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…innovation through engineering and scientific excellence…since 1985
Robert Bourke, Natalie Waters, and Jordon MoniuszkoWater Resource Sustainability Issues on Tropical Islands
December, 2015
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Estuary Rehabilitation
Stream Flow Restoration to
Kaelepulu Estuary
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Kailua Bay
1,000 BC1 Km
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Kawai Nui Swamp
KaelepuluPond
Kailua Bay
19281 Km
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Kawai Nui Swamp
KaelepuluPond
Kailua Bay
KaelepuluPond
Kawai Nui Swamp
1928
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19521 KmNew
Channel
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1952
19661 Km
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1952
1966
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19521966
1990
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1958
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ESTUARY CHALLENGES
• EXCISED FROM HEADWATER FLOWS
• DECREASED STREAM MOUTH EXCHANGE
• BATHYMETRY CHANGES
• URBAN STORM WATER FLOWS
• INVASIVE SPECIES
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ESTUARY CHALLENGES
• EXCISED FROM HEADWATER FLOWS
• DECREASED STREAM MOUTH EXCHANGE
• BATHYMETRY CHANGES
• URBAN STORM WATER FLOWS
• INVASIVE SPECIES
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ESTUARY IS ONLY EXPOSED TO TIDAL FLOW ON A PERIODIC BASIS
MANUAL OPENING OF STREAM MOUTH ON ~MONTHLY SCHEDULE BY C&C HONOLULU
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Total Tidal Inflow 0.23 M cuft
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Total Tidal Inflow 21x103m3
Total Tidal Inflow 0.23 M cu ft
Total Tidal Inflow 0.75 M cu ft
Timing of Stream Mouth Opening to Maximize Initial Outflow Results in an Increase of Total Exchange
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ESTUARY CHALLENGES
• EXCISED FROM HEADWATER FLOWS
• DECREASED STREAM MOUTH EXCHANGE
• BATHYMETRY CHANGES
• URBAN STORM WATER FLOWS
• INVASIVE SPECIES
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SHOALING OF STREAM CHANNEL AT POND OUTFLOW INHIBITS TIDAL FLOW OF SALT WATER TO THE POND
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ESTUARY CHALLENGES
• EXCISED FROM HEADWATER FLOWS
• DECREASED STREAM MOUTH EXCHANGE
• BATHYMETRY CHANGES
• URBAN STORM WATER FLOWS
• INVASIVE SPECIES
Being addressed throughState TMDL City NPDES
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ESTUARY CHALLENGES
• EXCISED FROM HEADWATER FLOWS
• DECREASED STREAM MOUTH EXCHANGE
• BATHYMETRY CHANGES
• URBAN STORM WATER FLOWS
• INVASIVE SPECIES
A 2004 ELRA $24K – 319 GrantB 2009 KCC $29K – Hi. Comn. Foundation
& Castle FoundationC 2016 (?) C&C $750K State funded
A
B
C
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Of the principle problems confronting the estuary:
• Pollutant flows from urban storm drains• Poor salt wedge penetration into pond • Poor exchange at stream mouth• Invasive Species (mangrove)• Lack of sufficient water flow
Improving water flow was deemed likely to provide the greatest benefit with the least effort.
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2.0
1.0
22.5
1.0
NOTE: All volumes given in millions of cubic feet
Estuary Area – 526,300m2 135 acres
Volume – 750,000m3 = 26.5 Mft3
Volume of 8-inch (0.2m) tidal inflow – 106,000m3 = 3.7 Mft3
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CLASSICAL SALT WEDGE AND EXCHANGE CURRENTS IN AN ESTUARY
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Lanikai Bridge (Kbay Tide) Water Height Ft. MLLW
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Feet
MLLW
Lanikai Bridge Water Turbidity
01020304050
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Turb
idity
NTU
Lanikai Bridge Water Salinity
01020304050
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Salin
ity P
PT
Kaelepulu Rain per Hr
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Days, Beginning Dec. 18, 2010
Rain
Inch
/Hr.
