Download - Say “blink”
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Say “blink”
• For each segment (phoneme) write a script using terms of the basic articulators that will say “blink.”
• Consider breathing, voicing, and controlling the nasal flow of air.
• for each segment, you need to give a clue about the PLACE where airflow is restricted and the MANNER or way(s) that airflow is controlled.
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Vocal tract
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IPA chart
• The horizontal axis indicates the place of obstruction--lips to glottis (front-back)
• The vertical axis indicates how or the manner of obstruction
• Vowels are continuous and unobstructed though tongue location is critical
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IPA big chart
• The rightmost symbol of a pair is voiced. Shade indicates impossible articulation.
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Speech acoustic terms
• Speech in terms of Hz, time, intensity• Graphic representations of sound
– Time pressure wave (intensity x time plot)– Spectrogram (Hz x time x intensity plot)– Spectrum (histogram of Hz for fixed time)
• Formant (Hz band of energy in speech, F0,F1, F2, F3, F4)
• VOT (voice onset time)• F0 is the fundamental frequency determined by rate
of open/closing vocal cords (in Hz.)
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See time-pressure wave and spectrogram of “Blink” followed by “plink”
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Graphic representations of “blink”-”plink”
• Notice the difference between the “voiced” B and the “unvoiced” P
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Let’s say “blink” real slow
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Here is a crude recipe with graphics• Follow the numbered steps
• Test that the recipe is valid at each step
• check for voicing (feel larynx)
check for nasal by pinching your nose closed
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1.TAKE A BREATH
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2.EXHALE, AT SAME TIME STOP AIRFLOW AT LIPS
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3. CLOSE NASAL CAVITY (NO “MLINK”)
• Keep airflow out of nasal cavity with soft palate valve
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4. LET PRESSURE BUILD, BLOW OPEN LIPS, START VOICING with no delay
• See voicing along the bottom-- dark bars indicate lots of energy. The blue plot tracks the F0 (fundamental).
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5. ADJUST TONGUE TO QUICKLY ARTICULATE VOICED “LIN(G)”
• Transition to nasal outlet
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6. OPEN NASAL CAVITY (SEE DARK BARS SHOWING NASAL RESONANCE, F4)
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7. STOP ORAL AIRFLOW AT BACK OF PALATE
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8. CONTINUE “NG” FOR A BIT
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9. CLOSE NASAL CAVITY
• NO AIRFLOW RELEASED AT MOUTH OR NOSE
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10. RELEASE STOP (velar K), NO VOICING
• Release any remaining air pressure from initial lung burst.
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The end
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Note the difference in the initial consonant of “plink”• The so-called phoneme segments are sets of smaller
features or instructions on saying the segment.
• [s] is an unvoiced continuous alveolar fricative.
• [z] is the voiced version
• [b] is a voiced stop
• [p] is an unvoiced stop
• Voicing here refers to onset of voicing after release of stop. Unvoiced is delayed [p]. Voiced is immediate. [b]
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“Bat”
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“pat”
• VOT is delayed over 30 milliseconds
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Need to know--
• Fundamental frequency (Fo)
• Graphic displays of sound– Time pressure wave– Spectrogram (Hz by time by intensity)– Spectrum (a histogram showing amounts of energy present at
various Hz for a given time)
• Formant (F1, F2, F3, F4)• Place and manner of articulation• Vocal tract and its operation
– Articulatory features of [s/z], [p/b]…
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Spectrum of entire slow “blink”
• Cross cursors show 25 dB (deciBels) at 2515 Hz.
• Some suggest the short term(ms) shape of such histograms are the basis for speech perception invariants - that is why we hear “blink” whether said by male, female, or infant. (The voice-recognition problem)
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Acoustics,parsing &garden path sentences
• It is reasonable to suppose that the speech waveform carries some useful parsing information. Changes in the fundamental, Fo can help.
• Garden path and intonation (tracking Fo pitch plot)
• "The professor (that) the students believed () died."
• "the professor (that) the students believed (() died) was just lost."
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Overview of Fo
• Parsing- prevents premature closure
• Carries lots of non-linguistic info– Sex– Accents (e.g. place of birth)– Age– Even female fertility?