Download - Sc2218 Lecture 5 (2008a)
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SC2218: Anthropology and the SC2218: Anthropology and the Human ConditionHuman Condition
Lecture 5: Families and KinshipLecture 5: Families and Kinship
Eric C. Thompson Eric C. Thompson
Semester 2, 2008/2009Semester 2, 2008/2009
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Where Are We Going?Where Are We Going?
• Part 1: Anthropological Frameworks– Strangers Abroad; Evolution & Diversity;
The Concept of Culture
• Part 2: Social-Cultural Systems
– Kinship, Gender, Economy, Community
• Part 3: Revising Our Frameworks & Moving into the Future– Problem of Representation, History and
Change, the Poetry of Culture, Anthropology in the 21st Century
YOU AREHERE
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Lecture Outline:Lecture Outline:Kinship as a Social and Cultural SystemKinship as a Social and Cultural System
• What is Kinship?
• Ju/’hoansi kinship (a study in Cultural Complexity).
• Cultural Rules, Social Organization and Power.– Patrilineality, Partrilocality, and Patriarchy– Matrilineality, Matrilocality, and Egalitarianism
• Changing Patterns of Modern Kinship– Bilateral Inheritance, Neolocal Residence, and
Attenuated Kinship– Technological Innovations and New Horizons of Kinship
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What is Kinship?What is Kinship?• Kinship = Social-Cultural Elaborations of
Biological Reproduction
• Marriage = Cultural recognition of a sexual relationship; legitimization of paternity.
• Ordering (arranging) social relationships through cultural interpretations of biological reproduction.
• Kinship is “based in” biology.
• But kinship is not determined by biology.
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Kinship as an Organizing Kinship as an Organizing Principle of Society*Principle of Society*
• Kinship is a primary organizing principle in many (most) societies.
• In complex agricultural, industrial, and ‘post-industrial’ societies, other institutions displace kinship.– States (“State Fatherhood”; Citizenship; Patronage)– Ethnic Groups, Races,Nations (“Fraternal”
Democracy; Imagined Community)– Organized Religion (“Brotherhood” of Monks)
– Corporations (“Salary Man”; “Company Man”)
*Cultural Principles ordering Social Relationships
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Complexity of Kinship* Complexity of Kinship* among Dobe Ju/’hoansiamong Dobe Ju/’hoansi
*Many thanks to Dr. Stephanie Rupp for creation and use of the slides to follow.
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!kun!a !kun!atun tun
!kuma !kumatuma tuma
!ko !kwitsintsin
!hai =hai
ba tai
Basic Kin Relations – Dobe Ju/’hoansi
ego
1
2
3
4
5
tsiu
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!kun!a !kun!atun tun
!kuma !kumatuma tuma
!ko !kwitsintsin
!hai =hai
ba tai
Reciprocal Relations – Dobe Ju/’hoansi
“old name”grandfather
“small name” grandson
ego
grandmother
granddaughter
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!kun!a !kun!atun tun
tsin
!kuma !kumatuma tuma
!ko !kwitsin
!hai =hai
ba taitsu tsu//ga //ga
!kun!a!kun!a tuntun !kun!a !kun!atun tun
ego
Joki
ng
Avo
idan
ceJo
kin
gA
void
ance
Joki
ng
Reciprocal Relations between Alternate Generations
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Man’s perspective
Woman’s perspective
Affinal* Relations
****************************************************************************************************
Joking Kin Joking Affines Avoidance Kin Avoidance Affines
=tum
=tum
/otsu
/otsu
/otsu /otsu
*Related by Marriage
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Patterns of MarriagePatterns of Marriage• Monogamy: One spouse at a time.
– Strict Monogamy: One and only one spouse over a lifetime (“until death do we part”)
– Serial Monogamy: Culturally acceptable to have more than one spouse over a life time (but only one at a time; divorce and remarriage)
• Polygamy: More than one spouse at a time.– Polygyny: Multiple wives allowed.*– Polyandry: Multiple husbands allowed.
*Polygyny is the most common cultural pattern. But usually only a few men, not all, have multiple wives.
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Dobe Camp Composition:Social Organization and Rights to Waterholes
Based on Kinship
core siblings
spouses of core siblings
siblings of spouses of core siblings
spouses of siblings of spouses of core siblings
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Another Layer of Complexity: Name RelationshipsCommon Pattern - Naming Children after
Grandparents, Aunts and Uncles
12345
1234567
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When a Man Is Named after His Father’s Brother …
1234567
Joki
ng
Joki
ngA
void
ance
Joki
ngA
void
ance
Avo
idan
ce
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Complicated Intersections of Kinship: Can =Toma and Chu/o Marry?
(They must have a ‘joking’ relationship)
=Toma Chu/o
Joki
ng
Joking
Chu/o
=Toma
Avo
idan
ce
Avoidance
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Concept of Wi – Relative Age
Lee to !Xam: “When two people are working out what kin term to employ, how do they decide whose choice is to prevail?
