg)Mean±SD
t-value
DBP(mm/hg)Mean±SD
t-value
HR(b/min)Mean±S
D
t-value
PR(p/min)Mean±S
D
t-value
Breath holding
time(sec)Mean±SD
t-value
8 100.5±6.7 72.0±6.2 80.6±6.3 77.5±4.8 14.6±3.7
10 8 108.0±11.5 1.60 72.1±7.2 .037 81.5±5.3 .301 76.6±4.4 .378 21.2±7.9 2.114
11 12 109.7±8.3 .384 68.6±6.1 1.187 76.5±7.2 1.674 73.4±7.3 1.105 16.1±5.4 1.764
12 13 105.8±9.6 1.095 66.3±4.6 1.058 81.2±8.1 1.507 78.2±7.2 1.652 21.8±13.1 1.430
13 9 115.7±8.02.536
*66.2±9.7 .028 77.6±7.0 1.079 75.7±7.2 .816 22.2±10.8 .016
14 25 104.4±21.3 1.533 70.4±7.9 1.266 79.7±4.9 .996 75.8±6.1 .054 25.9±11.2 .858
15 16 112.6±9.6 1.446 72.4±9.3 .742 76.2±3.62.452
*72.9±3.8 1.691 25.8±10.9 .032
16 34 114.7±14.4 .527 71.7±7.3 .307 72.9±7.1 1.735 69.2±6.2 2.207* 27.8±11.4 .612*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001
SBP- Systolic Blood Pressure
DBP- Diastolic Blood Pressure
HR- Heart Rate
PR- pulse Rate
In table 4 shows the correlation coefficient of
blood pressure with body mass index, waist hip
ratio and grand mean thickness of Rajput
females in advancing age. In this table
attempted was made to correlate the various and
blood pressure in different age groups and it is
concluded that correlation vary from variable to
variable in all the groups. There is a significant
correction between blood pressure with body
mass index, grand mean thickness and waist hip
ratio till 12 years but in later years no such
pattern was observed.
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Table4: Correlation coefficient of blood pressure with BMI, WHR, GMT of the participants.
Variable
Age(yrs)
N
BMI(kg/m2) WHR GMT(mm)
SBP DBP SBP DBP SBP DBP
9 8 .541 .273 .758* .452 .964** .736*
10 8 .154 .348 .059 .365 .267 .534
11 12 .852** .420 .492 .124 .233 .291
12 13 .617* .535 .039 .042 .571* .576*
13 9 .645 .353 .181 .155 .350 .365
14 25 .131 .040 .173 .061 .048 .051
15 16 .378 .095 .083 .003 .341 .107
16 34 .038 .066 .133 .101 .093 .121
*p<0.05 **p<0.01 ***p<0.001
BMI- Body Mass Index
WHR- Waist- Hip Ratio
GMT- Grand Mean Thickness
Discussion
The variables considered in this present study
show an increasing trend from 9 to 16 years but
all parts of the body do not grow at the same
rate. Some body parts or dimensions increase
more than others during the adolescent period
(Tanner 1962).
Mean value of height vertex (stature)
increased among the growing Rajput females of
the Solan district of the Himachal Pradesh.
Similar findings were observed by Sinha and
Kapoor (2009) where there was an increase in
stature of adolescent girls aged 11-17 years. The
height increases in girls from the age of 9 years
in study conducted by the Abbassi (2000). It is
observed that there is an increase in body weight
from 9 years to 16 years in the present study.
The weight of the girls increases with age in
study the conducted by the Abbassi (2000).
According to the study conducted by
Tyagi et al (2005) the increase in weight with
age could be due to imbalance of energy in
favour of energy intake. The circumference
measurement that is mid upper arm
circumference show gradual increase with age
which indicates musculature development and
the similar results is found by Nadia et al (2009)
the mean mid upper arm circumference
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(MUAC) and arm muscle area (AMA) for girls
gradually increased with age up to 17 years.
BMI and GMT of skinfold do not show
steady increase with age. There is fluctuation,
but a definite trend of increase witnessed would
entail this due to increase in fat mass. This
increase in fatness established the fact that there
continues to be increase in fat content in females
throughout life. The fluctuation could be a
reflection of fluctuation for fat stores as fat is
depleted incase of faster growth phase (Kapoor
et al 1998, Parizkova 1977, Sinha and Kapoor
2006). There is an increase in BMI from 9 years
to 16 years in the present study on preadolescent
and adolescent girls of Solan, Himachal Pradesh
with a slight dip from 11 years to 12 years.
