rmwdum
aiGaMu;\umvtvdkuf wefzdk;t,ltq jrihfaomif; (rauG;) 1
ar;Mur,f? ajzMur,f ausmf'Gef; [DICA] 5
pdefac:rIudk zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrItcGihftvrf;aumif;tjzpf toGifajymif;zefwD;a&; {&m0wDcif 10
tajccHynma&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm; xifatmifaZmf 14
tmqD,HpD;yGm;a&;todkuft0ef; (attD;pD)twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&GufrIrsm; udkjzLazG; 20
0efxrf;rsm;\ &ifudkat;apcJhaom tem*wf&HyHkaiG
tpDtpOfrsm;KodPf;0if;(abm*aA') 24
pD;yGm;a&;ESihful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qdkif&mumuG,frItpDtrHrsm; odef;jrihfa0 28
xkwfvkyfrIu@tm;enf;aomEdkifiHrsm; owdjyK&rnhf*vdkb,f ukefoG,frI
(odkYr[kwf) acwfopfe,fy,fcsJUxGifjcif;jzpfpOf
apmEdkif
(toHk;csabm*aA')35
r[mrJacgifa'ocGJ\ pD;yGm;a&;pBuørsm;ESihftvm;tvm a'gufwmyifvHkat; 40
vlxkusef;rma&;ESihf aq;vdyftEÅ&m,fumuG,fwm;qD;a&; cifaqmif;a[oD 45
Infographic taMumif;waphwapmif; r,k (pufrI) 48
wefzdk;BuD;vlom;rsm; 0if;0if;0g 52
zGHU NzdK;rIenf;vrf;rsm;tm; cGJjcm;odjrifjcif;ESihf aps;uGufydkif;jzwfjcif; a&Ta&T(0gPdZÆaA') 56
trsm;ydkifo,HZmwypönf;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;apmihfa&SmufMuygpdkYeef;rdk;qdkif
(pDrHudef;ESihfpm&if;tif;)60
zGHYNzdK;rItenf;qHk;EdkifiHESihf ñTefudef;rsm;taMumif; waphwapmif; cdkifvGif 64
avhvmoif,ljcif;\tusKd;aus;Zl;toD;tyGihfjzihf LDC EdkifiHrsm;xJrS ½kef;xGuf
MuygpdkY
arZvyfjzL
(csif;awmifwef;)66
tpm;tpmvHkavmufrIESihf ab;uif;vkHNcHKpdwfcszdkY tajccHA[kokwjzihf
vlxkuGef,ufjzefYa0pdkY
rdkiftufpwm
(Mai Ester)71
wpfacgufwpfcg ta&mufvm . . . . . . . . zGHU NzdK;a0qm jynfjrefrm . . . . . . opfOD;ar 76
tpD&ifcHpma&;om;jcif;taMumif; odaumif;p&m jrqm,m 81
yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;
rsufESmzHk;'DZdkif; - pDrH zGHU NzdK;
twGif;tjyiftqif - [efjrifhrdk&f
pmrlcGifhjyKcsuftrSwf - 5300070114
xkwfa0ol - OD;rsKd;rif;
ñTefMum;a&;rSL; (okawoeESifhzGHU NzdK;a&;Xme)
A[dkpm&if;tif;tzJGU trsKd;om;pDrHudef;ESifh
pD;yGm;a&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI0efBuD;Xme/
yHkESdyfol - OD;jrwfxGef;ausmf
aumrwfpf*sme,fyHkESdyfwdkuf (NrJ-09744)
r*FvmawmifñTefYNrdKUe,f? &efukefNrdKU/
tkyfa& - 500
wefzdk; -
1
vkyfief;pDrHudef;wpf&yftay: &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH rIaqmif&Guf&ef twGufjzpfap?
aiGaMu;aps;uGuftwGif; pawmhESifh &S,f,mrsm;udk 0,f,l&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef &nf&G,f
vQifjzpfap? rjzpfrae vufcHxm;&rnfh aiGaMu;qdkif&m t,ltqwpf&yfrSm
]]aiGaMu;\ umvtvdkufwefzdk;}} t,ltqyif jzpfygonf/
EdkifiHydkifpD;yGm;a&;tzGJUtpnf;wpfckck odkYr[kwf yk*¾vdupD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;
&SifwpfOD; OD;taejzifh vkyfief;pDrHudef;wckcktay: aiGaMu;yrmPtawmfrsm;rsm;
udk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ef &nf&G,fxm;vQif t"dutm;jzifh vkyfief;pDrHudef;umvtwGif;
ukefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh &&Sdvmrnfh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfum pD;yGm;a&;t&
wGufajcudkufrI &Sdr&Sdudk BudKwifqef;ppfavhvm&ef ta&;BuD;ygonf/ vkyfief;
pDrHudef; \ ukefusp&dwfESifh tusdK;tjrwfpdppfoHk;oyfjcif; (Cost- benefit Analysis) jyKvkyf&mwGiftajccHtm;jzifh b@ma&;½Iaxmifhu avhvmMuygonf/
2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
2
vkyfief;pDrHudef;\ oufwrf;wavQmufvHk;
twGuf ESpftvkdufukefusp&dwfrsm;ESifh ESpftvdkuf
&&SdaomtusdK;tjrwf odkYr[kwf 0ifaiGrsm;udk aiGom;
pD;qif;rI (Cash Flow) &&Sdatmif wGufcsufjyKpkí
vkyfief;pDrHudef;pdppfoHk;oyf&ef wdkif;wmcsufrsm;
(Criteria) qufvuf wGufcsuf &ygonf/
xdkodkYaom b@ma&;½Ia'gifht& &if;ESD;jr§Kyf
ESHrIpdppfoHk;oyf&ef wdkif;wmcsufac: tnTef;udef;rsm;
wGufcsuf&mwGif ]]aiGaMu;\ umvtvdkufwefzdk;
t,ltqudk vufcHxm;&ygonf/ aiGaMu;\ umv
tvdkuf wefzdk;t,ltqqdkonfrSm ,aeYrdrdvuf0,f
&Sdaeaom usyfwpfodef; ESifh aemifESpfaemifumvrsm;
wGif &&SdvmrnfhaiGusyfwpfodef;wefzdk;jcif;rwlnD
Edkifonfh t,ltq [k½dk;&Sif;pGmajymEdkifygonf/
a,bl,stm;jzifh ,aeYvuf0,f&S daom
usyfwpfodef;onf aemifE Sp fwGif&&S drnf h usyf
wpfodef;xuf wefzdk;BuD;onf[krSwf,lMuygonf/
tcsdefumvajymif;vJvmonfhtavsmuf aiGaMu;
wefzdk;onf ajymif;vJvmonfhtcsufudkxnfhoGif;
pOf;pm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf/
pma&;olwdkY vkyfief;pDrHudef;pdppfoHk;oyf
csufESif h ywfoufonfhoifwef;rsm;wufa&muf
&wdkif; oifjyolq&mrsm;u aiGaMu;\umvtvdkuf
wefzdk;taMumif;udk pwifoifMum;&mwGif “A bird in hand is worth two in the bush” [laom pum;yHkESifh
pwifed'gef;ysdK;ygonf/ qdkvdkonfrSm ]]vufxJuiSuf
wpfaumifonf csHKykwfxJuiSufESpfaumifwefzdk;
avmuf&Sdonf}} [l\/ jrefrmqdk½d k;xJwGifvnf;
]]aemifcgvm? aemifcgaps;}} [lí aemifumvtwGuf
aps;onf tckaps;ESifh rwlEdkifaMumif; today;xm;
NyD;jzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh aiGaMu;\umvtvdkufwefzdk;
t,ltqt& atmufygtajctaeudk vufcH&
ygonf/
( 1 ) usyfwpfodef; ≠ usyfwpfodef;
(2016) (2017)
,ckESpf 2016 ckESpf&Sd usyfwpfodef;onf
aemifESpf 2017 ckESpfwGif&Sdaom usyfwpfodef;ESifh
wefzdk;rwlnDyg/
(2) usyfwpfodef;>usyfwpfodef;
(2016) (2017)
,ckESpf 2016 ckESpf&Sd usyfwpfodef;onf
aemifESpf 2017 ckESpfwGif&Sdaom usyfwpfodef;xuf
wefzdk;BuD;\/
rnfonfhaMumifh tcsdefumvtvdkuf aiGaMu; wefzdk;
ajymif;vJygoenf;/
tcsdefumvtvdkuf aiGaMu;wefzdk;ajymif;
vJvm&jcif;\ taMumif;&if; (4) &yf&Sdygonf/
(1) qHk;½HI;EdkifajcESifh ra&&mrI
(Risk and Uncertainty)aiGaMu;ESifh ywfoufí tem*wfqdkonfrSm
ra&&mraocsmyg? xdk Y jyif aiG&if;ES D;jr§KyfES Hxm;rI
twGufjyef&csufrSmvnf; qHk;½HI;EdkifrItajctaersm;
BuHKawGU&wwfygonf/ qdkMuygpdkY - yHkrSefvnfywfae
onfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfckwGif 0ifaiGESifh ukefus
p&dwf 2 ydkif;wGif ukefusp&dwfbufwGif pepfwus
BuD;MuyfrIjzif h pDpDppfppfoHk;pG J jcif;jzif h xdef;odrf;
Edkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif 0ifaiGydkif;wGif vkyfief;oabm
t&a<u;a&mif;csjcif;aMumifh NrDpm;rsm;xHrS tcsdefrsm;
cGJjcm;í aiGay;acsavh&Sd&m tem*wfumvrsm;wGif
aiGvufcH&&Sdjcif;xuf vufiif;a&mif;csjcif;u ydkrdk
tcGif homaMumif; tm;vHk;todyifjzpfygonf/
xdkYaMumifh tem*wfumvtwGuf aiGvufcH&&Sdrnf
[karQmfrSef;jcif;xuf vuf&SdaiG&&Sdjcif;u qHk;½IH;EdkifrIESifh
ra&&mrIudkavsmYyg;apEdkifygonf/
twJG(3)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
3
(2) aiGaMu;azmif;yGjcif; (Inflation)
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHwGif wpfESpfvQif 8% aiGaMu;
azmif;yGEIef;jzpfonfhtajctaewGif ,ck 2016
ckESpfwGif usyfodef; 100 wefaMu;&Sdaom wdkufcef;
wpfcef;udk0,f,lrnfqdkygu ,aeY aiGaMu;\ 0,fvdk
tm;wefzdk; (Purchasing Power) t& ,aeYyif0,f,l
vdkufonfu taumif;qHk;yifjzpfygonf/ tb,f
aMumifhqd kaomf aiGaMu;azmif;yGrIEIef; 8% t&
aemifESpf 2017 ckESpfwGif usyf 108 odef;cefYjzpfay:
vmrnf jzpfygonf/ ,aeYwGifjzpfay:aom trSef
wu,faiGaMu;\ 0,fvdktm;wefzdk;onf aemifESpf
wGifjzpfay:rnfh wefzdk;xufomaeygonf/
(3) pm;oHk;jcif; (Consumption)
abm*aA'a0g[m& (Consumption) pm;oHk;
jcif;onf rdrdwdkY\tdrfaxmifpktwGuf vkdtyfcsuf
rsm;udk 0,f,lpm;oHk;jcif;tm;vHk;udk umrdygonf/
a,bl,stm;jzifh pm;oHk;olwpfOD;csif;onf rdrdvdk
tyfcsufudkvdktyfaom ,aeYwGif 0,f,ljznfhqnf;
jcif;onf csufcsif;vdktyfcsuf udkjznfhqnf;ay;Edkif
rnfjzpfNyD; tem*wfumvwGifrS 0,f,lpm;oHk;jcif;
xuf omvGefaumif;rGef ygonf/
(4) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItcGifYtvrf;
