Download - Sample Issues and Field Work
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Sample Issues and Field Work
Session VLusaka, January 20, 2003Juan Munoz and Francesca Recanatiniwww.worldbank.org/wbi/governance
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MotivationThe team has defined:
The purpose of the assessmentThe variables to studyThe empirical tool to useThe process to employ
But, who should be targeted?
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Basic DefinitionsSampling allows to measure characteristics of a population, when accessing the whole population is not possible because of economic, practical or physical considerations.
Sampling allows to select a subset of a population to study a specific issue in a meaningful way
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Basic DefinitionsPopulation: the sum of all the observations within a specified setTarget population: all statistical units of interest for the purposes of analysis Working population: all statistical units that can be surveyed
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Basic Sampling Techniques
The three basic techniques of probability sampling:
Simple Random SamplingMulti-stage SamplingStratified Sampling
Most household and firm surveys use a combination of these three techniques.
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Assuring good field work
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What happens when fieldwork is poor?
A long and frustrating process of “data cleaning” becomes unavoidableThe data loose their policy-making relevance
Data quality is not guaranteedThe process converges (at best) to databases that are internally consistent
The process entails a myriad of decisions, generally undocumentedUsers mistrust the data
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Key factorsManage the survey as an integrated projectImplement the team concept in the organization of field operationsIntegrate computer-based quality controls to field operationsEstablish strong supervision proceduresEnsure sufficient trainingWork with a reduced staff over an extended period of data collection
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Management levelsCore staff
Survey managerField operations managerData manager
Tactical options for the organization of field teams
Mobile teams with fixed data entryMobile teams with integrated data entrySometime in the future: the paperless interview
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Mobile teams with fixed data entryCote d’Ivoire (1984)Peru (1985)GhanaPakistanGuinea-ConakryMozambique
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Composition of a field team
Supervisor Interviewers Data entry
operator
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The team and its tools
Supervisor Interviewers Data entryoperator
Antropo-
metrist
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Two PSUs visited in a four-week period
Alama Bamako
Regional Office
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First weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to
Alama
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First weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to
Alama
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First weekAlama
Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to
Alama
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First weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to
Alama
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First weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to
Alama
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First weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to
Alama
They complete
first half of questionnair
es in all selected
households
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First weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to
Alama
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First weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to
Alama
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First weekAlama
Bamako
Regional Office
Operator remains in Regional
OfficeRest of the
team travels to Alama and
back
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First weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Supervisor gives Alama questionnair
es to DEO
Rest of the team
travels to Alama and
back
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Second weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator enters first
week data from Alama
Rest of the team
travels to Bamako
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Second weekAlama
Bamako
Regional Office
Operator enters first
week data from Alama
Rest of the team
travels to Bamako
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Second weekAlama
Bamako
Regional Office
Operator enters first
week data from Alama
Rest of the team
travels to Bamako
They complete
first half of questionnair
es in all selected
households
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Second weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator enters first
week data from Alama
Rest of the team
travels to Bamako and back
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Second weekAlama
Bamako
Regional Office
Supervisor gives
Bamako questionnaires to DEO. DEO gives
back Alama questionnair
es with flagged
inconsistencies
Rest of the team
travels to Bamako and back
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Third weekAlama
Bamako
Regional Office
Operator enters first week data from Bamako
Team completes second half of
questionnaires. They correct
inconsistencies from first half
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Fourth weekAlama Bamako
Regional Office
Operator enters second week data
from Alama. Corrects
inconsistencies from first round
Team completes second half of
questionnaires. They correct
inconsistencies from first half
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Fourth week
Regional Office
The result is a clean data set on
diskette, ready for analysis
immediately after data collection
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Mobile teams with integrated data entryNepal (1992)ArgentinaParaguayBangladesh (2000)
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Mobile teams with integrated data entry
Regional Office
Alama
Bamako
CocodyTeam works with
portable computers and
printers
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Mobile teams with integrated data entry
Regional Office
Alama
Bamako
CocodyOperator travels with the rest of the field team
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Mobile teams with integrated data entry
Regional Office
Alama
Bamako
Cocody
Data entry and validation almost
immediate
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Mobile teams with integrated data entry
Regional Office
Alama
Bamako
Cocody
Reduced trips to and from
Regional Office to selected PSUs
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Mobile teams with integrated data entry
Regional Office
Alama
Bamako
Cocody
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Benefits of integrationProvides reliable and timely databasesProvides immediate feedback on the performance of the field staff, allowing early detection of inadequate behaviorsEnsures that all field staff applies uniform criteria throughout the full period of data collection Solves inconsistencies through direct verification of households reality, rather that through office guessworkIs consistent with the total quality culture
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Supervision tasks
Verification of questionnaires for completenessRandom re-interviews of householdsObservation of interviews
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Selecting and training field staff
Why is it importantHow long does it takeHow is it organized
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Example: Day 2 of interviewer training for household survey
Definition of household (and dwelling, family, etc.)Pictorial of a sample householdSlide with an empty roster (explain case conventions, encoding, skip patterns, etc.)
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Example, cont.
Fill the roster for the sample household (need for legible handwriting, recording of ages, use of a calendar of events, etc.)Role playing (trainer as a respondent, simulating borderline cases)Role playing (trainees interview each other)