Waist/hip ratio (WHR) is used as index
of obesity and regional fat distribution in
epidemiological studies. The decreases of mean
of waist-hip ratio in the age group 9 years-16
years among the growing Rajput females
implies gynoid fat distribution during the
growing period. During adolescence, there is
widening of the pelvis resulting into broader
hips relative to their waist, hence the
ratio decreases as the denominator increases at a
faster rate than the numerator of the ratio
(Malina, 1974).
With age physiological fitness also starts
stabilizing. But at the present study there is
relative decline in heart rate and pulse rate.
Comparatively higher heart rate and pulse rate
at an earlier age could be imputed to higher
metabolic rate as well as relatively low blood
pressure. Breath holding time displays a steady
increase with age.
An attempt was made to correlate the
various adiposity measures and cardiovascular
functions in different age groups and it was
concluded that the correlations vary from
variable to variable in all the groups. The
correlation coefficients reflect an inconsistent
pattern. As far as correlations between
cardiovascular functions and adiposity measure
are concerned there is significant correlation
between blood pressure and BMI, GMT and
WHR till 12 years, but in later years no such
pattern is observed. Deshmukh et al (2006)
found strong correlation between systolic blood
pressure and diastolic blood pressure with body
mass index and waist circumference in Wardha
district of Central India.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. A. K.
Kapoor, Department of Anthropology,
University of Delhi for timely suggestions. They
are indebted to Rajput females of Solan district,
Himachal Pradesh for their cooperation and help
during data collection.
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REFERENCES:
Abbassi Val 2000 The National Center for
Health Statistics.
Barness L A., Opitz J M., Gilbert-Barness
E .2007. Obesity: genetic, molecular, and
environmental aspects. Am. J. Med. Genet.
143A(24): 3016–34
Bleich S, Cutler D, Murray C., Adams A.
2008. Why is the developed world obese?
Annu Rev Public Health. .29: 273–95
Deshmukh P R., Gupta. S S, Dongre A R,
Bharambe M S., Maliye C, Kaur S, Garg B
S. 2006. Relationship of anthropometric
indicators with blood pressure levels in
Rural Wardha. India J Med Res. 123: 657-
664
Haslam D W, James W P. 2005.Obesity.
Lancet 366(9492): 1197–209.
Kapoor S, Patra P K, Sandhu S and Kapoor
A K. 1998 Fatness and its distribution
pattern among Jat Sikhs. J.Ind. Anthrop. Soc.
33:223-228.
Kotchen TA, Grim CE, Kotchen JM,
Krishnaswami S, Yang H, Hoffmann RG,
McGinley EL 2008. Altered relationship of
blood pressure to adiposity in hypertension.
Am J Hypertens, 21b: 284-289.
Lau D C, Douketis J D, Morrison K M,
Hramiak I M, Sharma A M, Ur E .2007.
2006 Canadian clinical practice guidelines
on the management and prevention of
obesity in adults and children. CMAJ
.176(8): S1–13.
R.M. Malina, 1974. Adolescent changes in
size, build, composition, and performance.
Human Biology 46:117-131
Gharib Nadia M. and Rasheed P. 2009.
Anthropometry and body composition of
school children in Bahrain. Ann Saudi Med.
29(4): 258–269.
Parizkova J. 1977 Body fat and physical
fitness. The Hague, Martinus Nijhiff, B V
Med. Div.
Sinha R and Kapoor S. 2006 Parent-Child
Correlation for Various Indices of Adiposity
in an Endogamous Indian Population. Coll.
Antrop. 30: 291-296.
Sinha R and Kapoor S 2009 Gender
difference in fat indices as evident in two
generations. Anthrop. Anz. 67: 153-163.
Tanner J M. 1962. Growth at adolescence,
2nd edition Blackwell Scientific Publication,
Oxford.
Tyagi R, Kapoor S, Kapoor A K. 2005.
Body composition and fat distribution
pattern of elderly females, Delhi, India. Coll.
Anthropol..29(2):493-498.
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012 Scientific Research Journal of India 18
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CORRESPONDENCE
*Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India.
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Exploration of the History of Physiotherapy
Krishna Nand Sharma* BPT, MPT (Neuro)
INTRODUCTION
Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy
or PT, is a conservative science of the
treatment and management after the
clinical examination, assessment and
diagnosis of the diseases for restoration of
the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio-
pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain and
certain integumentary disorders with the
help of physical means like radiation, heat,
cold, exercise, current, waves,
manipulation, mobilization etc.