(Investment Opportunities)tusdK;tjrwfrsm;rsm;&&dSrnfh vkyfief;pDrH
udef;rsdK;udk&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolu tcGifYtvrf;&Sdvmygu
csufjcif;yif &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&ygrnf/ aemifumvrsm;rS
tusdK;tjrwf&&SdvmrnfudkarQmfudk;ae&ef rvdkyg/
(5) bPftwdk;EIef; (Bank Interest Rate)
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;onf &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrItcGifY
tvrf;aumif;rGefrnf[karQmfrSef;umvkyfief; pDrHudef;
wpfcktay:&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHMuygonf/ odkY&mwGif tqdk
yg&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIvkyfief;\ tusdK; tjrwfjyefay:onfh
EIef;xuf tjcm;vkyfief;uaumif;rGefygu tjcm;
vkyfief;udkvnf; pOf;pm;oifhygonf/ tu,fí
aemufqHk;a&G;cs,fxm;aom vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm;\
tusdK;tjrwfjyefay: EIef;onf bPfrSay;onfhtyfaiG
tay: twdk;EIef; 8% cef Yxufyif enf;aeygu
tqdkyg&if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrnfh aiGrsm;udkbPfwGif tyfaiG
tjzpfxm;onfu tenf;qHk;bPfwdk;&aernfrSm
rvGJjzpfygonf/ xdkbPfwdk;onf ESpfxyfwdk;jzifh
ESpfpOf&&SdoGm;rnfjzpfygonf/ aiGaMu;\ tcsdefumv
tvdkufwefzdk;ajymif;vJjcif;onf bPfwdk;&&Sdjcif;
onf xif&Sm;aomom"uyifjzpfygonf/
Componding (ESpfxyfwdk;EIef;enf;)
&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolwpfOD;\ aiG&if;usyfodef; 100
udk wpfESpfvQif 8% twdk;ay;onfh bPfwGiftyfaiG
tjzpfxm; &SdyguESpftvdkufaiG&if;ESifh twdk;(wdk;&if;)
aiGrsm;udk ESpfxyfwdk;ykHaowGufenf;t& atmufyg
twdkif;wGufEdkifygonf/
tem*wfwefzdk; = vufiif;wefzdk; (1+R)t
yxrESpfwdk;&if; = vufiif;wefzdk; x (1+twdk;EIef;)ESpf
= 100 x (1+.08)1
= 100 x 1.08 = 108 odef;
'kwd,ESpfwdk;&if; = t&if;+twdk;
= 100 x (1+0.08)2
= 100 x 1.166 = 116.6 odef;
wwd,ESpfwdk;&if; = t&if;+twdk;
= 100 x (1+0.08)3
= 100 x 1.26 = 126.0 odef;
pwkw¬ESpfwdk;&if; = t&if;+twdk;
= 100 x (1+0.08)4
= 100 x 1.13 = 136 odef;
txufygESpfxyfwdk;ykHaoenf;t& (1+R)tonf t&if;wdk;ajr§mufazmfudef; (Compounding Factor)jzpfygonf/
,aeYtyfaiG(vufiif;aiG)rsm;udk bPfrS
2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
4
ESpfxyfwdk;enf;(Compounding interest rate) t&
wdk;&if;aiG(tem*wfaiG)ud k bPfaiGpkpmtkyfü
xnfhay;&mwGif ESpfpu odef; 100 tyfESHxm; &mrS
yxrESpfwGif usyf 108 odef;? 'kwd,ESpfwGif usyf
116.6 odef;? wwd,ESpfwGif usyf 126 odef;ESifh
pwkw¬ESpfwGifusyf 136 odef;toD;oD;&&Sdrnfjzpf
ygonf/
Discounting (t&if;avsmhEIef;enf;)
tem*wfaiG (Future Value) toD;oD;udk
vufiif;aiGrsm;(Present Value) jzpfvmap&ef tjyef
tvSef(Reverse) tm;jzif h t&if;avQmhEIef;enf;
(Discounting) t& atmufygykHaoenf;jzifhwGuf,l
Edkifygonf/
vufiif;wefzdk; = tem*wfwefzdk; 1
(Present Value) (Future Value) (1+R)t
yxrESpfvufiif;wefzdk; = 100 x 1 = 92.6 odef;
(1.08)1
'kwd,ESpfvufiif;wefzdk; = 100 x 1 = 85.7 odef;
(1.08)2
wwd,ESpfvufiif;wefzdk; = 100 x 1 = 79.4 odef;
(1.08)3
pwkw¬ESpfvufiif;wefzdk; = 100 x 1 = 73.8 odef;
(1.08)4
yxrESpfqHk;? 'kwd,ESpfqHk;? wwd,ESpfqHk;ESifh
pwkw¬ESpfqHk;toD;oD;wGif usyf odef;100 pDwefzdk;aiG
rsm;udk ESpftvdkuft&if;avsmhEIef;ajr§mufazmfudef;
rsm;jzifh ajr§mufjcif;tm;jzifh vufiif; wefzdk;toD;oD;
udk&&Sdygonf/ txufygwGufcsufyHkt& yxrESpf
wefzdk;onf 92.6 odef;? 'kwd,ESpfwefzdk;onf 85.7
odef;? wwd,ESpfwefzdk;onf 79.4 odef;ESifh pwkw¬
ESpfwefzdk; onf 73.8 odef;toD;oD;avsmhusoGm;
aMumif; awGU&Sd&ygonf/
txufygt&if;avsmhEIef;ykHaoenf;t& x 1/(1.08)t odkYr[kwf (1+r)-t onf t&if;avsmh
ajr§mufazmfudef; (Discounting Factor) jzpfygonf/
tcsKyfqdk&ygu tem*wfumv\ wefzdk;
odkYr[kwf ESpftvdkufaiGaMu;wefzdk;rsm;udk ,aeYwefzdk;
odk Yr[kwf vufiif;wefzd k;odk Y toD;oD;ajymif;vJ
wGufcsuf&eftwGuf tqdkygESpftvdkufaiGaMu;
wefzdk;rsm;udk t&if;avsmhEIef;ajr§mufazmfudef;rsm; jzifh
ajr§muf,l&ygrnf/
xdkodkYaiGaMu;\umvtvdkuf wefzdk;,lq
csufudkvufcHum vkyfief;pDrHudef;rsm;\ aiGom;pD;
qif;rI (Cash Flow)tay: t&if;avsmhEIef;ajr§muf
azmfudef; (Discounting Factor) udktokH;jyKí vkyfief;
pDrHudef;okH;oyfonfhenf;vrf;rsm;jzpfaom tom;
wifvufiif;wefzdk; (Net Present Value NPV) ESifh
t&if;tEDS;\ tusdK;tjrwfjyefay:EIef; (Internal Rate of Return IRR)wdkYudk qufvufwGufcsuf&ygonf/
odkYjzpfygí&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHolrsm;\ vkyfief;pDrH
udef;rsm;tay: &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&mwGifvnf;aumif;?
aiGaMu;aps;uGufwGif pawmh&S,f,mrsm; 0,f,l&if;
ESD;&mwGifvnf;aumif;? rdrdwdkY\ aiGt&if;tESD;rsm;
tay:qkH;½IH;rItenf;qkH;jzpfatmif pDrHcefYcGJEdkif&ef
twGuf aiGaMu;\ umvtvdkufwefzdk; t,ltqudk
aocsmpGmem;vnf&ef vdktyfygonf/
5
ar;(1) ,ck&ufydkif;rSm jrefrmEdkifiH&if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&SifeJY
pyfvsOf;NyD; owif;pmawGrSm zwf&awmh? odcsifvmw,f? b,fvdktzGJU
tpnf;vJ? b,fwkef;uay:vmvJ? bmawGvkyfwmvJ? b,folawG
wm0ef,lwmygvJ/
ajz(1) jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif \ MYANMAR INVESTMENT COMMISSION (MIC) qdkwm jynfwGif;ESifh jynfyrS
vma&muf &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHwJh vkyfief;awGtwGuf cGifhjyKrdefY PERMIT xkwfay;
wJh tzGJUtpnf;wpfckjzpfygw,f/
]]jrefrmEdkifiHrSm 1988 ckESpf EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD; jr§KyfESHSHrIOya'jy|mef;
cJhygw,f? tJ'DtcsdefrSm EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sif FOREIGN INVESTMENT COMMISSION (FIC) pwif zGJUpnf;cJhygw,f? FIC Ouú|u pDrHudef;ESifh b@ma&;0efBuD;Xme0efBuD; AdkvfrSL;csKyf atb,fvf
jzpfygw,f? tzGJU0ifrsm;u pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m0efBuD;Xme 0efBuD;rsm; jzpfyg
w,f/ twGif;a&;rSL;u pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;OD;pD;Xme ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyf
a':cdkifcdkifjzpfygw,f? FIC &JU ½kH;vkyfief;awGudk pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;OD;pD;Xme
&if;ESD; jr§KyfESHrIu@rS 0efxrf;rsm;u aqmif&Guf&ygw,f/
2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
6
- 1994 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHom;rsm; &if;ESD; jr§KyfESH
rI Oya'jy|mef;vdkufwJhtcsdef rSm FIC tpm; MIC qdk
wm ay:vmygw,f? MIC Ouú|u 'kwd, 0efBuD;csKyf
'kwd, AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armifarmifcif(a&)? 'kwd,Ouú|u
'kwd,AdkvfcsKyfBuD; wifxGef;(av)? twGif;a&;rSL;u
AdkvfrSL;csKyfatb,fvf (Munf;? pDrH? pD;yGm;0efBuD;) ESifh
wGJbuftwGif;a&;rSL;u a':cdkifcdkif (ñTefMum;a&;rSL;
csKyf? pDrHudef;) wdkYjzpfygw,f? MIC &JU½kH;vkyfief;awG
aqmif&GufzdkY &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIESifh ukrÜPDrsm; ñTefMum;rI
OD;pD;Xme DIRECTORATE OF INVEST-MENT AND
COMPANY ADMINISTRAT ION (D ICA)
ay:vmygw,f? tJ'D DICAudk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI qdkif&m
rsm;aqmif&Guf&ef pDrHudef;a&;qGJa&;OD;pD;XmerS
0efxrf;rsm;eJY ukrÜPDrSwf ykHwifqdkif&m rsm;aqmif&Guf
&ef ukefoG,f a&;OD;pD; XmerS 0efxrf; rsm;eJY zGJUpnf;cJhyg
w,f? DICA &JU yxrOD;qkH; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;csKyfu
OD;atmifjrifh (pdppfwdk;) PAPRD DG jzpfygw,f/
]]aemufydkif; DG awGuawmh OD;armifarmif&D
(ukefoG,fa&;) ? a':od*Ðwif (ukefoG,fa&;)? OD;cifpdk;
(Munf;) ? OD;at;udk (pdppfwdk;pDrH? pD;yGm;)eJY OD;atmifEdkifOD;
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OD;aomif; (Munf;? MIC ? owåKwGif;? odyÜHenf;ynm?
