![Page 1: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
S. aureus S. aureus BiofilmsBiofilms
![Page 2: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus
•ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:• 1. Gram-positive1. Gram-positive• 2. Cocci 2. Cocci • 3. Clusters (Grape clusters)3. Clusters (Grape clusters)
![Page 3: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 4: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 5: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Levels of InfectionLevels of Infection
• ColonizationColonization
• Skin infectionsSkin infections
• Metastatic InfectionsMetastatic Infections
• ToxinosesToxinoses
![Page 6: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
ColonizationColonization
• AsymptomaticAsymptomatic• The nares and throat of 30-The nares and throat of 30-
50% of normal healthy 50% of normal healthy adults are colonizedadults are colonized
• Adhesins involved in Adhesins involved in colonizationcolonization
• This can result in spread of This can result in spread of the infection to othersthe infection to others
• Autoinoculation Autoinoculation
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 7: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
S. aureusS. aureus infections infections
• Skin infection. Can be caused by autoinoculation Skin infection. Can be caused by autoinoculation or spread from person-to-person (sometimes or spread from person-to-person (sometimes animal-to-person)animal-to-person)
• S. aureusS. aureus is the most common cause of pyogenic is the most common cause of pyogenic skin infectionsskin infections– FolliculitisFolliculitis– FuruncleFuruncle– CarbuncleCarbuncle– ImpetigoImpetigo– CellulitisCellulitis– Necrotizing FasciitisNecrotizing Fasciitis
![Page 8: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
FolliculitisFolliculitis
• Superficial Superficial infection of the infection of the hair folliclehair follicle
• Self-limitingSelf-limiting
![Page 9: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
FuruncleFuruncle
• Deeper-seated than Deeper-seated than folliculitisfolliculitis
• Pyogenic - abscessPyogenic - abscess
![Page 10: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
CarbuncleCarbuncle
• Furuncles fused together
![Page 11: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
ImpetigoImpetigo
• ContagiousContagious
• Usually on faceUsually on face
• Bullous impetigo - Bullous impetigo - larger bullae, may be larger bullae, may be on body on body
![Page 12: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Cellulitis Cellulitis
• Cellulitis is usually Cellulitis is usually associated with associated with StreptococcusStreptococcus
• Can accompany foot Can accompany foot ulcers in diabetic ulcers in diabetic patientspatients
• Deep tissue infectionDeep tissue infection• Subcutaneous or Subcutaneous or
submucosalsubmucosal
![Page 13: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Necrotizing FasciitisNecrotizing Fasciitis
Infection of the Infection of the superficial muscle superficial muscle fascia and adjacent fascia and adjacent subcutaneous tissue.subcutaneous tissue.
More often caused by More often caused by Group A StrepGroup A Strep
![Page 14: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Metastatic Metastatic S. aureusS. aureus infections infections
• EndocarditisEndocarditis
• Pneumonia (nosocomial, CF-related, Pneumonia (nosocomial, CF-related, post-influenza)post-influenza)
• PyomyositisPyomyositis
• Epidural abscessEpidural abscess
• Brain abscessBrain abscess
• OsteomyelitisOsteomyelitis
![Page 15: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
OSTEOMYELITISOSTEOMYELITIS
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
• Collagen Collagen binding binding proteinprotein
![Page 16: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
S. aureusS. aureus Toxinoses Toxinoses
• Toxic shock syndromeToxic shock syndrome
• Scalded skin syndromeScalded skin syndrome
• Food poisoningFood poisoning
![Page 17: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Toxic Shock SyndromeToxic Shock Syndrome
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
• Associated with tampon use Associated with tampon use in early 80’s - ignored for a in early 80’s - ignored for a while but is re-emergingwhile but is re-emerging
• Soccer shoes in EnglandSoccer shoes in England• Must be colonized with a Must be colonized with a
TSST-producing strain and TSST-producing strain and must lack antibodiesmust lack antibodies
• High fever, flushing, High fever, flushing, sloughing of skin on sloughing of skin on extremetiesextremeties
![Page 18: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Staphylococcal superantigensStaphylococcal superantigens
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 19: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Scalded Skin SyndromeScalded Skin Syndrome
• Usually in children Usually in children and neonatesand neonates
• Erythema & Erythema & sunburn-like rashsunburn-like rash
• Desquamation due Desquamation due to exfoliatin toxin to exfoliatin toxin
![Page 20: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Food PoisoningFood Poisoning
• Food poisoning vs. food infection: Food poisoning vs. food infection:
staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB etc.)staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA, SEB etc.)
