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Salt Cedar Control and Management with DuPont
Herbicides
Jerry R. Pitts
DuPont Crop Protection
22407 N. Lake Village Dr.
Katy, TX 77450
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Saltcedar, What is it?
• A member of the Genus Tamarix and the Tamarisk Family (Tamaricaceae)
• 7 species listed in Texas
• A very aggressive, water-loving, drought tolerant, salt tolerant, !@#$%^&* plant
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Saltcedar, Where did it come from?
• Native to the Mediterranean region, central Asian and North African deserts
• Introduced by nurseryman in early 1800’s as an ornamental– First record is from Bartram’s nursery in
Philidelphia in 1828
• Later used as an erosion-control plant in New Mexico and reported to have escaped cultivation in 1870’s
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Saltcedar, Estimated Extent
• 1920’s - 40-50,000 acres infested• 1965 - 930,000 acres infested• 1989 - 1,017,000 acres infested• 1998 – 1,610,000 acres infested
• 1973 estimate of 600,000 acres infesting West Texas alone
• Estimated to spread at the rate of 1-1.5% per year
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Saltcedar distribution in the U.S.
Source: Plant Conservation Alliance, Alien Plant Working Group (August 1997).
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Saltcedar Characteristics
• Continuous seed production through wide range of environmental conditions throughout growing season.– Each plant capable of producing >500,000
seeds per season– Cross-pollinated by wind and self-
compatible when unavailable.• Vigorous vegetative reproduction,
especially following fire.– Above ground plant material can re-sprout– Root material can re-sprout– Aggressive crown re-sprouter
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Saltcedar Characteristics
• Brittle stems, not easily drawn from ground
• Competes interspecifically by allelochemics due to salt-glands
• Facultative phreatophyte using 3-6 acre ft./year– High water user– Drought tolerant
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Negative Impacts of Saltcedar on the Environment
• Widens floodplains by clogging stream channels• Increased channelization along rivers and streams• Increased fire and flood frequency• Increases sedimentation deposition• Crowds out native stands of riparian and wetland
vegetation• Increased water/soil surface salinity• Lowers wildlife habitat value• Dries up springs, wetlands, riparian areas and small
streams by lowering surface water tables
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Criteria for successful saltcedar control program
1. Any control strategy must target the crown and root system of the plant
2. Herbicide must be applied when plant is most susceptible
3. Application technology should allow for complete coverage of the plant and penetration through dense canopy layers
4. Saltcedar control is not a one time job
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Saltcedar Management Alternatives
• Aerial Herbicide Application
• Individual Plant Treatment with Herbicides
• Mechanical control strategies
• Biological control strategies
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Biological Control
• Diorhabda elongata – leaf feeding bettle (China)
• Dr. Ray Carruthers- UDSA
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Mechanical Control
• Physical Removal and Fire
• Costs Dependent Equipment and Labor Required
• Soil Disturbance and Re-Infestation
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Individual Plant Treatment with Herbicides
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Treatment Control Ratings-Brush*
Control Rating % of Plants Killed
Very High 76-100
High 56-75
Moderate 36-55
Low 0-35
*Chemical Weed and Brush Control Suggestions for Rangeland, Texas Cooperative Extension, B-1466, 4-05
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IPT Herbicide Recommendations(TX A&M Extension)
1. Arsenal (Imazapyr) 1%
2. Arsenal (Imazapyr) + 0.5%Roundup (Glyphosate) 0.5 %
3. Arsenal (Imazapyr) + 0.5%Rodeo (Glyphosate) 0.5%
4. Remedy (Triclopyr)-Basal 25% in diesel
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IPT Herbicide Recommendations(TX A&M Extension)
• Timing- July – Sept., or until leaves begin to turn yellow
• IPT- Throughly wet foliage
• Aerial or Ground Broadcast- Min. 10 gpa
• Add 1 to 2 qts surfactant per 100 gal water
• Note: Check Arsenal label for special restrictions on use related to endangered species and grazing restrictions.
• Arsenal alone and in combination with Rodeo or Roundup will cause damage to grasses, forbs and other desirable trees.
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Aerial Herbicide Applications
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Aerial Herbicide Recommendations
1. Arsenal (imazapyr) 4 pints/acre 1.0 lb. a.i.
2. Arsenal (imaz.) + 2 pints/acre 0.5 lb. a.i.
Roundup (gyphosate) 1 pint/acre 0.5 lb. a.i.
3. Arsenal (imaz.) + 2 pints/acre 0.5 lb. a.i.
Rodeo (glyphosate) ¾ pint/acre 0.5 lb. a.i.
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Aircraft comparison:
Helicopter Airplane
Spray at 30 mph Spray at 110-140 mph
Flat turns Banked turns
15 GPA 10 GPA Max.
Varied spray width Fixed spray width
1000 micron droplet 100-300 micron w/fines
Less drift More drift
Heliport near application site Must ferry to air strip
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Mobile heliport
Specially designed trucks:Load on top
DOT Spec 406 Certified Tanks
Section Tank
800 Gal. Jet Fuel
3000 Gal. Clean Water
1000 Gal. Chemical Mix
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GPS Guidance System
•Trimble Trimflight 3 GPS System.