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ckESpf rwfvtxd wGJbuf twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efxrf;wJh
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aemufydkif; pDrH^pD;yGm;0efBuD;rsm;uawmh OD;wifEdkif
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wuúodkvf) wdkYjzpfygw,f/
ar;(2) MIC ? MNPED ? DICA w d k Y
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2012) MCIL (1994? 2013) qdkwmawGu bmuGm
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ta[mif;rsm;rSm ueOD;ESpf 30 eJY 5 ESpf okH;Budrf wdk;jr§ifh
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jcif;[m vkyfief;obm0eJY tcGif hta&;vdkcsifwJh
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pOfqufrjywf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI&SdrS wdkif;jynfzGHY NzdK;wdk;wufrI&ygw,f/
2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
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qdk&if EdkifiHawmf&JU o,HZmwawGokH;r,f/
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ukrÜPDaxmifNyD; ouffqdkif&mXmeaxmufcHcsufeJY
vkyfEdkifygw,f? EdkifiHjcm;ukrÜPDudkawmh ukefoG,fa&;
vkyfief;oufoufudkcGif hrjyKyg? jrefrmEd kifiHom;
ukrÜPDtaeeJY EdkifiHawmfuom aqmif&GufcGifh&SdwJh
vkyfief;awGvkyfr,fqdk&if MIC wif&ygr,f? Oyrm
(vrf; B.O. T ? qdyfurf; B.O.T ? avaMumif; ?
ydkYaqmifa&;--------)
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aom pufypönf;rsm;twGuf tcGeftaumufuif;
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- taumufcGefuif;vGwfcGif h? ray;aom
vkyfief;rsm;? 0ifaiGcGefuif;vGwfcGifh ray;aom vkyf
ief;rsm;udk MIC u trdefYaMumfjimpm xkwfjyefxm;
ygw,f/
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tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhawGay;xm;wmvJ? EdkifiHtwGuf
b,fvdktusKd;aus;Zl;awG&SdvdkYay;wmygvJ ¿
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qufrjywf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI&SdrS wdkif;jynfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf
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cGifhumvaemufydkif;rSm EdkifiHawmfrS tcGefrsm;wdk;
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jcm;om;u ajr0,fcGifhr&Sdyg? ajriSm;&rf; cGifhom&Sd
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9
ajrydkifolu ajrpdkuf? ukrÜPDu aiGpdkufNyD;
vkyfief;vkyfwmyg? iSm;&rf;umvukefqkH;ygu ajriSm;
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ajrwefzdk;ESifh ajriSm;c LUP wdkYudkcsdefqNyD; owfrSwf
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B.O.T pepfeJYvkyfwmyg? ajrydkifolXmeu iSm;&rf;vdk
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tcGefuif;vGwfcGifh&wJh umvudpöqufpyfw,fvdkY
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wnfaqmufa&;umvwdk;jr§ifhoGm;ygu pD;yGm;jzpfae
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rnfhtcGefeJY tvkyftudkif&&SdrIrsm;avsmhenf; aemuf
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twGuf tvkyftudkifrsm; cefYxm;rSm jzpfygw,f?
'gaMumifh MIC PERMIT &wJhESpfrSmyJ tvkyftudkif
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tqdkjyKvTmyg vkyfom;tiftm;tjynfhcefYxm;MurSm
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jr§KyfESHrIwdk;jcif;aMumifh wifoGif;wJh pufypönf;rsm;
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ajz(11) vkyfief;wdk;csJUw,fqdkwmu rlv
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rsm;xyfrHwifoGif;wyfqifjcif;? tvkyform;rsm;wdk;
jr§ifhcefYxm;jcif;? xkwfvkyfrI 0efaqmifrI wdk;jr§ifhjcif;
jzpfygurlv MIC PERMIT rSmyJ &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIwdk;jr§ifh
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0ifaiGcGefuif;vGwfcGifheJY ukefMurf;wifoGif;cGifhwdkYu
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w,f/
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Edkifygw,f? bmaMumifhvJ qdkawmhvkyfief;&if;ESD;jr§Kyf
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MIC PERMIT &Edkifygw,f? vkyfief;tvdkuf oD;jcm;
pm&if;xm;&ygr,f? tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhudk oD;jcm;
pOf;pm;ygr,f? Oyrm-rEÅav; SEDONA ; &efukef
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10
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enf;vrf;aumif;rsm; usihfokH;jcif;jzihf <u,f0csrf;omrI? vlom;wdkYtwGuf
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vlYabmiftzGJUtpnf;(Society) ? EdkifiHawmf\pD;yGm;
a&;taqmufttkH(Economy) ESihf obm0ywf0ef;
usif þokH;&yfwdkY\ vdktyfrIrsm;udk csdefnd§ay;Edkifrnhf
zGHUNzdK;rIenf;AsL[monf om a&&SnfzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk
azmfaqmifEdkifrnf jzpfygonf/
EdkifiH\ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIudk BudK;yrf;aqmif
&Guf&mwGif ta&;ygaom rjzpfrae aqmif&Gufoihf
aom odk Yaomf vspfvsL½IcHae&aom udpö&yfrsm;
usef&pfraeapa&; ? wpfygwnf;aqmif&Gufyg&Sda&;
twGuf 1990 ckESpfrsm;rS pí urÇmvkH;qdkif&m rl0g'
rsm;? rlabmifrsm; csrSwf&mwGif tav;xm; xnhfoGif;
vmMuNyD; ,if;udpö&yfudk zGHUNzdK;rI acwfa&pD;aMumif;wGif
yg0ifa&;(Mainstreaming) [laom a0g[m&jzih f
okH;pGJvmMuygonf/ Oyrm -
Mainstreaming gender in developmentusm;^r wef;wlnDrQrI tcGihfta&;rsm; zGHUNzdK;
rIacwfa&pD;aMumif;ESihf twl vdkufygwdk;wufa&;
Mainstreaming environment in development obm0ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;apmihf a&Smuf
a&;vkyfief;rsm; zGHUNzdK;rIacwfa&pD;aMumif;ESihftwl
vdkufygwdk;wufa&;
,Ofaus;rI? EdkifiHa&; ponfwdkYonf acwfa&
pD;aMumif;E Si h ftwl ajymif;vJwwfMuygonf/
ajymif;vJvmonhf acwfa&pD;aMumif;ESihftrD &Sifoef
Mu&onfom jzpfygonf/ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIwGif acwf
a&pD;aMumif;trD vdkufyg&Sifoefa&; (Main streaming something into development) qdkonfrSm zGHUNzdK;wdk;
wufrIudk ydkrdk aumif;rGefatmif aqmif&Gufjcif; doing development better jzpfygonf/ ydkrdk aumif;rGefatmif
aqmif&Gufjcif;[kqdk&mwGif zGHUNzdK;rIpDrHudef;rsm; ? zGHUNzdK;
rItpDtpOfrsm;udk pwifazmfxkwfowfrSwfonfrS
taumiftxnfazmfonftxd? jyefvnftuJjzwf
okH;oyfonftxd ydkrdkt&nftaoG;aumif;onhf pOf;
pm;qkH;jzwfrIrsm;jzihf xnhfoGif; aygif;pyfaqmif&Guf
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EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS
BudK;pm;yrf;pm; aqmif&GufaecsdefwGif BudK;yrf;&&Sd
xm;onhf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIrsm; avsmhyg;roGm;apa&;
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obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;u zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
udk avsmhyg;apEdkifygonf/ ,ckESpf 2015 ckESpfwGif
jzpfay:onhf jyif;xefaom t,feDndK&moDOwkaMumihf
urÇmwpf0ef; vloef; 60 cefYxdcdkufcHpm;cJhMu&aMumif;?
jyif;xefaomrdk;acgifrI ? tylcsdefvGefuJrI? rdk;rsm;rI ?
a&BuD;rI ? a&vQHrIrsm;jzpfay:cJhaMumif; ,if;qdk;usKd;
rsm;aMumihf tpm;tpmrzlvkHrI? tm[m&csKdUwJhrI ?
a&&Sm;yg;rI? a&m*gjzpfyGm;rIrsm; jzpfay:EdkifaMumif;
urÇmhusef;rma&;tzGJUrS tpD&ifcHxm;ygonf/ þ
obm0ab;rsm;aMumihf urÇmhEdkifiHrsm;wGif zGHUNzdK;wdk;
wufrIaESmihfaES;oGm;rnfjzpf&m zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIa&pD;
aMumif;wGif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,favsmhyg;a&;ESihf
&moDOwkajymif;vJrIESihf vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sdapa&;
wdkYudk (main streaming DRR/CCA into development)
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pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
12
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obm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;u zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
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wdk;wufrI vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&GufrI csKdUwJhjcif;? rjynhf
rpkHtm;enf;jcif;u obm0ab;EÅ&m,fudk zdwfac:
&ma&mufygonf/ wpfzufwGifvnf; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI
aMumihf obm0ab;tEÅ&m,ftopfrsm;udk jzpfay:
apEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumihf zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; aqmif&Guf
Mu&mwGif obm0ab;tEÅ&m,favsmhyg;a&; pDrHudef;
wdkif;? tpDtpOfwdkif;? vkyfief;&yfwpfckcsif;wdkif;udk
aphpyfaocsmpGm qef;ppfrI jyKvkyfjyD; jzpfyGm;wwfaom
obm0ab; tEÅ&m,frsm; avsmhyg;a&;omru
obm0ab;teÅ&m,ftopfrsm; rjzpfay:Edkifap&ef?
jzpfay:Ed kifajctvm;tvmtedrf hqk H; jzpfap&ef
&nfrSef; aqmif&Guf &rnfjzpfygonf/ obm0ab;ESihf
&moDOwkajymif;vJrIwdk YaMumihf jzpfay:Edkifonhf
*,uf½dkufcwfrIrsm;udk BudKwifpdppfxm;&ef vdktyfyg
onf/ ta&;BuD;a'owdkif;? u@wdkif;? tqihfwdkif;
wGif pdppf&ygrnf/ pDrHudef;ykHpH pwifonfrSpí csrSwf
xm;onhf zG H U Nz d K;r Ip Dr Hudef;vkyfief;wd ki f;tay:
taumiftxnfazmfrI? pdppfBuD;MuyfrI? tuJjzwf
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aqmif&Guf &ygrnf/
EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; aqmif&Guf&mwGif
obm0ab; tEÅ&m,favsmhyg;a&; (Disaster Risk Reduction DRR) ESi f h &moDOwkajymif;vJr IE Si f h
vdkufavsmnDaxG&Sda&; (Climate Change Adaptability CCA) udpö&yfrsm;udk aygif;pnf;aqmif&Guf&mwGif
&&S d Ny D;z G H U Nz d K;wd k ;wufrIrsm;ud k umuG,fEd ki fp Gr f;
wdk;wuf&efESifh zGHUNzdK;rIaMumifh jynfolrsm; obm0ab;
xdcdkufcHpm;rI wdk;yGm;rjzpfay:&ef &nf&G,fcsuf (2)
&yfjzifh aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfygonf/
obm0ab;rusa&mufrD BudKwifjyifqif
jcif;? BudKwifumuG,fjcif;ponfh obm0ab;
tEÅ&m,f avsmhyg;a&; (Reduction) vkyfief;rsm;?
toifhjyifqif xm;a&; (Readiness) vkyfief;rsm;?