• 2-6 hours between ingestion and symptoms2-6 hours between ingestion and symptoms
• The toxin mainly induces vomitingThe toxin mainly induces vomiting
• Staph is salt tolerant & can grow in foods Staph is salt tolerant & can grow in foods
that other bacteria can’t like hamthat other bacteria can’t like ham
![Page 21: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Antibiotic resistance in Antibiotic resistance in S. aureusS. aureus
1940Penicillin
1944-lactamase
1960Methicillin/Oxacillin
1970’smecA
Vancomycin
1996-VISA2002VanA
2000’sDaptomycin
![Page 22: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
S. aureusS. aureus: The “Superbug”: The “Superbug”
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 23: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
S. aureusS. aureus Biofilms Biofilms
Diabetic foot ulcerDiabetic foot ulcer
EndocarditisEndocarditis
CatheterCatheter
![Page 24: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Jefferson et al. AAC 49(6); 2467
![Page 26: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
55 yo wm with Type II DM had severe osteoarthritis of the rt knee for years. 03/07 underwent rt total knee replacement. PostOp course uncomplicated. Did well until 5/07 when he developed increasing pain, swelling, and erythema of rt knee joint. Aspiration of knee joint revealed frank pus. Culture grew MSSA. Patient admitted and treated with IV vancomycin (penicillin allergy). ID consulted and recommended removal of joint hardware followed by prolonged IV vanc. Patient and family decided against joint removal and opted for debridment and prolonged antibiotics. The joint was irrigated and debrided. Patient received 6 wks IV vanc with rifampin followed by 2 mos PO bactrim. Joint improved without significant pain and patient was able to ambulate. 8-07 patients PC stopped bactrim. 5 days later, patient presented with increasing erythema, pain and swelling of the knee joint w/ fevers. Aspiration of the joint revealed frank pus and cultures grew MSSA. He was taken to the OR and all joint hardware was removed, an antibiotic spacer was placed, and he will receive an additional 6 wks vanc and rifampin before consideration of joint replacement.
![Page 28: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Inserted synthetic devicesInserted synthetic devices
Polysaccharide Polysaccharide intercellular adhesinintercellular adhesinPIA/PNAG PIA/PNAG
![Page 29: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
What controls biofilm formation in What controls biofilm formation in S. aureusS. aureus??
![Page 30: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
NaCl
EtOHGlucose• External, External,
environmental environmental factorsfactors– Ethanol, NaCl, Ethanol, NaCl,
glucoseglucose
• Internal Internal regulatorsregulators– IcaR, IcaR, BB, SarA, SarA
• Phase variationPhase variation– IS elementsIS elements
icaCicaBicaAicaR
B
SarA
icaR
-
-
IcaA
icaD
DIcaC
IcaB
?
O2
S
![Page 31: S. aureus Biofilms. Staphylococcus aureus ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are:ALL STAPHYLOCOCCI are: 1. Gram-positive 1. Gram-positive 2. Cocci 2. Cocci 3. Clusters](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062308/56649d895503460f94a6f764/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Bioinformatics ApproachBioinformatics Approach
• Different strains have different Different strains have different biofilm-forming capacities.biofilm-forming capacities.
• Can we predict biofilm formation Can we predict biofilm formation based on sequence analysis?based on sequence analysis?