!Xam to Lee: “… it is always the older person who wis the younger person. Since I am older than you, I decide what we should call each other.”
(Lee 2003: 72)
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Marriage – New Horizons of KinshipBased on Name Relationships
All women namedN=isa could call him“husband”
All husbands of women named N=isa could call him“brother” or “co-husband”. All fathers of women
named N=isa could callhim “son-in-law”.
All siblings of womennamed N=isa could callhim “brother-in-law”.
ego N=isa
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Frameworks of AnalysisFrameworks of Analysis
Looking back over the description of Looking back over the description of Dobe Ju/’hoansi kinship, can you Dobe Ju/’hoansi kinship, can you
identify functional, structural, and identify functional, structural, and structural-functional aspects of the structural-functional aspects of the
system?system?
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ExamplesExamples
• Functional: Joking and avoidance patterns provide guidelines for behavior and therefore moderate potential conflicts.
• Structural: Joking and avoidance patterns follow a clear pattern of reciprocal relations between alternate generations.
• Structural-Functional: The “Wi” relationship provides guidelines for mediating conflicting criteria joking and avoidance relationships.*
*Note how there is no need for “Wi” outside the structure of this particular kinship system. Its function is intrinsic to the structure.
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““Fictive Kinship”Fictive Kinship”
• In many (most?) societies, the role of kinship is so important, people do not know how to relate to one another unless they first establish their kin-relationship.
• People who do not have a place in the kinship system are incorporated into it through “fictive kinship” (e.g. Richard Lee).
• Does Singapore have “fictive” kinship?
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Patri- and Matri-Patri- and Matri-(Some Terminology)(Some Terminology)
Patri-(male)
Matri-(female)
-archy(rule, govern)
-lineal(in the line of)
-local(residence,location)
Patriarchy: society in which power is disproportionately held by men
Examples:
Matrilineal: society in which property, names, status, etc. is inherited through women
Patrilocal: society in which married couples live with the man’s side of the family
*These are all different things; a society can be matrilineal but patriarchal
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Terminology You Should KnowTerminology You Should Know
• Patrilineal – inheritance through fathers• Matrilineal – inheritance through mothers• Bilateral – inheritance through both
• Patrilocal – living with father’s side• Martilocal – living with mother’s side• Neolocal – living in a new place
• Patriarchal – society in which men more empowered• Matriarchal – society in which women are more empowered• Egalitarian – society in which men and women are (more-
or-less) equally empowered
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Patrilineal, Patrilocal* SystemsPatrilineal, Patrilocal* Systems
• Patrilineal inheritance (a cultural rule):– Property passes from fathers to sons
• Patrilocal residence (a cultural rule):– Women live with husband’s family
• Common in China, India, Europe– While the cultural basis of much “Asian Values” talk,
it is clearly not exclusively “Asian”
*Also called “virilocal”: living with the man/husband
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Matrilineal, Matrilocal* SystemsMatrilineal, Matrilocal* Systems
• Matrilineal inheritance (a cultural rule):– Property passes from mothers to daughters
• Matrilocal residence (a cultural rule):– Men live with wife’s family
• Common in Southeast Asia, Africa (including !Kung San), Native America
• Found in China (Yunnan, Sichuan), India
*Also called “uxorilocal”: living with the uncle/mother’s-brother
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Why have patrilineal or Why have patrilineal or matrilineal inheritance?matrilineal inheritance?
What are the effects of these What are the effects of these cultural rules?cultural rules?
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Thought QuestionThought Question
• Why would any parents or any society be so mean as to give all their property to only one child or only to one gender?
Parents
4 Children
16 Grandchildren
32 Great-Grandchildren
Large Plot
Medium Plot
Small Plot
Tiny Plot!
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““Dadi’s Family”Dadi’s Family”• What cultural patterns can you identify in the marriage
and kinship structures of “Dadi’s Family”?
• What conflicts emerge because of those patterns?
• How are those patterns changing? What social and economic forces are putting pressure on the kinship system of Dadi’s family?
• What roles to different people in the family play? How does the cultural model of kinship influence what individuals in the family say and do?
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Creating Mothers-in-lawCreating Mothers-in-law
• Kinship (cultural rules) turns biological reproduction into social reality.
• “Mother-in-law” = mother of your spouse.
• Mothers-in-law are very important in patrilineal, patrilocal systems; but not so much in matrilineal, matrilocal systems.
• WHY?
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Mothers-in-law &Mothers-in-law &Daughters-in-lawDaughters-in-law
• As daughters-in-law, women move into families where they are newcomers, without connections and social support. They have little power.
• Women gain power by producing sons; who in turn marry, creating new daughters-in-law.