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jyefvnfwnf aqmufa&; (Recovery) vkyfief;rsm;jzifh
obm0ab; tEÅ&m,fqd kif&m pDrHcef YcG JrIrsm;ud k
aqmif&Guf&yg onf/ ab;'PfcHEdkifonfh &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
pDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJEdkif&ef ukvor*¾tjynfjynfqdkif&m
obm0 ab;tEÅ&m,f avsmhyg;a&;r[mAsL[mtzGJU
(UNISDR) u OD;aqmifulnD aqmif&Gufay;vsuf
&Sdygonf/
jrefrmEdkifiHtaejzifh&&SdjyD; EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;rI t&Sdef
t[kefudktumtuG,fay;Edkif&efESifh ydkrdkab;uif;
vkHNcHKíobm0ab;tEÅ&m,frsm;rS cHEdkif&nf&Sdonfh
EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH jzpfvmap&ef &nfrSef;csuf csrSwfxm;NyD;
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fqdkif&m pDrHcefYcG JrIOya'udk
jy|mef;xm;NyD;jzpfonf/ trsK d;om;obm0ab;
umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&; A[dkaumfrwD? pDrHcefYcGJrIvkyf
ief;aumfrwDESifh vkyfief;qdkif&m qyfaumfrwD(11)ck
wdkYudkzGJUpnf;NyD; NrdKUe,ftqifh &yfuGufaus;&Gm tqifh
txd obm0ab;tEÅ&m,f umuG,fapmifha&Smufa&;
tzGJUrsm;jzifh aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdygonf/
zGHUNzdK;rIpDrHudef;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif ab;
'PfcHEd kifonfh &if;ES D;jr§KyfES HrIpDrHudef;rsm; a&;qGJ
aqmif&Guf&efESifh jynfolvlxkobm0ab; &ifqdkif
wkefYjyefEdkifpGrf;&Sd&ef txl;ta&;BuD;ygonf/ jynfol
vlxkobm0ab;&ifqdkifwkef Y jyefEd kifa&;twGuf
aus;vufzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&; ? vlrIumuG,fapmifha&Smuf
a&;? ywf0ef;usif xdef;odrf;a&;ESifh opfawma&;&m
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zGHUNzdK;a&; (Urban Development)?obm0ab; BudKwif
jyifqifjcif;? wkefYjyefjcif;ESifh ,cifxufydkrdkaumif;
rGefatmif jyefvnfwnfaqmufjcif; (Preparedness, Response, Building back better) vkyfief;rsm; aqmif
&Guf&ygonf/
xdkYtjyif obm0ab;jzpfay:Edkifajc tvm;
twJG(3)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
13
tvmcefYrSef; okH;oyfrIESifh BudKwif owday;rI pepfrsm;
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tcsuftvufrsm; t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;&ef vdktyf
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jynfhpkH&efESifh uRrf;usifwwfajrmuf&ef vdktyfygonf/
ysufpD;rIpm&if; tcsuftvufrsm;omru qkH;½IH;rI
yrmP loss assessment wGufcsufcefYrSef;&ef pm&if;
rsm;jynfhpkHpGm&&Sd&efESifh uRrf;usifynm&Sifrsm; arG;xkwf
&ef vdktyfygonf/
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fESifh &moDOwk ajymif;
vJrIudk pdefac:rItoGifrS EdkifiHzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufaprnfh
tcGifhtvrf;aumif;tjzpf toGifajymif; zefwD;Edkif
ygonf/ zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrI vkyfief;rsm;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh
obm0ab;aMumifh jynfolwdkYxdcdkufepfemrI jzpfay:
jcif;udk avQmhcsEd kifouJhod k Y obm0ab;twGuf
aqmif&Gufaom zGHUNzdK;rIvkyfief;rsm;uvnf; zGHUNzdK;rI
tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk zefwD;&&SdapEdkifygonf/
obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fumuG,fa&;ESi f h
&moDOwk ajymif;vJrIESifh vdkufavsm nDaxG&Sdapa&;
vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh jynfolwdkY\ touf
tdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfrsm;ESifh EdkifiHawmf\ pD;yGm;a&; zGHUNzdK;
wdk;wufrIt[efYtwm;rsm;udk umuG,fEdkifonfh
tjyif u,fq,fa&;ESifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&; tokH;
p&dwfrsm; avsmhenf;oGm;apEdkifrnf jzpfyg onf/
BudKwifumuG,fa&;ESihf acwfrDenf;pepf
useaom jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif
&Gufjcif;jzihf ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom vlaerIb0rsm;&&Sd
EdkifNyD; pD;yGm;a&;zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufrIEIef;ydkrdkjrihfrm;vm
EdkifaMumif;? odkYjzpfí zGHUNzdK;rIacwfa& pD;aMumif;wGif
obm0ab; avsmhyg;a&; vkyfief;rsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wuf&ef
wpfygwnf; aygif;pnf; aqmif&Gufjcif;jzihf ydkrdkaumif;
rGefaom obm0ywf0ef;usifaumif;rsm; xlaxmif
Edkifrnf jzpfygonf/
,cifu obm0ab;'Pf cHEdkif&nfr&Sdaom
taqmuftOD;rsm;? pepfusrIr&SdcJhaom NrdKUjywnf
aqmufrIrsm;udk Building back better ydkrdkpepfuspGmjzifh
obm0ab;'PfcHEdkifonfh taqmuftOD;rsm;? puf½Hk
tvkyf½kHrsm; wnfaqmufjcif;jzifh pD;yGm;a&;udk t[efY
twm;rjzpfapbJ ydkrdkzGHUNzdK;wdk;wufvmEdkifygonf/
obm0ab;aMumifh &&SdvmEdkifonfh b@ma&;ESifh
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wGef;tm;ay; t&Sdeft[kefjr§ifhwifaqmif&GufvmEdkif
rnfjzpfojzifh obm0ab;? &moDOwkab; pdefac:rI
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vkyfief;rsm; pepfuspGm wnfaqmufEdkifrnfh tcGifh
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obm0ab;jzpfay:Ed kifajc tvm;tvmcef YrSef;
okH;oyfrIESifh BudKwifowday;rIpepfrsm; ydkrdkwdk;wuf
&ef? obm0ab;tEÅ&m,fqdkif&m owif;tcsuf
tvufrsm; t&nftaoG;jrifhrm;&ef vdktyf
Disaterscan set
back development
Development canincrease
vulnerability
Development cancan reduce
vulnerability
Disaterscan crate
developmentopportunities
14
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taqmufttkHrsm;aMumifhvnf;aumif;? Oy"d½kyf
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taqmufttkHrsm;udk topfaqmufvkyfjcif;? jyKjyif
jcif;? xdef;odrf;jcif;rsm;udk aqmif&Gufvsuf &Sdygonf/
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2 u,m; 391 425 34
3 u&if 1340 1604 264
4 csif; 1183 1329 146
5 ppfudkif; 4622 5144 522
6 weoFm&D 1142 1251 109
7 yJcl; 4494 4708 214
8 rauG; 3974 4156 182
9 reÅav; 4515 4793 278
10 rGef 1401 1464 63
11 &cdkif 2722 2956 234
12 &efukef 2695 2732 37
13 &Srf; 4699 5613 914
14 {&m0wD 6469 6767 298
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pOf taMumif;t&m 2010-112014-15
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2 tv,fwef;ausmif; 3035 4860 1825
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2010-2011 ynmoifESpfESifh 2014-2015
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2 tv,fwef;jy 62122 78937 16815
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3 u&if 7388 9443 2055
4 csif; 4819 7354 2535
5 ppfudkif; 31557 46011 14454
6 weoFm&D 7920 11754 3834
7 yJcl; 30465 34080 3615
8 ruGa; 23842 31780 7938
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12 &efukef 33101 35147 2046
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14 {&m0wD 33994 47854 13860
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pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
17
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18
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20
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24
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ay;w,f/ oifwef;awGay;w,f/ or*¾awGeJYtpdk;&eJY
yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufw,f/ tpdk;&&JU vlrIa&; ukefus
p&dwfawGoufomatmif tem*wf&HykHaiGpkaqmif;
rIrSm vlwdkif;yg0ifvmatmif wGef;tm;ay;w,f/
bwf*sufvdkaiGrjzpfatmif vkyfcpepfudk jyifw,f/
,SOfNydKifrIudktm;ay;w,f/ EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIqGJ
aqmifw,f/ ukrÜPDawGeJY vlyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;csif;udk
tcGefaiGay;vmatmif aqmif&Gufw,f/
'DaeYuRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHrSm 0efxrf;awG tdrf&m
awGydkifNyDvm;? yifpif,l&if aep&mtdrf&mtwGuf
tyltyifuif;NyDvm;? emrusef;jzpf&if&J0HhpGmaq;
cef;oGm;jy&JMuNyDvm;? uav;ausmif;p&dwftwGuf
pdk;&drfaomu uif;jyDvm;/ omreftvkyform;awG
rajymeJY tpdk;&0efxrf;rsm;yif aq;½kHaq;cef;oGm;&rSm
aMumufae&/ yifpif,l&if aep&mr&Sd/ uav; a&SUa&;
aemufa&; rnfonf htpDtpOfrQr&S donfh tajc
taeudk uRefawmfwdkY rnfodkYaqmif&GufMurnfenf;/
vkyfp&mwpfckwnf;&Sdonf/ tpdk;&u OD;aqmifí
tem*wf &HykHaiGtpDtpOfrsm;udk pepfwusxm;&Sd
aqmif&Gufjcif;rSwpfyg; tjcm;r&SdNyD[k ,kHMunf&if;