Various organizations have defines
the Physiotherapy in their own words. Few
definitions of them are given below:
The APTA defines the physiotherapy as:
“clinical applications in the restoration,
maintenance, and promotion of optimal
physical function. ” 1
The Maharashtra OT PT Council defines
the physiotherapy as: “ a branch of
medical science which includes
examination, assessment, interpretation,
physical diagnosis, planning and execution
of treatment and advice to any person for
the purpose of the preventing correcting,
alleviating and limiting dysfunction, acute
and chronic bodily malfunction including
life saving measures via chest
physiotherapy in the intensive care unites,
curing physical disorders or disability
promoting physical fitness, facilitating
healing and pain relief and treatment of
physical and psychosomatic disorders
through modulating physiological and
physical response using physical agents,
activities and devices including exercises,
mobilization, manipulation, therapeutic
Abstract: Physiotherapy or Physical Therapy or PT, is a conservative science of the treatment
and management after the clinical examination, assessment and diagnosis of the diseases for
restoration of the neuro-musculo-skeletal and Cardio-pulmonary efficiencies, managing pain
and certain integumentary disorders with the help of physical means like radiation, heat, cold,
exercise, current, waves, manipulation, mobilization etc. Many organizations describe
physiotherapy in their ways. This paper explores the historical roots of physiotherapy.
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ultrasound, electrical and thermal agents
and electrotherapy for diagnosis, treatment
and prevention. ” 2
Physiotherapists use the patient’s
history and physical examination to make
the diagnosis and establish a management
plan and in necessity they incorporate the
results of laboratory, imaging studies and
Electrodiagnostic testing.
Physiotherapy is concerned with
identifying and maximizing the quality of
life and movement potential within the
spheres of promotion, prevention,
treatment or intervention, habilitation and
rehabilitation which encompasses the
physical, psychological, emotional, and
social well being.
The texts reveals that the
physiotherapy was rooted in 460 B.C.
when the physicians like Hippocrates and
later Galenus who may be believed to have
been the first practitioners of physical
therapy used to advocate massage, manual
therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to
treat people.3
In the 18th century, after the
development of orthopedics, machines like
the Gymnasticon were developed for the
treatment of gout and similar diseases by
systematic exercise of the joints, similar to
later developments in physical therapy.4
The earliest documented origin of
the actual physiotherapy is found to be in
Sweden. The Swedish word for physical
therapist is “sjukgymnast” (sick-gymnast).
Per Henrik Ling who is called he Father of
Swedish Gymnastics founded the Royal
Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in
1813 for massage, manipulation, and
exercise.
The first use of the word
physiotherapy is found in German
Language as the word “Physiotherapie” in
1851 by a military physician Dr.Lorenz
Gleich.5
Physiotherapists were given
official registration by Sweden’s National
Board of Health and Welfare in 1887
which was then followed by other
countries. The word “Physiotherapy” was
coined by an English physician Dr.Edward
Playter in the Montreal Medical Journal in
1894 after 43 years of the German term
“Physiotherapie”. In his words- “The
application of these natural remedies, the
essentials of life, as above named, may be
termed natural therapeutics. Or, if I may be
permitted to coin from the Greek a new
term, for I have never observed it in print,
a term more in accordance with medical
nomenclature than the word hygienic
treatment commonly used, I would suggest
the term, Physiotherapy” .6
In the same year four nurses Lucy
Marianne Robinson, Rosalind Paget,
Elizabeth Anne Manley and Margaret
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Dora Palmerin in Great Britain formed the
Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.7
The first documented professional
institution for Physio- therapy training was
School of Physiotherapy at the University
of Otago in New Zealand which run an
entry level program in physiotherapy.8
After this the next year or in 1914
in United States, Reed College in Portland,
Oregon, graduated “reconstruction aides”.9
The establishment of the modern
physical therapy is thought to be in Britain
towards the end of the 19th century. The
American orthopedic surgeons started
treating the disable children and started
employing women trained in physical
education, massage, and remedial exercise.
It was promoted further during the Polio
outbreak of 1916 and during the First
World War when the women were
working with the injured soldiers.
The first physical therapy research
was published in the United States in
March 1921 in “The PT Review”. In the
same year, Mary McMillan organized the
physiotherapy association named the
American Women’s Physical Therapeutic
Association which is currently known as
the American Physical Therapy
Association (APTA).
Primarily in the 1940s the
treatment consisted of exercise, massage,
and traction but later in the early 1950s the
Manipulative procedures to the spine and
extremity joints began to be practiced
especially in the British Commonwealth
countries, in the early 1950s.10, 11
REFERENCES
1. http:/ / www. apta. org/ / AM/ Template.
cfm?Section=& WebsiteKey=
2. Maharashtra Act No. II of 2004.
Mharashtra Govern- ment Gazzet. 12 Jan
2994. Part 8:5-29
3. Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I;
Slippery Rock University. 1991
4. American Physical Therapy
Association. “ Discovering Physical
Therapy. What is physical therapy ”
(http://www.apta.org/AM/Template.cfm?S
ection= Consumers1& Template=/ CM/
HTMLDisplay. cfm& ContentID=39568).
