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Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System
Chapter 5Chapter 5
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Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and Physiology
pump and delivery systempump and delivery system supply trillions of cells with oxygen and supply trillions of cells with oxygen and
other nutrients vital for survivalother nutrients vital for survival transport cellular waste to appropriate transport cellular waste to appropriate
organs for removalorgans for removal
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StructuresStructures
heart - pumpheart - pump vessels - containervessels - container blood - liquidblood - liquid
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The HeartThe Heart
hollow muscular organhollow muscular organ(cardiac muscle)(cardiac muscle)
pump to circulate bloodpump to circulate blood blood to oxygenate cells blood to oxygenate cells
and remove waste and remove waste productsproducts
Cardi/o - heartCardi/o - heart
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Location and ProtectionLocation and Protection
located between the located between the lungs and above the lungs and above the diaphragmdiaphragm
PericardiumPericardium Pericardial FluidPericardial Fluid EpicardiumEpicardium MyocardiumMyocardium EndocardiumEndocardium
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Blood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesBlood Vessels - arteries, veins, capillariesangi/o angi/o and and vas/ovas/o
arteries - carry blood away from heart, arteries - carry blood away from heart, oxygenated bloodoxygenated blood
veins - carry blood to the heart, veins - carry blood to the heart, deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood
Blood Vessels
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ArteriesArteries arteriarteri/o/o blood propelled by heartblood propelled by heart arteries are thick with three layersarteries are thick with three layers pulse-surge of bloodpulse-surge of blood oxygenated blood - bright redoxygenated blood - bright red arteries to arterioles to capillaries arteries to arterioles to capillaries
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CapillariesCapillaries system of microscopic system of microscopic
vesselsvessels one epithelial cell thickone epithelial cell thick connect arterial/venous connect arterial/venous
systemssystems blood flow much slower blood flow much slower
through capillaries to allow through capillaries to allow for exchangefor exchange
blood cells travel in single blood cells travel in single filefile
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VeinsVeins low-pressure collecting low-pressure collecting
systemsystem ven/ven/o and o and phlebphleb/o/o venules - small veins venules - small veins veins have valvesveins have valves deoxygenated blooddeoxygenated blood venae cavae - venous venae cavae - venous
blood to Right Atriumblood to Right Atrium
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HeartHeart
myocardium - muscle layermyocardium - muscle layer pericardium - sac containing the heartpericardium - sac containing the heart
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Heart Chambers
RightAtrium
LeftAtrium
RightVentricle
LeftVentricle
Apex
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Internal Heart ChambersInternal Heart Chambers
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Heart Valves
Apex
Left
Right
Tricuspid
Mitral
Pulmonary
Arte
ry
Aor
ta
Vena C
ava
Pulmonary Veins
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Blood Supply to HeartBlood Supply to Heart
Coronary Artery SystemCoronary Artery System– right coronaryright coronary– left coronaryleft coronary
» left anterior descendingleft anterior descending
» circumflexcircumflex
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Systemic CirculationSystemic Circulation– All parts of body except lungsAll parts of body except lungs
Pulmonary CirculationPulmonary Circulation– pulmonary arterial systempulmonary arterial system
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Conduction System
1-SA Node (Pacemaker)2-AV Node3-Bundle of His4-Perkinje fibers
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Normal Sinus RhythmNormal Sinus Rhythm
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Arrhythmias or DysrhythmiasArrhythmias or Dysrhythmias
Palpitation: irregular, rapid pulsation of the heartPalpitation: irregular, rapid pulsation of the heart Fibrillation: heart muscle fibers contract at random with Fibrillation: heart muscle fibers contract at random with
no coordinationno coordination atrial fibrillation (Afib): heart rhythm is fast and irregularatrial fibrillation (Afib): heart rhythm is fast and irregular ventricular fibrillation: severely abnormal heart rhythm ventricular fibrillation: severely abnormal heart rhythm
that can be life-threateningthat can be life-threatening Bradycardia: <60 bpmBradycardia: <60 bpm Tachycardia: >100 bpmTachycardia: >100 bpm
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PulsePulse
pulse-rhythmic pulse-rhythmic expansion and expansion and contraction of an contraction of an artery produced by artery produced by pressure of blood pressure of blood moving through the moving through the arteryartery
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Blood PressureBlood Pressure Measurement of amount Measurement of amount
of pressure exerted of pressure exerted against the walls of the against the walls of the vessels.vessels.
SystolicSystolic - highest - highest pressure result of pressure result of ventricular contractionventricular contraction
DiastolicDiastolic - lowest - lowest pressure when ventricles pressure when ventricles relaxedrelaxed
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Pathology of the Cardiovascular Pathology of the Cardiovascular systemsystem
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AtherosclerosisAtherosclerosis sclerosesscleroses hypercholesterolemiahypercholesterolemia ischemiaischemia thrombosis, embolusthrombosis, embolus occlusionocclusion aneurysmaneurysm
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AneurysmAneurysm
A localized balloon-A localized balloon-like enlargement of like enlargement of an artery.an artery.
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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Diseases of coronary circulationDiseases of coronary circulation atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and atherosclerosis may cause angina, MI and
sudden deathsudden death myocardial ischemiamyocardial ischemia
– angina, dyspneaangina, dyspnea myocardial infarctionmyocardial infarction
– diaphoresis, pallor, dyspneadiaphoresis, pallor, dyspnea
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ProceduresProceduresOpening Blocked ArteriesOpening Blocked Arteries
Percutaneous transluminal coronary Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)angioplasty (PTCA)
Carotid endarterectomyCarotid endarterectomy Coronary artery bypass surgeryCoronary artery bypass surgery
– revascularizationrevascularization
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Ischemic Heart Disease OR IHDIschemic Heart Disease OR IHD
cardiac disability due to cardiac disability due to insufficient supply of insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart oxygenated blood to heart
caused by constriction or caused by constriction or obstruction of coronary arteryobstruction of coronary artery
Ischemia - deficiency of Ischemia - deficiency of blood supplyblood supply
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Congestive Heart FailureCongestive Heart Failure Impaired cardiac pumpingImpaired cardiac pumping, caused by myocardial , caused by myocardial
infarction, ischemic heart disease, or infarction, ischemic heart disease, or cardiomyopathy.cardiomyopathy.
Failure of the ventricle Failure of the ventricle to eject blood efficientlyto eject blood efficiently causes pulmonary congestioncauses pulmonary congestion; elevated right heart; elevated right heart
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Varicose VeinsVaricose Veins Incompetent valvesIncompetent valves
– esophageal varicesesophageal varices– anal hemorrhoidsanal hemorrhoids– legslegs
Edema (localized, generalized)Edema (localized, generalized) phlebitis, thrombophlebitisphlebitis, thrombophlebitis
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Blood CompositionBlood Composition
55% plasma (liquid portion of blood)55% plasma (liquid portion of blood) 45% blood cells45% blood cells
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Blood TypesBlood Types
4 blood types: A, B, AB, O4 blood types: A, B, AB, O Blood type is determined by surface Blood type is determined by surface
antigensantigens
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PharmacologyPharmacology AntianginalsAntianginals antihypertensivesantihypertensives beta blockersbeta blockers calcium channel blockerscalcium channel blockers diureticsdiuretics heparinheparin inotropics, cardiotonicsinotropics, cardiotonics tissue plasminogen activators (TPA)tissue plasminogen activators (TPA) StatinsStatins