jzifhpuFmylEdkifiH\tem*wf&HykHaiGtpDtpOf tawGU
tBuHKrsm;udk a&;om;wifjyvdkufygonf/
&nfñTef; -
1. Chew Soon Beng : Central Provident Fund Scheme in Singapore, Nanyan Technological University.
2. Andrew Mckay: Defining and Measuring Inequality, Overseas Developing Institute and University of Nottingham, 2002.
28
pD;yGm;a&;ESihful;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;qkdif&m
umuG,frItpDtrHrsm; (Commercial defence measures) qkdonfrSm jynfyvkyfief;rsm; rdrdEkdifiHwGif;odk Y 0if
a&mufvkyfudkifvmjcif;aMumihfjzpfap? jynfyEkdifiHrsm;
uxkwfvkyfaomukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm;ukd rdrd
EkdifiHtwGif;odkY (oGif;ukef) wifoGif;aomaMumifhjzpf
ap rdrdEkdifiH\ jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;tm;
vnf;aumif;? oufEkpufrIvkyfief;rsm; (Infant in dustries) tm;vnf;aumif;? rdrdEkdifiHom;rsm;\ tvkyf
tudkif&&SdrI (Employment) udkvnf;aumif;? tenf;
ESihftrsm;xdcdkufepfemrIrsm;? Ncdrf;ajcmuftEÅ&m,fjyKrI
rsm;ESihf rrQwaom (w&m;enf;vrf;rusaom) NydKif
qkdifrIrsm; (Unfair Competitions) jzpfay:apEkdifaom
aMumif h tqkdygxdcd kufepfemrIrsm;? Ncdrf;ajcmuf
tEÅ&m,fjyKrIrsm;ESihf roefY&Sif;aom NydKifqkdifrIrsm; rdrd
EkdifiH\ vkyfief;rsm;tay:odkYvnf;aumif;? rdrdEkdifiH
om;rsm;tay:odkYvnf;aumif; usa&muf&ifqkdif&
rnfhtaetxm;rS umuG,fay;onfh tpDtrHrsm;cs
rSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfonf/ þtpDtrHrsm;onf rdrd
EkdifiH\ vkyfief;rsm;ESihf EkdifiHom;rsm;&ifqkdif&rnfh xd
cdkufepfemrIrsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;onfh vkyf
aqmifcsufrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; ukefoG,frIvkyfief;pOf
tay:wdkuf½dkufjzpfap? oG,f0dkufíjzpfap twm;t
qD;jzpfapaomaMumihf ,if;wdkYukd ukefoG,frIt[efY
twm;rsm; (Trade barriers) odkYr[kwf ukefoG,frIuefY
owfcsufrsm; (Trade restrictions) tjzpf pD;yGm;a&;ynm
twJG(3)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
29
&Sifrsm;uvufcH,lqxm;onf/ rdrdEkdifiH jyifqif
aqmif&Gufoihfaom Commercial defence measure rsm; tjzpfvkyfief;tpDtrH 4 rsKd;udk awGU&Sd&ygonf-
(u) wefjyeftpDtrHrsm; (Countervailing measures)(c) umuG,frItpDtrHrsm; (Safeguard measures(*) pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif;udkwdkufzsufonfh tpDtrH
rsm; (Anti-dumping measures)(C) trdefYjy|mef;aom tpDtrHrsm; (Mandatory
measures)Commercial Defence Measure rsm;ESihfywfouf
aom taMumif;t&mwpfckcsif;\ tcef;u@udkwif
jy&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfaprnfh OD;pGmavhvmod&Sd
xm;oihfaom tajccHrl 4 rsKd;&Sdygonf/ wpfenf;tm;
jzihf urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJU\ tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;rjzpfr
aevdkufemusihfoHk;&rnfh urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJU\
tajccHrlrsm; (Basic Principles of WTO) yifjzpfonf/
tqkdygtajccHrl 4 rsKd;&Sdonf-
(1) rcGJjcm;a&;rl (odkY) trsKd;om;a&; vkyfaqmifcsuf
tajccHrl (Principle of national treatment)(2) tcGifhta&;tay;qHk;EkdifiHtajccHrl
(Most-favored nation principle)(3) ta&twGuf uefYowfcsufrsm;tajccHrl
(Principle of quantitative restrictions)(4) uefYowftaumufcGefEIef;xm;rsm;
tajccHrl (Principle of bound rates)
(1) rcGJjcm;a&;rl (odkY) trsKd;om;a&;vkyfaqmifcsuf
tajccHrl
EkdifiHwpfEk difiHtaejzihf rdrdxkwfukefESih f
jynfyxkwfukefwkdYtMum; rcGJjcm;oihfaomrljzpfonf/
rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmaom ukefpnf(oGif;
ukef)rsm;tay:wGif rdrdE k di fi Huxkwfvkyfaom
ukefpnfrsm;tay:jyKrlouJhodkY wlnDaom trsKd;om;
a&;vkyfaqmifcsuf (Same national treatment) ay;&
rnfjzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf rdrdEdkifiHe,fedrdwft
wGif;a&muf&Sdvmaom EkdifiH jcm;om;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;
tm; rdrdEkdifiHom;vkyfief;&Sifrsm;tay: jyKrlaqmif&Guf
onfhOya'? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;twkdif; (wef;wl)
usifhoHk;aqmif&Guf&onfh tajccHrljzpfonf/ cGJjcm;
qufqHjcif;rjyKoihfay/ rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; wdkif;&if;om;
vkyfief;rsm;u xkwfvkyfaom xkwfukeftay:wGif
jzpfap? rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;üyif jynfyvkyfief;uxkwfvkyf
aom xkwfukeftay:wGifjzpfap wlnDaom tcGefEIef;
xm;rsm;aumufcHonfh Internal tax pepfjzpfonf/
jynfyrS rdrdEdkifiHtwGif; wifoGif;vmaom products (oGif;ukefrsm;) tay:wGif Oya'? pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;
rsm;owfrSwfxm;&SdNyD; tqkdyg oGif;ukefrsm;tay:wGif
a&mif;cGef (sale tax) ESifh ,pfrsKd;cGef (excise tax) wdkYudk
aumufcHEkdifonf/ EkdifiHwpfEkdifiH\ e,fedrdwftwGif;
(jynfwGif;) üomvQif toHk;jyKEkdifaomrljzpfygonf/
þtajccHrlusihfoHk;jcif;udk WTO tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;u
vdkufemusihfoHk;&ygrnf/
(2) tcGifhta&;tay;qHk;EkdifiH tajccHrl
rdrdEdkifiHwGif usihfoHk;aom vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;
twkdif; odkYr[kwf rdrdEkdifiH&&Sdaom tcGifhta&;rsm;
twkdif; urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJU\ useftzGJU0ifEkdifiH
tm;vHk;udkvnf; wlnDaom tcGifhta&; (vkyfaqmif
csuf)ay;&onfh tajccHrljzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;
jzihf rdrdEkdifiHu WTO tzGJU0ifEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHodkY txl;
tcGifhta&;ay;ygu usef WTO tzGJU0if 148 EkdifiH
udkvnf; tvm;wltcGifhta&;ay;&rnfjzpfygonf/
þtajccHrludk WTO tzGJU0ifEkdifiHtm;vHk;u vkdufem
usihfoHk;&ygrnf/
(3) ta&twGufuefYowfcsufrsm; tajccHrl
jynfyrS rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;odkY wifoGif;aom
ukefpnfESihf 0efaqmifrIrsm; (oGif;ukefrsm;)tay:wGif
ta&twGuf uefYowfcsufrsm;xm;&Sdí wifoGif;cGifh
jyKjcif;jzpfonf/ cGJwrf; odkYr[kwf udkwm (quota) owf
2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
30
rSwfjcif;rsKd;udkqkdvkdonf/ okn ta&twGuf udkwm
owfrSwfjcif; (Embargo) onf jynfyEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHrS
rdrdEkdifiHodkYwifoGif;onfh oGif;ukefrsm;tay: wif
oGif;cGifhvHk;0ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;jzpfonf/ þokddYta&
twGufuefYowfcsufrsm;xm;&Sdjcif;ukd WTO tzGJU0if
EkdifiHrsm;u a&SmifMuOf&rnfjzpfonf/
(4) uefYowf(owfrSwf) taumufcGefEIef;rsm;tajccHrl
urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJUodkY wifjytwnfjyK
xm;onfh taumufcGefEIef;xm;rsm;jzpfonf/ xkdokdY
uefYowf odkYr[kwf owfrSwfxm;onfh taumufcGef
EIef;xm;xufydkrdkí oGif;ukefrsm;tay:wGif aumufcH
jcif;rjyK&ay/ Oyrmtm;jzihf bound rate udk 15 &mcdkif
EIef;owfrSwfxm;ygu oGif;ukefcGefrsm;ukd 15 &mcdkif
EIef;xufydkrdkí aumufcHcGifhr&Sday/ 15 &mcdkifEIef;om
vQif tjrihfqHk;aumufcHEkdifaomaMumihf ceiling rate [l
ívnf;ac:qkdEkdifonf/ xkdYaMumihf uefYowfcsuf
(owfrSwfcsuf) xm;&Sdaom taumufcGefEIef;rsm;jzpf
aomaMumihf bound tariff rates [lí ac:qkdonf/ tqkd
yguefYowfowfrSwfxm;aom taumufcGef EIef;rsm;
udk Z,m;jzihfazmfjyxm;&Sd&ygonf/ ,if;Z,m;udk
cGihfjyK (twnfjyK)xm;aom taumufcGefZ,m; rsm;
(Schedules of concessions) [líac:qkdonf/ WTO tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;onf þodkYuefYowfxm;&Sdaom
Bound rates rsm;twkdif; vdkufemusihfoHk;Mu&ygrnf/