American Physical Therapy Asso- ciation.
. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
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5. Tertouw TJA. Letter to editor-the origin
of the term “ Physiotherapy ” . Physiother
Res Int. 2006; 11:56-57
6. Playter E. Physiotherapy First: Nature’s
medicaments before drug remedies;
particularly relating to hydrotherapy.
Montreal Medical Journal. 1894;xxii:811-
827
7. Chartered Society of Physiotherapy
(n.d.). “ History of the Chartered Society
of Physiotherapy ” (http:/ / www. csp. org.
uk/ director/ about/thecsp/ history. cfm).
Char- tered Society of Physiotherapy. .
Retrieved 2008-05- 29
8. Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). “ History of
the School of Physiotherapy ” (http:/ /
web. archive. org/ web/ 20071224020426/
http:/ / physio.otago. ac. nz/ about/ history.
asp). School of Physiotherapy Centre for
Phys- iotherapy Research. University of
Otago. Archived from the original (http:/ /
physio. otago. ac. nz/ about/ history. asp)
on 2007-12-24. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.
9. Reed College (n.d.). “ Mission and
History ” (http:/ / www. reed. edu/
about_reed/ history. html). About Reed.
Reed College. . Retrieved 2008-05-29.
10. McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical
and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis
and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal
Publications Ltd..pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-
0959774672.
11. McKenzie, R (2002). “ Patient Heal
Thyself ” . World- wide Spine &
Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.
CORRESPONDENCE
*Academic Chairman: Institute for Health & Wellness
Address: Institute for Health & Wellness, Dr.L.Sharma Campus, Muhammadabad Gohana, Mau, U.P., India.
Pin-276403. Email: [email protected] Cont: +91-9320699167
.
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Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training over Strength Training in
Improving the Balance of Cerebral Palsy Children with Impaired Balance
Kuki Bordoloi* MPT (Neuro), Nidhi Sharma** MPT (Neuro)
INTRODUCTION
Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term
encompassing a group of non-progressive [1], non-contagious motor conditions that
cause physical disability in human
development, chiefly in the various areas
of body movement.[2] It is a non-
progressive disorder of motor function.[3]
It is caused by damage to the motor
control centers of the developing brain and
can occur during pregnancy, during
childbirth or after birth up to about age
three.[4] The motor disorders of cerebral
palsy are often accompanied by
disturbances of sensation, perception,
Abstract: This is an experimental study with same subject design. Proprioceptive training and
strengthening exercises is a promising therapy to improve the balance in CP subjects with
impaired balance.The study intended to find out the effectiveness of Proprioceptive training
and strength training exercises on balance of the CP subjects and which of them is more
effective. 30 male or/and female patient of CP with impaired balance will be taken and
randomly divided in to two groups. Group A will be treated with by proprioceptive training
and group B will be treated with strength training for 12 week. Both group will assess with
Timed-Up and Go (TUG) scale and Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS) in starting and at the end of
12 weeks. The result will be statically analyzed using t-test for significance between the two
groups. After a 13-week training period, the ‘t’ test and ‘p’ values were found significant with
values 4.747 & 0.003 for TUG&PBS score respectively stating that there is significant effect
when using Proprioceptive training than giving strength training for improving balance in
geriatric subject with impaired balance. The result states that there is a significant effect when
using Proprioceptive Training than giving Strength Training for improving balance in the C.P.
subjects. So the proprioceptive training should be emphasized in the daily exercise regime of
C.P. subjects to improve their balance.
Key words: Balance, fall prevention, Strength training, Proprioceptive training.