• Over their life cycle, vulnerable daughters-in-law become powerful mothers-in-law. (But only by giving birth to sons.)
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Patrilineal, Patrilocal Rules produce Patrilineal, Patrilocal Rules produce Patriarchal RelationshipsPatriarchal Relationships
• Women are dependent on men. Their social status (and livelihood) depends on marrying a husband and producing sons.
• Girls are of little value to their families; they are “married off” and join husband’s family.
• Structurally and functionally, the system provides an incentive for women to support it (becoming a mother-in-law); even though it is systemically oppressive to women.
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Matrilineal Systems:Matrilineal Systems:MinangkabauMinangkabau
• Daughters inherit land and houses from Mothers.
• Sons “merantau” – leave the community, go abroad to seek their fortune.
• Men return with wealth, marry into women’s families.
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Matrilineal, Matrilocal Rules Matrilineal, Matrilocal Rules produce Egalitarian Relationshipsproduce Egalitarian Relationships
• Women are not dependent on husbands or sons – they own property in their own right. Girls are of value to their parents.
• Men are not dependent on women; they must “make their fortune” to be eligible husbands – but that wealth is “theirs”.
• Mother’s-brothers (uncles) are more important figures of authority than fathers.
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Other Effects of MatrilinealityOther Effects of Matrilineality• Minangkabau men are renowned traders
(Matrilineality inspires entrepreneurship!).• Much less rape and domestic violence.
– Gender relationships are more equal.– Authority figures in boy’s lives (uncles) are not
their mother’s sexual partners (father/husband); sex and power are not as strongly linked in men’s sense of masculinity.
• Divorce more common (marriage less enduring).– Easier for both men and women to “walk away”.
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Bilateral, Neolocal SystemsBilateral, Neolocal Systems
• Bilateral inheritance (a cultural rule):– Property passes from parents to children (without
respect to gender)
• Neolocal residence (a cultural rule):– Couples live in a new place; away from parents
• Common in Industrial and Post-Industrial Societies around the World– Very commonly accompanied everywhere with talk
about the loss of “traditional family values”
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Why the Shift to Bilateral, Why the Shift to Bilateral, Neolocal Systems?Neolocal Systems?
• Shift away from need to maintain large plots of land for agriculture (most people work in cities).
• Without this need, parents are not inclined to discriminate between their children based on gender (bilateral inheritance).
• Systems of mass production and mass consumption reorganize society (e.g. factories).
• Children are incorporated into new institutions (e.g. companies, nation-states) and rely less on kinship systems (neolocal residence).
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Loss of Complexity inLoss of Complexity inIndustrial SocietiesIndustrial Societies
• In industrial societies, kinship becomes less important than foraging or agrarian societies.
• Complexity of kinship is lost as its organizational importance is displaced by other cultural principles and social institutions.
• “Anglo-American” kinship in the 19th century (Gillis)
• Contemporary China under the one-child policy.
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1980
2000
2020
China’s kinship structure – “One Child Policy”
“Uncle”“Aunt”“Cousin” Will All Structurally Cease to Exist (At least in theory)
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New Horizons of KinshipNew Horizons of Kinship• What are the implications of new
reproductive technology?• What are the implications of completely
decoupling sex and reproduction?– Highly effective birth control; abortion– Sperm donation– Surrogate Motherhood– Commodification– (Men pay for sex; Women pay for sperm)
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Meet the Donor 66 FamilyMeet the Donor 66 Family• The Donor Sibling Registry: Creating
“Donor Families” (Started by Wendy and Ryan Kramer)
• Donor 66 Family: Ryan, his 10 to 25 siblings, their mothers.
• 30,000 children every year in the United States.
• Up to 1 Million children so far.
• The DSR has identified up to 20 Siblings from 1 Donor.
• Cases of over one hundred offspring from single donors
Front Row: Women who share a DonorBack Row: Siblings and half-siblings
6 Brothers & Sisters of 5 Mothers & Donor 66
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48QAH
• Donor #48-QAH (“Quite a Hunk”)
• 150-200 Donations @ $50 each.
• Paid $10,000 to father up to 200 children. (Surrogate mothers get more to give birth to just one child.)
• Implications?
• Relationship with Donor; Siblings?
• Paternal Responsibilities?
• “Surrogate Fathers”?
• Accidental Incest?
• Industry Regulation?
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Kinship & Cultivation of the HeartKinship & Cultivation of the Heart• Kinship, like all cultural systems, is a
conceptual structure that people are born into, live through, and which remains after the death of any individual.
• Kinship (and other cultural systems) are perpetuated through the struggles, triumphs, creativity and cultivation of the people who live them . . . Think of…– The experimentation with family
and kinship in America and Europe during the early 19th century (Gillis)
– The struggle of Dadi to simultaneously hold her family together and to see her children thrive (“Dadi’s Family”).
Two TUN with their TUMA
BA and !HAI