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Water Supply
Simulation of Water Distribution NetworksThe Use of EPANETThe Use of EPANET
Mohammad N. Almasri
Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks – Mohammad N. Almasri, PhD An-Najah National University1
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Introduction
This presentation focuses on two issues:p
The simulation of water distribution networksThe simulation of water distribution networks (WDNs) using EPANETThe optimal design of water distribution networksThe optimal design of water distribution networks
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Definitions
A WDN is comprised of a number of linksconnected together to form loops or branchesconnected together to form loops or branches
h l k f lThese links contain pumps, fittings, valves, etc..
Links: A link is a segment of the network that has a constant flow and no branches. Each link
( h d ffmay contain one or more pipes (with different diameters) connected in series
Pipes: A pipe is a segment of a link that has a fl di d
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constant flow, constant diameter, and no branches
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Pipes and Links
D1 A pipe
L
D1D2D3 A link123
LL1L2L3
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L
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Definitions
Nodes: They are the end points of the pipe h l k dsections where two or more links are joined.
Water can enter or leave the network at these nodesnodes
L Th l i l d i i i fLoops: The loop is a closed circuit consists of a series of links in which the demand nodes are supplied from more than one pipesupplied from more than one pipe
Th h I h hThe path: It represents the way or the routethrough which the demand nodes are reachedfrom the source nodes
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from the source nodes
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Example of a Water Distribution Network
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Main Principles of Network Analysis
Continuity: The algebraic sum of the flow rates y gin the pipes meeting at a node together with any external flows is zero
D
Q
Q3
D Q1 + Q2 = Q3 + D
Q1
Q2
D = Q1 + Q2 - Q3
A demand node
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A demand nodeThe node is connected to three supplying pipes
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Main Principles of Network Analysis
Energy conservation: For all paths around closed gy ploops and between fixed grade nodes, the accumulated energy loss including minor losses gy gminus any energy gain or heads generated by pumps must be zerop p
hf2A part of a looped networkClosed loop
hf1
+hf3
Closed loopGiven total headloss for each link (pipe) as hf
hfAssume counterclockwise to be positive-hf1 – hf4 + hf3 + hf2 = 0
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hf4 hf1 hf4 hf3 hf2 0
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Branched WDNs
In branched WDNs, there is only one path (route)
1[1]Q2
Qy p ( )
from the source node to each node
2
3
[2]Q3
How can we compute the fl i h li k?
3
45
[3][4]
Q4Q5
flow in each link?
7[5]
[6]6
Q6Q7
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6
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Branched WDNs
What is the flow in each link?1[1]20
2
[1]
[2]
20
30
3
[2]
[3]4050
45
[ ][4]
607
[5]
[6]6
6070
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Looped WDNs
More than one path toMore than one path to each node
In looped network, how can we compute the flowcan we compute the flow in each link?
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Main Principles of Network Analysis
Link Head Loss (m)Link Head Loss (m)
1 6.753
2 13 2382 13.238
3 4.504
4 18 7284 18.728
5 3.737
6 4.998
7 9.994
8 9.992
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Energy Loss in Pipelines – Hazen Williams FormulaFormula
Q852.1
⎞⎜⎛
Cast Iron: LD
CQ5.162h 87.4
HWf
−⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=
New: 1305 year old:
HW ⎠⎝hf: head loss (m);L: pipe length (m) 5 year old:
12010 year old:
L: pipe length (m)D: pipe diameter (in)
10 year old: 110
Plastic: 150
Q: is flowrate in the pipe (m3/h)CHW: Hazen Williams coefficient (-) Plastic: 150
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What is EPANET?
EPANET is a program for analyzing the hydraulic and t lit b h i f WDNwater quality behavior of WDNs
D l d b th US E i t l P t tiDeveloped by the US Environmental Protection Agency
It is a public domain software that may be freely copied and distributedcopied and distributed
A complete Users Manual as well as full source codeA complete Users Manual as well as full source code and other updates can be downloaded from: www.epa.gov/ORD/NRMRL/wswrd/epanet.html
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p g / / / / p
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What Does EPANET Do?