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cognition, communication, and behaviour,
by epilepsy, and by secondary
musculoskeletal problems.[5] It used to
describe diverse group of disorders of
movement, posture and tone due to central
nervous system insult.[4] In developed
countries, the overall estimated prevalence
of CP is 2-2.5 cases per 1000 live births.[34] The prevalence of CP among preterm
and very preterm infants is substantially
higher.[6]
Balance can be defined as a
complex process revolving the reception
and integration of sensory input, and the
planning and execution of movement, to
achieve a goal required in upright
posture.[7] The control of balance requires
the integration of information from
multiple sensory and motor systems by the
central nervous system (CNS).[8] Balance
receptors in the inner ear (vestibular
system) provide information to CNS about
the head and body movements.[9] The eye
(visual system) provides input regarding
the body’s orientation and motion within
the environment.[7] The position and
motion sensory of the muscle and joints,
and the touch receptors of the extremities
(proprioceptive system) send signals
regarding bodily position particularly in
relation to the supporting surface.[7]
The balance disorder of cerebral
palsy (CP) is expressed in a variety of
ways and to varying degrees in each
individual. Impairments present in children
with CP as a direct result of the brain
injury or occurring indirectly to
compensate for underlying problems
include abnormal muscle tone; weakness
and lack of fitness; limited variety of
muscle synergies; contracture and altered
biomechanics, the net result being limited
functional ability.[10] Other contributors to
the motor disorder include sensory,
cognitive and perceptual impairments.[10]
Proprioception is a sense produced
by the sensory receptors that are sensitive
to pressure in the tissues that surround
them.[11] They are also present in the bones
of the legs, arms or other parts of the body
and these receptors response to stretches of
the muscle surrounding them and send
impulse through the sensory nerve fibers
to the brain.[11] Decline in dynamic
position sense is associated with decrease
in the balance of C.P. children and this
decline in proprioception can be prevented
or improved by Proprioceptive training.[12]
In a study Edward R Laskowski et al
(1997) shown that proprioception based
rehabilitation programs improved
objectives measurements of functional
status, independent of changes in joint
laxity and proprioception can be improved
through Proprioceptive training.[12]
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Muscle strength is another factor
that plays an important role in balance and
mobility.[7] Muscle weakness can be major
problem for many young people with
cerebral palsy.[7] Training of muscle
strength and coordination has been
recommended to improve motor function.[13] Bobath considered spasticity to be the
main problem in spastic C.P. and
suggested that resistance training should
be avoided, but Carr stated that it is not the
presence of spasticity but the negative
feature of weakness and loss of skills
which are the major barriers to improve
function. Many studies have reported
positive result in strength training in
spastic children.[14] Possible factors
interfering with normal gait pattern in
cerebral child includes spasticity, muscle
contracture, bony deformities loss of
selective motor and muscle weakness.[15]
Recent research has focused on muscle
weakness. ‘Wiley and Damino’ and Ross
and Engsberg’ described muscle is more
pronounced distally and found imbalance
across joints. Balance control is important
for competence in the performance of most
functional skills, helping a child to recover
from unexpected balance disturbances,
either due to slips and trips or to self
induced instability when walking a
movement that brings them towards edge
of their limit of stability.[16]
Many studies have been conducted
to show the individual effect of
Proprioceptive training and strength
training to improve the balance of C.P.
subjects. Hence this studies aims to
analyze the effectiveness of both treatment
technique and prove the better
effectiveness by comparing Proprioceptive
training and Strength training.
METHODOLOGY
Sample selection
The selection criteria are listed below.
Inclusion Criteria: CP subjects with age
group of 8-14 years, With normal I.Q.
(assessed by psychologist), Can follow
commands, Both boys and girls subjects,
CP subjects who had fall at least twice a
day, Subject who scored greater than 20
second in TUG test. Exclusion Criteria:
Children below 8 years and above 14
years, Children with any other
neurological impairment, Children with
audio visual impairment, Non ambulatory
patients.
Measurement tools
Timed up and go scale
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Timed up and go scale provides a reliable
quick screening measure. Many researches
indicate that most adult can complete the
test in 10 seconds. A score of 11 to 20
seconds are considered within normal limit
for frail elderly or individual with a
disability whereas score over 20 seconds
are indicative of impaired functional
mobility. To perform this, the subject is in
sitting position and a visible object is
placed 3 meter away from the patient. The
subject is instructed to get up and walk
down till the object and return to the seat.
During this task timing is maintained with
a stopwatch and the time taken for it is
recorded. A score greater than 20 seconds
is associated with high risk in community
dwelling older adults.
Berg Balance Scale
The Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS), a
modification of Berg's Balance Scale, was
developed as a balance measure for
school-age children with mild to moderate
motor impairments.It is used to assess
balance and mobility which has 14
functional tasks commonly performed in
everyday life with scores ranging from 0-
4, with a maximum score of 56.
Procedure
Patients were selected on the assessment
and diagnosis of their condition and put on
the inclusion and exclusion criteria after
they were referred to physiotherapy
department by neurologist.
Method
The children were randomly divided in
two groups of 15 children each. All the
subjects were measured for functional
balance using Timed Up & Go Test and
Pediatric Balance Scale before start the
training period and at the end of thirteen
weeks of training.
