Download - SATELLITE LINK DESIGN
SATELLITE LINK DESIGN
By S.Sadhish Prabhu
INTRODUCTION
• Cost to build and launch a GEO satellite is about 25,000 dollars per kg
• Weight is the most critical factor in any design• Dimension of the satellite : dia must be less
than 3.5m• Antennas are the limiting factor
Factors influencing system design
Weight of the satellite is driven by two factorsI. The number and the output power of he
transponder on the satellite (requires large power from solar cells which in turn increases the weight )
II. Weight of the station keeping fuel
Factors influencing system design
• The choice of frequency band • Atmospheric propagation effects• Multiple access techniques
Performance objective• Bit error rate (BER) in a digital link• Signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in an analog link
• BER or S/N is determined by Carrier - to- noise ration (C/N) at the input of the demodulator in the receiver
• C/N > 6 dB
Measured in base band channel
Basic transmission theory
Objective : Calculation of the power received by an earth station from satellite transmitter
Two approaches for calculating :i. Use of flux densityii. Link equation (Friis transmission equation )
Isotropic Radiator
• Consider an Isotropic Source radiating Pt Watts uniformly into free space.
• At distance R, the area of the spherical shell with center at the source is 4pR2
• Flux density at distance R is given by
24 RPF t
p W/m2 Equ 4.1
Isotropic Radiator
24 RPF t
p W/m2
Pt Watts
Distance R
Isotropic Source
Power Flux Density:
Surface Area of sphere = 4pR2encloses Pt.
Antenna Gain• We need directive antennas to get power to go in wanted
direction.• Defined as the ratio of power per unit solid angle radiated in a
direction to the average power radiated per unit solid angle
p4/
)()(0PPG
• P() is variation of power with angle.• G() is gain at the direction .• P0 is total power transmitted.
• sphere = 4p solid radians
(Eqn 4.2)
Antenna Gain
• Antenna has gain in every direction! • Usually “Gain” denotes the maximum gain of
the antenna.• The direction of maximum gain is called
“boresight”.• Gain is a ratio:• It is usually expressed in Decibels (dB)
G [dB] = 10 log10 (G ratio)
Flux density
The flux density in the direction of the antenna boresight at distance R meter is
24 RGP
Ftt
p W/m2
EIRP (Pt*Gt)• An isotropic radiator is an antenna which radiates in all
directions equally• Antenna gain is relative to this standard• Antennas are fundamentally passive
– No additional power is generated– Gain is realized by focusing power– Similar to the difference between a lantern and a flashlight
• Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) is the amount of power the transmitter would have to produce if it was radiating to all directions equally
• Note that EIRP may vary as a function of direction because of changes in the antenna gain vs. angle
EIRP
Receiver
Received power Pt
Incident flux disunity, F
Pt Watts
Isotropic Source
Receiving antenna area , A gain Gt
RFor an ideal receiving antenna with an aperture area of Am2,
Pr= FA
EIRP
• A antenna with physical aperture area of Arm2 will not deliver the power
• Thus the efficiency is reduced • It is descried by using effective aperture Ae
Ae = ηAr (4.5)Where η – aperture efficiency of the antennaThus (4.6)R
AGP ett
p4 2Pr =
Fundamental of antenna theory
p e4 AGr
2(4.7)
Sub Ae in (4.6)
RGGP rtt
p
4Pr
2
This expression is called as the Friis transmission equation
Contd..
lossPathgainantennaceivingEIPRreceivedPower
Re
dBWLpGrEIRP )(Pr In decibel term
Where,EIRP = 10 log10 (PtGt)dBW
Gr = 10 log10 dB
Lp – path loss = 20 log10 dB
)4( e
pA
2
pR4
(4.10)
(4.9)
In general
Pr = EIRP+Gr-Lp-La-Lta-Lra dBW (4.11)
Where La = attenuation in atmosphere Lta = losses associated with transmitting antenna Lra = losses associated with receiving antenna
Reference of dB
Units Reference dBi isotropic gain antenna
dBW 1 watt dBm 1 milliwatt dBHz 1 Hertz dBK 1 Kelvin
dBi/K isotropic gain antenna/1 Kelvin dBW/m2 1 watt/m2
dB$ 1 dollar
Problem # 1
A satellite at a distance of 40,000km from a point on the earth’s surface radiates a power of 10W from an antenna with a gain of 17 dB in the direction of the observer, find the flux density at the receiving point, and the power received by an antenna at this point with an effective area 10m2
Problem # 2
• A satellite operates at a frequency of 11 GHz. The receiving antenna has a gain of 52.3 dB, Find the received power.
Answer
-126dbW for both questioNote:The received power is commonly called as carrier
power,C Because,Satellites use FM (Anlog transmission )or PM (digital
transmission)In both modulation the carrier is not changed So, C=Pr