•Auto-Cal Flow Control
•Crophawk Flow Monitor
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Trimble GPS Guidance
• Logs spray area for display on moving map
• Allows for flying irregular lines with less “skips”
• Produce computer generated application spray maps
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Variable Rate Flow Meter
• Calibrate to ground speed
• Maintain constant 15 GPA / TSV flow
• Linked to GPS receiver
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Spraying at 25-30 mph allows
turning without banking
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Three section spray boom
15 – 30 – 45 ft. swath width controlled from cockpit
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.028 Accuflo Nozzle1000 Micron Droplet15 g/acre TSV
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Escort (metsulfuron methyl)• DuPont Sufonylurea Herbicide
– Inhibits acetolactate synthase (ALS)• Registered for general weed and brush control in
non-crop sites, conifer and hardwood plantations, rangeland, industrial turf (unimproved) and native grass restoration sites.
• Pre and Post activity on Grasses and Broadleaf Weeds– Root and Foliar uptake; moves in xylem and phloem
• Behavior in Water and Soil– At 25°C, half-life in water at 21 (pH 5) to 30 (pH 9)
days– Soil half-life ranged from 1-6 weeks and with an
average of 30 days.
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Escort Aerial TrialsSalt Cedar
• 5 Locations: Big Spring & Midland, TX
• Application Date: Aug & Sept. 2003,2004, 2005
• Appl. Equipment: Helicopter• Appl. Volume: 15 Gal/Acre• Plot Size: 7.5- 10 acres• Pest Stage at Application:
– Mature, Post-Bloom, Pre-Senescent
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Salt Cedar TrialsDuPont/TX A&M
2003-2005
0102030405060708090
100
11 YAT
Salt Cedar- % Canopy Reduction
Arsenal 16 (5)
Arsenal 8 + Escort 2.4 (1)
Arsenal 8 + Escort 1.8 (2)
Escort 2.4 (1)
Escort 1.8 + Krenite 192 (4)
Escort 1.8 + Remedy 48 (2)
Escort 1.8 + Krenite 192 +Arsenal 8 (2)
No. Tests ( )
Rate: oz ai/A
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Salt Cedar TrialsDuPont/TX A&M
2003-2005
01020304050607080
11 YAT
% Control (Mortality)- 1 YAT
Arsenal 16 (5)
Arsenal 8 + Escort 2.4 (1)
Arsenal 8 + Escort 1.8 (2)
Escort 2.4 (1)
Escort 1.8 + Krenite 192 (4)
Escort 1.8 + Remedy 48 (2)
Escort 1.8 + Krenite 192 +Arsenal 8 (2)
No. Tests ( )
Rate: oz ai/A
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Salt Cedar TrialsDuPont/TX A&M
2003-2005
0102030405060708090
12 YAT
% Control (Mortality)- 2 YAT
Arsenal 16 (3)
Arsenal 8 + Escort 2.4 (1)
Arsenal 8 + Escort 1.8 (0)
Escort 2.4 (1)
Escort 1.8 + Krenite 192 (2)
Escort 1.8 + Remedy 48 (2)
Escort 1.8 + Krenite 192 +Arsenal 8 (0)
No. Tests ( )
Rate: oz ai/A
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Salt Cedar TrialsDuPont/TX A&M
2003-2005
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
41 DAT
% Injury- Alkali sacaton (Sporobolus airoides)
Arsenal 16 + Surf (1)
Arsenal 8 + Escort 2.4 +Surf (1)
Escort 2.4 + Surf (1)
Rate: oz ai/A
No. Tests ( )
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Salt Cedar TrialsDuPont/TX A&M
2003-2005
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1
41 DAT
% Injury- Saltgrass (Distichlis spicata)
Arsenal 16 + Surf (1)
Arsenal 8 + Escort 2.4 +Surf (1)
Escort 2.4 + Surf (1)
Rate: oz ai/A
No. Tests ( )
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Salt Cedar TrialsDuPont/TX A&M
2003-2005
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1
258 DAT
% Injury- Burrograss (Scleropogon brevifolius)
Arsenal 16 + Surf (1)
Arsenal 4 + Escort 1.8 +Surf (1)
Escort 1.8 + RU 16 + Surf(1)
Esvort 1.8 + Krenite 192 +Surf (1)
Escort 1.8 + Remedy 48ozai/A + Surf (1)
Rate: oz ai/A
No. Tests ( )
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Summary of Trials
• Arsenal 16 ozai/A (imazapyr) gave good- excellent control of salt cedar
• Escort 1.8 + Arsenal 8 ozai/A and Escort 2.4 ozai/A gave good control of salt cedar and appeared safer to burrograss, alkali sacaton and inland saltgrass.
• Evaluate trials applied in 2006 and install new trials Sept. 2007 with Escort and DPX-KJM44.
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Salt CedarReferences (web sites)
– www.invasivespecies.gov/teamtam/– www.invasivespecies.gov/profiles/
saltcedar.shtml– www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/
tamspp/all.html– www.tamariskcoalition.org– http://plants.usda.gov/– [email protected] (Dr. Charles Hart, TX
A&M)