Group A was trained with the
Proprioceptive training whereas the Group
B was trained with the Strength training.
Protocol
Strength training
All the subjects were treated with lower
extremity strengthening exercises using
weight cuff. A standardized weight of one
repetition maximum (1RM) was
considered for the subjects. 1RM was
determined before the training for all the
subjects.
A repetition of 8 to 15 times were
done for all the strengthening exercises for
duration of 30 minutes per session; with 5
minutes rest period in between for five
days a week and were continued for 13
weeks.
The following exercises were then
given and it was ensured that the position
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of subjects in all form of exercises were
comfortable.
1. Side leg rising
Subjects were made to lie in side lying
position and instructed to abduct the upper
leg tied with weight cuffs slightly about 6-
12 inches. This position was held for
sometime and then the leg was lowered.
Same exercise was repeated with the other
leg.
2. Knee flexion exercise
Subjects were made to sit on high chair or
table, the knee was bent slowly as far as
possible, so that the foot with the weight
cuff was bent behind. The subject was
asked to hold the position and then the foot
was lowered slowly all the way back
down. The same procedure was repeated
with the other leg.
3. Hip Extension Exercise
Subjects were made to lie on prone
position and one leg with weight cuff was
lifted slowly straight upwards. The subject
was asked to hold the position and then the
leg was lowered. The same procedure was
repeated with the other leg.
4. Knee Extension Exercise
Sitting on the chair with back support, the
subject was asked to rest the balls of the
feet & toes on the floor. The hands were
kept on the thigh or on the side of the
chair, and then the right leg with the
weight cuff was extended slowly in front,
parallel to the floor for a period of 3
seconds. With right leg in that position, the
foot was flexed so that the toes were
pointing towards head; the foot was held in
that position for 1-2 seconds. Duration of 3
seconds was taken to lower the leg back to
the starting position, so that the balls of the
foot rested on the floor again. The same
procedure was repeated with the other leg.
5. Ankle Dorsiflexion
Sitting on the chair with back support, the
subject was asked to lift the foot tied with
a weight cuff so that the toes were pointing
towards the head. Then the subject was
asked to hold and slowly return to the
original position. The same procedure was
repeated with the other leg.
Proprioceptive Training
Subjects in Group A were given proper
warm up for 5-10 minutes before starting
the treatment in the form of simple
stretching (Quadriceps and hamstring
stretch) and free exercises (knee flexion
and extension in side lying and high
sitting).[63]
All the proprioceptive exercises
were performed for duration of 30 minutes
per session; with 5 minutes rest period in
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between for three days a week and were
continued for 13 weeks.
The Proprioceptive training included the
following exercises
1. Stair climbing up and down (a
regular 3 steps staircase).
2. Standing with feet approximately
shoulder-width apart and arms
extended out slightly forward
lower than the shoulder, then
lifting both heel off the floor and to
hold the position for 10 seconds,
followed by climbing regular steps
staircase. This procedure was
performed with eyes closed also.
3. Standing with feet side by side &
holding the arms in same position
as described above, one foot is
placed on the inside of the
opposing ankle and to hold the
position for 10 seconds. Followed
by climbing regular steps staircase.
This procedure was performed with
eyes closed also.
4. To perform one leg standing with
one foot raised to the back and to
maintain the position for minimum
3 seconds. This procedure was
performed with eyes closed also.
5. Same exercise as above performed
but with one foot raised to the
front. This procedure was then
performed with eyes closed.
6. Walking heel to toes.
7. Rising from a standard chair (4
times) without arm support.
Data analysis
Data analysis was performed using the
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences
(SPSS) for windows version 17 (SPSS
Inc., Chicago, U.S.A.). The data were
analyzed using parametric (dependent‘t’
test and independent‘t’ test) and
nonparametric (Wilcoxon Signed Ranks
and Mann-Whitney Test) test to find the
significance of the interventions used
within and between the group A and B.
The significant level set for this study was
95% (p<0.05).
RESULTS & INTERPRETATION:
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Thirty Cerebral Palsy patients were part of
the study. Both the groups (A and B)
included 15 patients each, with 11 male
and 4 females in group A and 12 male and
3 females in group B. Age group taken
was between 8-14 yrs with mean age of
12.33 yrs (SD=1.85).
In Group A, 15 subjects with an
average age of 12.4 yrs (SD=1.96) and in
Group B, 15 subjects with an average age
of 12.1 yrs (SD=1.79) completed the
study.