(u) wefjyeftpDtrHrsm;
axmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;udk wefjyefwdkufzsuf
onfh tpDtrHrsm;udk avhvm&eftwGuf axmufyHhaMu;
ay;rIrsm;\ oabmobm0ESihf t"dyÜg,frsm;tcef;
u@rSmta&;ygaMumif; awGU&SdEkdifygonf/ axmufyHh
aMu;ay;rIrsm;wGif oufqkdif&mvkyfief;odkY wkduf½dkuf
aiGaMu;vTJajymif;ay;jcif; odk Yr[kwf wkduf½dkufaiG
xkwfay;jcif;? vkyfief;\ ay;&efwm0efrsm; (Liabilities) ukdwkduf½dkufvTJajymif;jcif; odkYr[kwf vkyfief;wGif&Sdae
aom a<u;NrDrsm;udk z,f&Sm;ay;jcif;? tpdk;&aiGudk
aumufcHrIrjyKjcif;tjyif vkyfief;odkY ukefpnfESihf 0ef
aqmifrIrsm; jznfhqnf;axmufyHhay;jcif;wkdY yg0ifyg
onf/ tpd k;&&aiGud k raumufcHjcif; od k Yr[kwf
pGefYvTwfay;jcif;wGif tcGefjyeftrf;jcif; (Tax rebate) ? tcGefuif;vGwfcGifhjyKjcif; (Tax exemption) ESihf tcGef
avQmhcsjcif; (Tax reduction) ponfwdkY tusKH;0ifyg
onf/
rdrdEkdifiHtwGif; oGif;tm;pkcGJa0rIudk xdcdkuf
ysufjym;apaom axmufyHhaMu;trsKd;tpm;rsm;tjzpf
vkyfief;wpfckwnf;udkomvQif a&G;cs,faxmufyHhrIjyK
jcif;? vkyfief;pk odkYr[kwf aps;uGufwpfckwnf;ukdom
vQif oD;oefYaxmufyHhay;jcif;? a'owpfckwnf;odkY
axmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;ESihf ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;
wkdYukd awGUjrifEkdifygonf/ wm;jrpfydwfyifaomaxmuf
yHhaMu; 2 rsKd;udkvnf; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygonf-
(u) ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;rsm; (Export subsidies)(c) oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;axmufyHhaMu;rsm;
(Import replacement subsidies) ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;rIrsm; onf ydkYukefpGrf;
aqmif&nf (Export performance) tay:rlwnfNyD;
axmufyHhjcif;rsKd;udk qkdvdkonf/ oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;
axmufyHhaMu;rsm; onf jynfwGif;ukefpnfrsm;ukd
toHk;jyKrI odkYr[kwf jynfwGif;yg0ifrI (Local content) tay: rlwnfNyD; axmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;rsKd;udk qdkvdk
onf/ jynfwGif;yg0ifrI (Local content) qkdonfrSm
jynfypD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfcku rdrdEkdifiH twGif;vm
a&muf&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHNyD; vkyfief;vkyfudkif aqmif&Gufaom
tcg rdrdEk difiH\ (jynfwGif;&S d) ukefMurf;udkaomf
vnf;aumif;? vkyftm;udkvnf;aumif; ,if;wdkY\
xkwfvkyfrIjzpfpOfwGif owfrSwfxm;onfh tcsKd;tpm;
twkdif; xnfhoGif;(yg0if)toHk; jyK&jcif;ukd &nfñTef;
ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzihf rdrdwkY d\ ukefMurf;rsm;ukd
vma&mufvkyfudkifaom jynfyvkyfief;rsm;\ xkwf
vkyfrI jzpfpOfwGif tenf;qHk; 15 &mcdkif EIef;xnfh oGif;
toHk;jyK&jcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
twJG(3)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
31
ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;rItydkif;wGif EkdifiH
trsKd;tpm;tvdkuf 4 rsKd;cGJjcm;aqmif&GufaMumif;
avhvmawGU&S d&onf/ Ek difiHtrsK d;tpm; 4 rsK d;udk
atmufygtwkdif;cGJjcm;azmfjytyfygonf-
(u) zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHrsm; (Developed countries)(c) zGHUNzdK;NyD;edrfhusaom EkdifiHrsm;ESihf zGHUNzdK;qJ EkdifiHrsm;
(LDCs and developing counntires)(*) tjcm;zG HU NzdK;qJEk difiHrsm; (Other developing
countries)(C) toGiful;ajymif;vsuf&Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;
(Economies in transition) zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHrsm;\ ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;rI
rsm;ukdtrsm;qHk; 3 ESpftwGif; wjznf;jznf;avQmhcsz,f
&Sm;oGm;&rnfjzpfonf/ zGHUNzdK;rIenf;aom EkdifiHrsm;ESihf
zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;\ axmufyHHhaMu;ay;rIudk avhvm&m
wGifwpfESpfvQif tar&duefa':vm 1000 atmuf
axmufyHhaMu;ay;aom vkyfief;rsm;twGuf ydkYukef
axmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;ukd wm;jrpfydwfyifrIr&SdaMumif;
awGU&Sd&onf/ tjcm; zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;twGuf ydkYukef
axmufyHhaMu;ukd 8 ESpftwGif; z,f&Sm;ay;&efjzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif þowfrSwfumvudk tjcm;tzGJU0ifEkdifiHrsm;
ESihfoabmwlnDcsuf&,lNyD; oufwrf;wdk;jcif;jyKvkyf
Ekdifygonf/ toGiful;ajymif;vsuf&Sdaom EkdifiHrsm;\
ydkYukefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;jcif;udk 7 ESpftwGif;tNyD;owf
z,f&Sm;ay;&efjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/
oGif;ukeftpm;xk d;axmufyH haMu;ay;rI
tydkif;wGifvnf; EkdifiHtrsKd;tpm; 4 rsKd;jzihfcGJjcm;azmfjy
xm;onf/ zGHUNzdK;NyD;EkdifiHrsm;\ oGif;ukeftpm;xdk;
axmufyHhaMu;udk trsm;qHk; 3 ESpftwGif; zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiH
rsm;\ tqkdygaxmufyHhaMu;udk 5 ESpftwGif; zGHUNzdK;rI
aemufusaom EdkifiHrsm;twGuf 8 ESpftwGif;ESihf
toGiful;ajymif;aeaomEkdifiHrsm;twGuf oGif;ukef
tpm;xdk;axmufyHhaMu;udk 7 ESpftwGif; toD;oD;z,f
&Sm;Mu&rnfjzpfygonf/
tqkdygwm;jrpfydwfyifxm;aom axmufyHh
aMu;rsm; (Prohibited subsidies) tjyif w&m;0ifcGifhjyK
xm;aom axmufyHhaMu;rsm; (Authorized subsidies) vnf;&Sdygonf/ þ Authorized Subsidies wGifta&;,l
aqmif&Gufjcif; od k Yr[kwf wm;jrpfydwfyif jcif;
rjyK&aom axmufyH haMu;rsm; (Non-actionable Subsidies)ESihf ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifaom okdYr[kwf
wm;jrpfydwfyifEkdifaom axmufyHhaMu;rsm; Actionable Subsidies [lí 2 ydkif; cGJjcm;wifjyxm;yg onf/ ta&;
,laqmif&Gufjcif;rjyKoihfaom axmufyHhaMu;ESihf
ta&;,laqmif&GufEdkifaom axmufyHhaMu;trsKd;
tpm;rsm;udk qufvufazmf jytyfygonf/
urÇmhukefoG,fa&;tzGJUESihf oufqkdif&mtpdk;
&wkdYu w&m;0ifcGifhjyKxm;NyD; ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif;
rjyKoihfaom axmufyHhaMu;rsm;wGif axmufyHhaMu;
ray;&[lí wdwdususowfrSwfxm;jcif;r&Sdaom
axmufyHhaMu;rsm;? tusKd;rJha'orsm;twGuf tul
tnDay;rIrsm; (Oyrm=bdef;pdkufysKd;aoma'orsm;
twGuf bdef;tpm;xkd;oD;ESHrsm; pdkufysKd;&eftwGuftul
tnD)? obm0ywf0ef;usifqkdif&m vkdtyfcsufrsm;
twGuf ulnDaxmufyHhrIrsm;ESihf ukefoG,frIudk t[efY
twm;jzpfapaomfvnf; jyefvnfpOf;pm;oHk;oyfNyD;
taxmuftyHhay;oihfonf[lí ,lq&aom axmuf
yHhaMu;rsm; ponfwkdYudk awGU&Sd&onf/
w&m;0ifcGif h jyKxm;aomfvnf; ta&;,l
aqmif&GufEdkifonfh axmufyHhaMu;rsm; tjzpfukefoG,f
rIudktwm;tqD;jzpfapaom axmufyHhaMu;rsm;? wm;
jrpfxm;aomaxmufyH haMu;rsm;? raumif;aom
tusK d ;oufa&mufr I (qd k ;us K d ;)ud k jzp fapaom
axmufyHhaMu;rsm;udk awGUjrifEkdifygonf/ qkd;usKd;udk
jzpfay:apaom tcsufrsm;tjzpf xkwfvkyfrIp&dwf
xufavQmhcsNyD;a&mif;csjcif;aMumihf jynfwGif;vkyfief;
rsm;udkxdcdkufepfemapjcif;rsm;? &&Sdxm;aom tusKd;
w&m;rsm;udk qkwf,kwfysufjy,foGm;apjcif;rsm;? tzGJU
0ifEkdifiH wpfEkdifiH\ ukefoG,frIukdysuf,Gif;aprIrsm;?
aps;EIef;avQmhcsa&mif;csjcif;rsm;ESihf jynfyEkdifiH\ aps;
2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
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uGufa0pkus,fjyefYvmapjcif;rsm; ponfhaxmufyHh
aMu;rsm;udk avhvmawGU&Sd&onf/
atmufazmfjyyg pHkprf;ppfaq;rIrsm;jyKvkyfNyD;
rSomvQif wefjyeftpDtrHrsm; odkYr[kwf ta&;,l
aqmif&GufrIrsm;udk pwifusifhoHk;onf/ ¤if;wdkYrSm
jynfwGif;vkyfief;rsm;udk,fpm; tjcm;EkdifiHtpdk;&u OD;
aqmifOD;&GufjyKí aqmif&GufvQifaomfvnf;aumif;?