Analyzing WDNs. This means mainly the following:
Determination of the flow in each linkDetermination of pressure head at each nodep
Additional outcome includes the simulation ofAdditional outcome includes the simulation of chlorine concentration in each link and at each nodenode
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Elements
Source reservoirPumpspPipesNodesNodesTanksValves
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EPANET Elements – Reservoirs
Reservoirs are nodes that represent an external source or sink of water to the network. They are used to model lakes, rivers, and groundwater aquifers. Reservoirs can also serve as water quality source pointsalso serve as water quality source points
The primary input properties for a reservoir are itsThe primary input properties for a reservoir are its hydraulic head and initial water quality
Because a reservoir is a boundary point to a network, its head and water quality cannot be affected by whathead and water quality cannot be affected by what happens within the network. Therefore it has no computed output properties. However its head can be
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made to vary with time by assigning a time pattern to it
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EPANET Elements – Tanks
Tanks are nodes with storage capacity, where the volume of stored water can vary with time during a simulationstored water can vary with time during a simulation
The primary input properties for tanks are:Bottom elevationDiameter (or shape if non-cylindrical)I iti l i i d i t l lInitial, minimum and maximum water levelsInitial water quality
The principal computed outputs are:Total head (water surface elevation)water quality
T k i d t t ithi th i i i d
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Tanks are required to operate within their minimum and maximum levels
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EPANET Elements – Pipes
Pipes convey water from one point in the network to anotheranother
EPANET assumes that all pipes are full at all timesEPANET assumes that all pipes are full at all times
The principal hydraulic input parameters for pipesThe principal hydraulic input parameters for pipes are: Diameter, Length, Roughness coefficient, and Initial status (open, closed, or contains a check valve)valve)
The water quality inputs for pipes consist of:The water quality inputs for pipes consist of:Bulk reaction coefficientWall reaction coefficient
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EPANET Elements – Pipes
Computed outputs for pipes include: Flow rate, V l it H dl F i ti f t R ti tVelocity, Headloss, Friction factor, Reaction rate, and Water quality
The hydraulic head lost by water flowing in a pipe d f h h ll b ddue to friction with the pipe walls can be computed using three different formulas: Hazen-Williams Fo m la Da c Weisbach Fo m la and CheFormula, Darcy-Weisbach Formula, and Chezy-Manning Formula
Minor losses caused by bends and fittings can also b t d f b i i th i i l
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be accounted for by assigning the pipe a minor loss coefficient
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EPANET Elements – Pumps
The principal input parameter for a pump is its pump curve
Pumps can be turned on and off at preset times
Variable speed pumps can be considered
EPANET can also compute the energy p gyconsumption and cost of a pump
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EPANET Elements – Valves
Valves are used to control the pressure or flow at a specific point in the networkpoint in the network
The main different types of valves considered in EPANET ypinclude:
PRV (Pressure Reducing Valve): Used to limit pressurePRV (Pressure Reducing Valve): Used to limit pressurePSV (Pressure Sustaining Valve): To maintain pressure at a certain valuePBV (Pressure Breaker Valve): Forces a specified pressure loss across the valveFCV (Flow Control Valve): Used to control flowFCV (Flow Control Valve): Used to control flowGPV (General Purpose Valve): Can be used to represent a link where the flow – headloss relationship is supplied by
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p pp ythe user
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Network Layout
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Time Pattern of Demands
Y ddYou can address the variability in demands throughdemands through multipliers of the “Base Demand” atBase Demand at each node
This is called in EPANET TimeEPANET Time Pattern
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General Results of EPANETNodesNodes
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General Results of EPANETNodesNodes
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General Results of EPANETPipesPipes
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General Results of EPANETPipesPipes
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General Results of EPANETTime seriesTime series
Note the negative and positive values of flow
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Note the negative and positive values of flowWhat does this indicate?
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General Results of EPANETTime seriesTime series
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General Results of EPANETTime series (Pump)Time series (Pump)
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