Table 1.1: Comparison of Gender of patients in both groups
Male Female
Group A 11 4
Group B 12 3
Total 23 7
Table 1.2: Comparison of Mean and SD of Age of Patients in both groups
Mean SD
Group A
Male 12.8 1.25
Female 11.3 3.20
Group B
Male 11.8 1.80
Female 13 1.73
Total
Group A 12.4 1.96
Group B 12.1 1.79
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Table 1.3 Descriptive statistics of TUG Tests prior to and post study
Mean N Std. Deviation
TUGAPR 23.667 15 1.799
TUGAPS 19.933 15 1.534
TUGBPR 23.333 15 1.676
TUGBPS 21.000 15 1.414
Table 1.4 Descriptive statistics of PBS Tests prior to and post study
Mean N Std. Deviation
PBSAPR 42.1 15 1.792
PBSAPS 47.3 15 2.086
PBSBPR 43.1 15 1.685
PBSBPS 45.9 15 1.995
Interpretation
The table 1.1 states that total 30 patients
including 7 females were kept in two
groups A and B. The group A included 11
males and 4 females whereas the group B
included 12 males and 3 females. Stating
that the mean age of total patients was 12.4
in group A and 12.1 in group B the table
1.2 shows the mean age of male and
female in group A and the male and
female in group B as 12.8, 11.3, 11.8, and
13 respectively. The table 1.3 shows the
pre and post test means values for TUG
test It clearly shows that individually both
Proprioceptive training and Strength
training produced improvement in
Cerebral palsy patients with respect to
TUG test but the improvement in the A
which had had the Proprioceptive training
showed more improvement. This is again
confirmed with the findings of PBS test in
table 1.4 which states that although both
the groups showed improvement, the
group A had better findings than group B.
.Timed Up and Go Test:
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Table 2.1 Dependent ‘t’ test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for
significance within the groups
Within Group
Paired Differences
T Df P
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference`
Mean SD
Std.
Error
Mean
Lower Upper
TUG A Pre – TUG A Post 3.73333 .88372 .22817 3.24395 4.22272 16.362 14 0.003*
TUG B Pre – TUG B Post 2.33333 .72375 .18687 1.93254 2.73413 12.486 14 0.002*
*-Significant
Table 2.2: Independent ‘t’ test performed with the pre & post values of TUG test for
significance between the groups
Independent Samples Test
Between Group
Levene's Test for
Equality of
Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
F Sig. T Df PMean
Diff.
Std.
Error
Diff.
Lower Upper
TUG A-
TUG B
Equal
variances
assumed
.429 .518 4.747 28 0.003* 1.4000 .29493 .79586 2.004
*-Significant
Interpretation
The table 2.1 shows that the value of ‘t’ as
16.362 and 12.486 for TUG Test in Group
A and Group B respectively in dependent
‘t’ test. The ‘t’ value is significant at
p<0.5. Graph 4 representing the mean
values of Pre and Post values of Timed Up
& Go test show improvement within the
group A and B respectively. Hence
individually both Proprioceptive training
and Strength training produced significant
improvement in Cerebral palsy patients
within their group with respect to TUG
test.
The table 2.2 shows that the value
of ‘t’ as 4.747 in independent ‘t’ test. The
value of ‘t’ is greater even at p<0.05,
which is significant. Hence there was
significant difference in improvement
between Proprioceptive training and
Strength training in Cerebral Palsy
patients with respect to TUG test.
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Pediatric Balance Scale test:
Table 3.1: Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test
Within Group PBSAPR - PBSAPS PBSBPR – PBSBPS
Z -3.442 -3.432
P 0.002* 0.002*
*-Significant
Table 3.2: Mann-Whitney Test
*-Significant
Table 3.3: Mann-Whitney and Wilicoxon test performed with the pre & post values of
PBS test for significance between the group
Between Group PBS
Mann-Whitney U 15.500
Wilcoxon W 135.500
Z -4.083
P 0.003*
*-Significant
Interpretation:
The table 3.1 shows that the value of ‘p’
as 0.002 for Group A and Group B
when compared within the group
respectively. Graph 5 representing the
mean values of Pre and Post values of
PBS show improvement within the
group A and B respectively. Thus there
is significant improvement on PBS in
Cerebral palsy patients after
Proprioceptive training and Strength
training within their group respectively.
GROUP N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks
PBS
A 15 21.97 329.50
B 15 9.03 135.50
Total 30
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The table 3.3 shows that the value
of ‘p’ as 0.003 and hence significant.
Hence we can state that there was
significant difference in improvement
Table – 4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B
Parameters
Interpretation:
The above table 4.1 and the graph 6,
clearly indicates that the Proprioceptive
training produced more improvement in
the selected parameters (TUG, PBS)
when compared with Strength training in
Cerebral palsy patients.