A B C D
DEPTH
TURBIDITY
SALINITY
RAIN
6 M cu ft
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PHYSICAL WATER QUALITY TRANSECTS OF ESTUARY
CONDUCTED BEFORE AND AFTER EACH STREAM MOUTH OPENING EVENT
T, Salinity, pH, NTU, Chl-a, PC, DO%
@ 15 cm30 cm60 cm 120 cm180 cm
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Beach PondChannel
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Beach PondChannel
Shallows
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9/15/13 Salinity Kawainui Pre Opening
9/15/13 Salinity Kaelepulu
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9/26/13 Salinity Kawainui Post opening
9/26/13 Salinity Kaelepulu
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11/16/13 Salinity Kawainui – Pre opening
11/16/13 Salinity Kaelepulu
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9/15/13 Oxygen Kawainui Pre Opening
9/15/13 Oxygen Kaelepulu
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9/26/13 Oxygen Kawainui Post opening
9/26/13 Oxygen Kaelepulu
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11/16/13 Dissolved Oxygen Kawainui – Pre opening
11/16/13 Dissolved Oxygen Kaelepulu
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Salinity for 10 Sampling
Events
Other Parameters Tracked:• Temperature• Dissolved Oxygen• pH• Turbidity• PC• CHL-A• Volume Exchange
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% Exchange = (SF-SI) / (35-SI)
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% Exchange = (SF-SI) / (35-SI)
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PROPOSAL TO TEST FLOW RESTORATION BY INSTALING TEMPORARY SIPHON OVER LEVEE
~ 6 L/s
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2 ft3/sec 5.2 M ft3/Month ~1 ft Rise (- Evaporation)
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2 ft3/sec 5.2 M ft3/Month 0.9 ft Rise (- Evaporation)
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Construction of Four 6-inch PVC
Siphons over Levee
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TEST TRIAL IS HYPOTHESIZED TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE FLOW
RESTORATION WILL
• Increase monthly water exchange in the KawainuiStream Channel thereby improving water quality
• Increase volume and period of exchange with the ocean by enhanced opening head and flow dynamics
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Experiment DurationControl Portion of Experiment
Marsh Water Surface Rate of Fall = 0.20 inch/da Marsh Water Surface Rate of Fall = 0.2 to 0.34 inch/da
WATER SURFACE ELEVATION OF KAWAINUI MARSH SOURCE WATER
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WATER SURFACE ELEVATION OF KAWAINUI STREAM SHOWING STREAM MOUTH
OPENING PERIODS
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
J F M A M J J A S O
Wat
er S
urfa
ce E
leva
tion,
Feet
MLL
W
Months, 2015
Kaelepulu Water Surface Elevation, 2015 Feet MLLW
Syphons ON
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WATER SURFACE ELEVATION OF KAWAINUI STREAM WAS ABOVE FLOOD THREAT LEVEL
ON THREE OCCASIONS
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
J F M A M J J A S O
Wat
er S
urfa
ce E
leva
tion,
Feet
MLL
W
Months, 2015
Kaelepulu Water Surface Elevation, 2015 Feet MLLW
Periods of Increased Flood Threat due to High Water Surface Elevation
Stream Mouth Openings
Syphons ON
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WATER SURFACE ELEVATION OF KAWAINUI MARSH SOURCE WATER
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WATER SURFACE ELEVATION OF KAWAINUI MARSH SOURCE WATER
~ 3M cu ft Water Transferred Each Month
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3M cu ft
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FRESH WATER INFLOW SPREADS RAPIDLY ALONG THE SURFACE OF KAWAINUI STREAM AND DOWNSTREAM TOWARDS THE BEACH.
VERTICAL MIXING OCCURS MORE SLOWLY MAINTAINING STRATIFICATION THROUGHOUT THE MONTH.
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FRESH WATER INFLOW APPEARS TO FLOW RAPIDLY ALONG THE SURFACE AND EITHER EVAPORATE OR SLOWLY MIX WITH LOWER WATER LAYERS AND MAINTAINING STRATIFICATION
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SYPHON INFLOW RESULTED IN GREATER STRATIFICATION OF THE ENTIRE STREAM
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DISSOLVED OXYGEN REMAINED WELL BELOW 20% SATURATIONIN THE KAWAINUI STREAM THROUGHOUT THE PERIOD OF INFLOW.
D.O. WAS NOT DISTINGUISHABLE FROM CONTROL (NO SYPHON FLOW) CONDITIONS
ABUNDANT MANGROVE ALONG THIS STREAM REACH ARE LIKELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOW D.O.
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MANGROVE STANDS LINE THE CHANNEL WHERE DISSOLVED OXYGEN LEVELS ARE LOW
ABUNDANT MANGROVE ALONG THIS STREAM REACH ARE LIKELY RESPONSIBLE FOR THE LOW D.O.
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31
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Drain
KawainuiMarsh
Kawainui
High Tide 2.0 ftLow Tide 0.0 ft
Overflow Weir 2.0 ft
Oneawa CanalKawainui Stream
12” Pipe through Levee
Level Control
Drain pipe through levee from Kawainui Marsh to Kawainui StreamLevel Control Drain pipe
through levee from KawainuiStream to Oneawa Canal
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QUESTIONS ?
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TRACE-CONTAMINANT STUDY BY USGS
41 SAMPLE SITES WITHIN ESTUARY
71 POLLUTANT TRACERS
CAFFEINE FOUND AT 3 SITES
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TRACE-CONTAMINANT STUDY BY USGS
41 SAMPLE SITES WITHIN ESTUARY
71 POLLUTANT TRACERS
CAFFEINE FOUND AT 3 SITES
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TRACE-CONTAMINANT STUDY BY USGS
41 SAMPLE SITES WITHIN ESTUARY
71 POLLUTANT TRACERS
CAFFEINE FOUND AT 3 SITES