(vkyfief;wpfck odkYr[kwf a'owpfckwnf;ukdomvQif)
oD;oefYaxmufyHhaMu;ay;vsuf&SdvQifaomfvnf;
aumif;? xdcdkufepfemrIESihf tusKd;pD;yGm;ysufpD;rIwkdYudk
jzpfay:apvQifaomfvnf;aumif;? qihfyGm;qkd;usKd;
oufa&mufrI&S dvQifaomfvnf;aumif; ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufygrnf/
Countervailing duties qkdonfrSm wefjyefvkyf
aqmifcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf wHkYjyefonfhtpDtrHrsm;jzpf
ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf tjcm;EkdifiH\ axmufyHh
aMu;ay;aom vkyfaqmifcsuffrsm;u rdrdEk difiH\
vkyfief;tay: xdckdufepfemrIjzpfay:aprItm; ouf
omcGifh&ap&eftwGuf taumufcGefaumufcHjcif;jzihf
wefjyefxdcd kufonfhoabmjzpfygonf/ xk d Y jyif
axmufyHhaMu;r&&Sdaom rdrdEk difiH\ vkyfief;rsm;
twGuf axmufyHhaMu;&&Sdonfh jynfyvkyfief;rsm;ESihf
,SOfNydKifEkdifap&eftwGuf nd§EIdif;aqmif&Gufay;onfh
rQwatmifaqmif&Gufay;onfh vkyfaqmifcsuftjzpf
½IjrifEdkifygonf/ tjcm;EkdifiH\ axmufyHhaMu;ay;onfh
vkyfaqmifcsufudk qefYusifwdkufzsufonfh tpDtrH
jzpfaomaMumihf Countervailing duty udk Anti-subsidy [lívnf;ac:qkdonf/
Countervailing duties \oabmwGif tedrfh
qHk;owfrSwfcsuf DE MINMIS odkYr[kwf the minimum [líyg&Sdonf/ a,bk,stm;jzihf axmufyHhaMu;onf
xkwfukefwefzkd;\ 1 &mcdkifEIef;xufenf;yg;u ta&;
,laqmif&Gufjcif; odkYr[kwf wefjyefjcif;r&Sday/ zGHUNzdK;
qJEkdifiHrsm;twGuf axmufyhHaMu;onf xkwfukef
wefzdk;\ 2 &mcdkifEIef;xufenf;ygu rnfodkYrQta&;,l
wefjyefrIjyKrnfr[kwfay/ tvm;wlyif zGHUNzdK;rIaemuf
usaom EkdifiHrsm;ESihf tqif;&JqHk;zHGUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;
twGuf 3 &mcdkifEIef;xufenf;vQif wHkYjyefrIrjyKay/
odkYwnf;r[kwf oGif;ukefyrmPonf pkpkaygif;oGif;
ukefyrmP\ 4 &mcdkkifEIef;xuf enf;yg;vQif ta&;,l
aqmif&Gufjcif; odkYr[kwf wHkYjyefjcif;&Sdrnfr[kwfay/
Countervailing \t"duvkyfaqmifcsufrSm
taumufcGefrsm;udk jr§ifhwifjcif;jzpfygonf/ xkdodkYjr§ihf
wif&mwGif wpfbufEkdifiH\ axmufyHhaMu;tusKd;ouf
a&mufrIESihf wlnDonfh taetxm;odkY taumufcGef
rsm; udktjrihfqHk; (Maximum) aumufcHjcif;jzpfygonf/
'kwd,tpDtrHtjzpf axmufyHhaMu;uwdu0wfxm;
&Sdjcif;rsm; (Subsidy undertakings) jzpfygonf/ þtpD
tpOft& oufqkdif&mEkdifiHrsm;onf axmufyhHaMu;
ESihfywfoufaom udpö&yfrsm;udk aqmif&Guf&mwGif
tjyeftvSefoabmwlnDcsuf&,lxm;&SdNyD; uwdjyK
xm;Mujcif;jzpfonf/ xkdenf;wlpGmyif aps;EIef;tmrcH
csufuwdrsm; (Price undertaking) xm;&Sdjcif;udk wwd,
tpDtrHtjzpfawGUjrifEkdifygonf/ pwkw¬tpDtrH
tjzpftqHk;owfjcif; (Termination) udkawGU&Sd&onf/
þtpDtpOft& tajccHrlxm;&SdNyD; xkdtajccHrlESihf
tnD 5 ESpfaemufydkif;wGif wifoGif;rIudk tNyD;wdkifz,f
&Sm;ypf&efjzpfonf/ aemufqHk;tpDtrHrSm jyefvnfoHk;
twJG(3)? trSwf-1
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
33
oyfjcif; (Review) jzpfonf/ þwGif axmufyhHaMu;ESihf
ywfoufNyD; tbufbufrS jyefvSefoHk;oyfvsuf
wefjyef tpDtrHrsm;udk usihfoHk;&efjzpfygonf/
(c) umuG,frItpDtrHrsm; (Safeguard measures) jynfyEkdifiHwpfEkdifiHu xkwfvkyfaomxkwf
ukefrsm;udk rdrdEkdifiH\ e,fedrdwftwGif;odkY wifoGif;&m
wGif rdrdEkdifiH\ jynfwGif;xkwfvkyfrIyrmPxuf ydkrdk
rsm;jym;pGm wifoGif;aevQifaomfvnf;aumif;? rdrd
EkdifiHwGif xkwfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom tvm;wlxkwfukef
odk Yr[kwf tNydKiftqkdifjzpfaom xkwfukefrsm;udk
tvGeftrif;xdcd kufaprI odk Yr[kwf Ncdrf;ajcmuf
tEÅ&m,fjyKrIrsm;jzpfapvQifaomfvnf;aumif; þ
umuG,frItpDtrHrsm;ukd toHk;jyKygonf/ ta&
twGufrsm;jym;pGm wifoGif;jcif;tydkif;wGif rdrdEkdifiHu
rxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfudkwifoGif;jcif;ESih f rdrd
EkdifiHu xkwfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom tvm;wlukefpnfudkyif
rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;xkwfvkyfaeonfh ta&twGufxuf
ydkrdkwifoGif;jcif;[lí 2 ydkif;awGUjrifEkdifygonf/
tvGeftrif;xdcdkufrI (Ncdrf;ajcmufrI)qkdonf
rSmrdrdEkdifiH\ jynfwGif;pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wpfck\ &Sif
oef&yfwnfrItaetxm;udk ododomom,dk,Gif;
ysufpD;apaom vkyfaqmifcsuftm;vHk;ukd qkdvkdyg
onf/ þtaMumif;t&mESihf qufEG,fywfoufae
aomtcsufrsm;tjzpf wefzdk; (value) t&jzpfap?
yrmP (value) t&jzpfap oGif;ukefrsm;pGmwifoGif;ae
jcif;? oGif;ukefrsm;\aps;uGufxdkazmufwdk;csJUvmjcif;?
rdrdEkdifiHxkwfukef\ a&mif;tm;usqif;jcif;? pGrf;tm;
jynfhvnfywfEkdifrI (toHk;csEkdifrI) ,kwfavsmhvmjcif;?
tjrwfrsm;avsmhenf;vmouJhodkY t½HI;rsm;ESihfvnf;
&ifqkdifvm&jcif;tjyif rdrdvkyfief;rsm;&yfqkdif;&jcif;
odkYr[kwfpufpGrf;tm;jynfhrvnfywf&jcif;wkdY aMumifh
tvkyfvufrJhwdk;yGm;vmjcif;wkdYudk awGU&Sd&ygonf/
umuG,frItpDtrHrsm;tjzpf pHkprf;ppfaq;
jcif;? ,m,DtpDtrHrsm;csrSwfaqmif&Gufjcif;? aemuf
qHk;enf;vrf;rsm; toHk;jyKjcif;? wifoGif;cGifhumv
(tjrihfqHk;)owfrSwfjcif;? avsmfaMu;awmif;cHjcif;ESihf
wifoGif;cGifh&yfqkdif;jcif;wdkYyg0ifygonf/ pHkprf;ppf
aq;rItydkif;wGif oGif;ukefrsm;jym;pGm wifoGif;ae&
onfhtaMumif;t&if;? tjyif;txefxdcdkufepfemrIESihf
¤if;taMumif;tcsuf 2 ckMum;&Sd qihfyGm;tusKd;quf
rsm;yg0ifrnfjzpfygonf/ ,m,DtpDtpOf (enf;vrf;)
rsm;udkrl vkdtyfrSomvQif csrSwfusihfoHk;rnfjzpfyg
onf/ aemufqHk;enf;vrf; odkYr[kwf tpDtrHrsm;tjzpf
taumufcGefwdk;jr§ihfaumufcHjcif;? cGJwrf;(udkwm)
owfrSwfjcif;ESihf MFN principle udktoHk;jyKjcif;[lí
awGU&Sd&ygonf/ wifoGif;cGifhtrsm;qHk;umvowf
rSwf&mwGif 4 ESpfowfrSwfavh&SdNyD; vdktyfygu aemuf
xyf 4 ESpfwdk;csJUowfrSwfEkdifonf/ avsmfaMu;awmif;
cHrItydkif;wGif oabmwlnDcsufrsm;xm;&SdNyD; tajccH
rla&;qGJxm;jcif;rsKd;jzihf aqmif&Guf&efjzpfonf/ xkdokdY
oabmwlnDcsufrxm;&SdygvQif vufwHk Yjyefonfh
taejzihf ta&;,laqmif&Gufcsufrsm; odkYr[kwf owf
rSwfxm;onfh umvrwkdifrDwifoGif;cGifhydwfyifjcif;
rsm;jzihf aqmif&GufrnfjzpfaMumif; awGU&Sd&onf/
txl;tcGifhta&;ay;onfh vkyfaqmifcsuf
(Special and differential treatment) tjzpf zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiH
rsm;\ oGif;ukefrsm;onf pkaygif;oGif;ukefrsm;\ 3
&mcdkifEIef;xufenf;yg;vQif umuG,fwm;qD;onfh
tpDtrHrsm;xm;&Sdrnfr[kwfaMumif; azmfjyyg&Sdonf/
zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm; usihfoHk;aom umuG,frItpDtrHrsm;
xm;&Sdonfhumvudk 10 ESpftxdowfrSwfEdkifaMumif;
awGU&Sd&ygonf/
(*) pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif;udk wdkufzsufonfhtpDtrHrsm;
pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif; (Dumping) qkdonfrSm
rdrdEkdifiH\vkyfief;rsm; pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;avmurS
xGufcGmoGm;ap&eftvdkYiSm jynfyvkyfief;rsm;u ¤if;
wkdYxkwfvkyfaom ukefpnfrsm;udk xkwfvkyfrIukefus
p&dwfxufavQmhí (t½HI;cHí) rdrdEkdifiHtwGif;ü trsm;
2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
34
tjym;a&mif;csjcif;udk qkdvdkygonf/ xkdokdYa&mif;csjcif;
ukdwdkufzsuf&ef aqmif&Guf&mwGif rdrdEdkifiH\ vkyfief;
rsm;tay: xdcdkufrItEÅ&m,frsm;ukd wdkif;wm&mü
wdwdususowfrSwfxm;aom pH[lívnf;aumif;?