Graph 1: Comparison of both the
groups and the total on the basis of
gender of Patients
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The table 3.3 shows that the value
of ‘p’ as 0.003 and hence significant.
Hence we can state that there was
significant difference in improvement
between Proprioceptive training and
Strength training in Cerebral Palsy
patients with respect to PBS test.
4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B
Parameters Group A Group B
TUG 3.73 2.33
PBS 5.19 2.73
The above table 4.1 and the graph 6,
clearly indicates that the Proprioceptive
produced more improvement in
the selected parameters (TUG, PBS)
when compared with Strength training in
Graph 1: Comparison of both the
groups and the total on the basis of
Graph 2: Comparison of Mean and SD
of Age of Patients between both groups
and total.
Graph 3: Comparison of Mean and SD
of pre study values of both groups
21
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between Proprioceptive training and
Strength training in Cerebral Palsy
patients with respect to PBS test.
4.1 Mean of improvement in all the parameters between group a & Group B
Graph 2: Comparison of Mean and SD
of Age of Patients between both groups
Graph 3: Comparison of Mean and SD
pre study values of both groups
Vol.1 ● No.1 ● 2012
Graph 4: Comparison of Mean and SD
of Pre and Post values of Timed Up &
Go test
Graph 5: Comparison of Mean and SD
of Pre and Post values of Pediatric
Balance Scale
DISCUSSION:
In this study, better improvements in
balance outcome were analyzed using
proprioceptive training and strength
training. This study was done on 30 CP
children with impaired balance who were
divided in to experimental Group
treated with Proprioceptive training and
Group-B with Strength training.
The balance was taken as the
dependant variable which was measured
using Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and
Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Both this
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Graph 4: Comparison of Mean and SD
of Pre and Post values of Timed Up &
Graph 5: Comparison of Mean and SD
t values of Pediatric
Graph 6: Comparison of ‘Mean of
Improvement’ in all the parameters
between Group A and Group B.
In this study, better improvements in
balance outcome were analyzed using
proprioceptive training and strength
training. This study was done on 30 CP
children with impaired balance who were
divided in to experimental Group-A
treated with Proprioceptive training and
The balance was taken as the
endant variable which was measured
using Timed Up & Go test (TUG) and
Pediatric Balance Scale (PBS). Both this
tool are standard tools to analyze balance.
Proprioceptive training exercises were
given to improve the balance by improving
the decreased sense of proprioception in
older age group where as Strength training
was given to improve the balance by
improving the strength of lower extremity
muscles.
The improvements in functional
balance due to Proprioceptive training may
be attributed to the improvemen
mechanoreceptor activation. Structural
22
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Graph 6: Comparison of ‘Mean of
Improvement’ in all the parameters
between Group A and Group B.
tool are standard tools to analyze balance.
Proprioceptive training exercises were
given to improve the balance by improving
of proprioception in
older age group where as Strength training
was given to improve the balance by
improving the strength of lower extremity
The improvements in functional
balance due to Proprioceptive training may
be attributed to the improvement of
mechanoreceptor activation. Structural
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changes in the muscle, bone and joints
during old age accounts for the decreased
efficiency of the proprioceptors.
Researchers reason that proprioceptive
training can improve the joint and
kinesthetic sensation to a greater extent
that the falls and risk of fall can be reduced
among the subjects.
Edward R Laskowski et al also
stated that the decline in dynamic position
sense is associated with decrease in the
balance of C.P. children and this decline in
proprioception can be prevented or
improved by Proprioceptive training.My
study confirms the study by Edward R
Laskowski et al (1997) which showed that
proprioception based rehabilitation
programs improved objectives
measurements of functional status,
independent of changes in joint laxity and
proprioception can be improved through
proprioceptive training. [68]
These results were in accord with
Gauchard GC et al (1999) to improve
balance by proprioceptive training. Studies
done by Pierre Gangloff et al (2003) also
supports our results, which prove that
proprioceptive training exercises, improve
balance in subjects with impaired balance.
This supports the experimental hypothesis
hence the null hypothesis was rejected.
The result of the present study
indicates that effect of proprioceptive
training had a proven effect over strength
training. All participants in the
proprioceptive training group declared that
their balance had improved and most of
them were motivated to continue with the
training. Hence proprioceptive training
should be emphasized in the daily exercise
regime of CP subjects to improve their
mobility and functional status.
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CORRESPONDENCE:
*Neuro-Physiotherapist, GNRC, Guwahati, Assam. Email: [email protected] Cont: +91-8822485959.
**HOD, Dept of Physiotherapy, AIER, Ghaziabad, U.P., India
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