xkdokdYwdkufzsuf&eftwGuf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; owfrSwf
xm;aom tpDtrHrsm;[lívnf;aumif; rawGU&Sd&
ay/ pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif;u rdrdEkdifiH\ vkyfief;wnf
axmifvkyfudkifrIudk t[efYtwm;jzpfapvQifaomf
vnf;aumif;? rdrdEkdifiH\ vkyfief;udk ½kyfykdif;qkdif&mt&
xdcdkufepfemrI odkYr[kwf Ncdrf;ajcmufrItEÅ&m,fjyKrIjzpf
apvQifaomfvnf;aumif; uefYowftaumufcGefEIef;
(Bound rate) xufydkí taumufcGefpnf;MuyfcGifh&
onf/
ydkYukefaps;EIef; (Export price) u omrefwefzdk;
(Normal value) xufenf;aejcif;ukd Dumping [líqkd
vdkygonf/ ydkYukefaps;EIef;qkdonfrSm taumufcGef
ray;aqmifrD jynfyEkdifiHrS rdrdEkdifiHodkY wifoGif;aom
aps;uGufwGifa&mif;csrnfh ukefpnfwpfck\ aps;EIef;
jzpfonf/ jynfyEkdifiH\ ydkYukefaps;EIef;ukdqkdvdkonf/
omrefwefzdk; (Normal value) qkdonfrSm rdrdEdkifiH
twGif; pm;oHk;&eftwGuf xkwfvkyfxm;aom tvm;
wlwifoGif;rnfh ukefpnfwpfck\ ta&mif;t0,fjyK
vkyfvsuf&Sdaomaps;EIef;jzpfygonf/ rdrdEkdifiH\ jynf
wGif;aygufaps;udk qkdvdkygonf/ þowfrSwfcsuft&
Dumping qkdonfrSm jynfyEkdifiHu rdrdEdkifiHwGifjzpfay:
vsuf&Sdaom vuf&Sdaps;EIef;xufavQmha&mif;jcif;yif
jzpfygonf/ Export price ESihf Normal value wkdYudkEIdif;,SOf
&mwGif Normal value udk owfrSwf&efrvG,fulaMumif;
awGU&Sd&wwfonf/
pkyHkjcif;? a&mif;csjcif;udk wdkufzsufonfhtpD
trHrsm;tjzpf pHkprf;ppfaq;jcif;? ,m,DtpDtrHrsm;ESihf
aemufqHk;enf;vrf;rsm;[lí cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ pHkprf;
ppfaq;onfhtydkif;wGif rdrdEdkifiH&Sd pkyHk&Sif;a&mif;csjcif;
udkOD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKaejcif;udkvnf;aumif;? Dumping jzpfay:wnf&SdrItaetxm;udkvnf;aumif;? xkwf
vkyfrIp&dwfxufavQmhcswifoGif;rIrsm;ESihf rdrdvkyfief;
udk,dk,Gif;ysufrIwkdY\ qifhyGm;tusKd;qufrsm;udkvnf;
aumif; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rnfjzpfonf/ xkdYjyifwif
oGif;onfhukefpnfESihf ywfoufaom aps;EIef;ESihfta&
twGufponfwdkYudkvnf; pHkprf;rIjyKrnfjzpfygonf/
,m,DtpDtpOftjzpf toHk;jyKavh&Sdaom pnf;rsOf;
pnf;urf;rsm;udkrl vdktyfvQif vdktyfovdk csrSwfusihf
oHk;ygrnf/ aemufqHk;enf;vrf;rsm;tjzpf taumuf
cGefwdk;jr§ihfjcif;? aps;EIef;tmrcHcsufuwdrsm; xm;&Sdap
jcif;ESihf jyefvnfoHk;oyfjcif;wdkYyg0ifonf/
txl;tcGifhta&;ay;onfh vkyfaqmifcsuf
(Special and differential treatment) tjzpf zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiH
rsm;\ txl;udpö&yftajctaetwGuf txl;pmem
axmufxm;rI (Special regard) ay;aMumif; awGU&Sd&
onf/ xkdYjyif ta&;,laqmif&Gufjcif; (wHkYjyefjcif;) rjyK
rDtaumif;bufodkY OD;wnfaom tjcm;ajz&Sif;Ekdifrnfh
jzpfEkdifajcrsm;udkvnf; avhvmpOf;pm;aMumif; awGU&Sd
&onf/
(C) trdefYjy|mef;aomtpDtrHrsm;
þtpDtrHrsm;onf w&m;enf;vrf;rus
aom ukefoG,frIudpö&yfrsm;udk umuG,f&eftwGuf
vnf;aumif;? rdrdEkdifiH\ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wnfaxmif
vkyfudkifrIudk xdckdufaprnfh tEÅ&m,frsm;tm;umuG,f
&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? rdrdEdkifiH\ oufEkpufrIvkyf
ief;rsm;twGuf rrQwaom NydKifqkdifrIrSumuG,f&ef
twGufvnf;aumif; ponfh&nf&Gnfcsufrsm;ESihftwl
jynfyrSwifoGif;onfh oGif;ukefrsm;ESifh roefY&Sifaom
ukefoG,frIvkyfief;pOfrsm;tay:wGif trdefYtmPm
jzihf usihfoHk;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfygonf/
Source: Commercial defence measures,Ms.Ratchavit, Department of Trade Negotiations,Ministry of Commerce,Thailand,2007.
35
vGJacsmfcJhaomt,ltq
urÇmonf vlom;rsm;aMumihf wkd;wufrIrsm; &&SdcJhNyD; vlom;rsm;aMumihfyif
jyóemaygif;pHk? ab; tEÅ&m,frsKd;pHkudk &ifqkdifBuHKawGUae&onf/ jzpfxGef; wdk;wufrI
rsm;ESihf ,SOfwGJvsuf ajz&Sif;p&mjyóem aygif;pHkuvnf; NydKifwlvdkufygwdk;yGm;vm
aecJhonf rSm "r®wmyif/ vlom;wkdYwGif trd0rf;rS arG;zGm;uwnf; updwftwGif;
tZÑw¬xJü ]]twå}} tajccHonfh ]]ig}} [laom 0g'upGJNiduyfygvmcJhNyD;jzpfonf/
xdk]]ig}} 0g' jzihf rdrdESihfywfouforQwkdYukd tjcm;t&mrsm;xuf ydkrdkpGJvrf;í &yfwnf
cJhMuonfcsnf;jzpfonf/ xkdrS wpfzefyg&SdNyD;om; ]]avmb}} pdwfaMumihf wyfrufjcif;
rsm; jzifh rdrdwdkYwyfrufaom t&mrSeforQwdkYukd &,l&ef tm;xkwfcJhMujyefonf/
tm;xkwf&mwGifay:xGufvm wwfaom vGefuJonfh ]]a'go}}pdwf? ]]arm[}} pdwfwdkY
onfaemufqHk;wGif um,uH&SifvlwpfOD;wpfa,muf csif;rSpí vlYtzGJUtpnf;
wpfckvHk;udkyg ysufpD;jcif;qD odkYOD;wnfoGm;cJhMuavawmhonf/ vlom;rsm;aexkdif
aeaomurÇmBuD;wGif twårSponfh vGefuJpGmjzpfay: cJhaom avmb? a'go? arm[
tqHk;wGif qkd;usKd;&v'f rsm;pGmBuHKawGUcJh&onfudk urÇmhorkdif;aMumif;rSwfwrf;
rsm;rS pmzwfoltm;vHk; pmawGUtm;jzihf od&SdcJhMu NyD;jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
36
urÇmhordkif;wpfavsmuf awGUBuHKcJh&aom
e,fcsJUusL;ausmfrIrsm;? ppfyGJrsm;? wpfurÇmvHk;ysufpD;
apcJhaom urÇmppfBuD;rsm;onfum; rnfrQrSjiif;csuf
rxkwfEkdifaom twåvGefavmbpdwf\ qdk;usKd;&v'f
rsm;yifjzpfonf/ xkdacwfxkdtcgumvrsm;ü e,fy,f
toD;oD;wGif tawG;tac:ynm&Sifrsm;pGm ay:ayguf
cJhaomfvnf; xkdolwkdY\ tawG;tac:? t,ltqt
rsm;pkonf ]]þurÇmay:&Sdvlom;rsm;onf þajrþ
a&þavudk rS Dck d&yfwnfaeMuNyD; wlnDaom rd k;
aumif;uifatmufwGif aexkdifMuaom urÇmhrdom;
pk0ifrsm;yifjzpfonf}} [laom t,ltqrsKd;us,fus,f
jyefYjyefYawG;ac:cJhjcif;rsKd;r&SdcJh[k xifrdonf/ tawG;
tac:ynm&Siftrsm;pkonf ¤if;wdkYaexdkif&m vl
tokdif;t0dkif;wpfckwnf;\ tusKd;? ¤if;wdkYvlwef;pm;
tusKd;ESihf oufqkdif&me,fajr&Sd tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;
rsm;\ tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;udkom tajccHvsufusOf;ajrmif;
pGmawG;ac:cJhMuNyD; tkyfpdk;olvlwef;pm;rsm;uvnf;
rdrdwdkYtzGJU? rdrdwdkYEkdifiH tusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf tjcm;aom
tm;enf;onfh EkdifiHrsm;udk tEkdifusihfusL;ausmfodrf;
ydkufcJhMuonf/ qkd;&Gm;aom ted|m½Hkrsm;udk zefwD;cJhMu
onf/
twdwfumvt&dyfrnf;rsm;
o rdkif;pmrsufESmrsm;udk vSefavSmMunfhygu
17 &mpk? 18 &mpk? 18 &mpkumvrsm;rSpí Oa&myrS
pD;yGm;a&;wefcdk;BuD;? vuffeuftiftm;BuD;EkdifiHrsm;
onf wpfurÇmvHk;udktNydKiftqkdife,fcsJUcJhMuonf
udkawGU&Sd&vdrfhrnf/ pydefonf tar&duawmifydkif;?
tv,fydkif;ESihf taemuftdEd´,uRef;pk? zdvpfydkif
uRef;pkwdkYudkvnf;aumif;? ay:wl*Donf b&mZD;vf?
tmz&duwd kufE Si h f tdE d ´,wd k Yud kvnf;aumif; ?
a[mfvef(e,fomvef)onf ta&SUtdEd,uRef;pk(tif
'dkeD;&Sm;)? awmiftmz&dua'owdkYudkvnf;aumif;?
NAdwdoQ(t*Fvef) wdkYonf ajrmuftar&duta&SU
bufurf;ajc? taemuftdEd´,uRef;pkESihf tdEd´,jynf
wdk Yudkvnf;aumif;? jyifopfwkd Yonfvnf; ajrmuf
tar&duESihf tdEd´,jynfwdkYudkvnf;aumif; udkvdkeD
e,fajrrsm;tjzpf toD;oD;wnfaqmufcJhMuonf/
jrefrmEkdifiHonfvnf; udkvdkeDe,fcsJUwdkY\
usL; ausmf odrf;ydkuftEkdifusihfrI'PfrS rvGwfuif;EkdifcJh
ay/ wpfEkdifiHvHk;udk usL;ausmftEkdifusihfcJ haom
t*FvdyfwkdYonf 1885 ckESpfrSpí wpfEkdifiHvHk;ukd odrf;
ykdufcGifh&cJhNyD; ESpfwpf&meD;yg;usL;ausmfuRefjyKcJh onf
[kteD;uyfqHk;orkdif;tawGUtBuHKrsm;udk a&;om;
xm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;wGif zwf½IcJh&onf/ odkYaomf xkd
umvxuftvGefapmaom tcsdefumvrsm;uyif
Oa&myom;wkdYjrefrmjynfukd usL;ausmfe,fcsJUí pD;
yGm;&Sm;cJhaMumif;? a&S;usaom ordkif;rSwfwrf;jyKpkol
rsm;u qkdxm;onf/ 15 &mpkESpf tif;0rdk;n§if;rif;w&m;
BuD;vufxufü Aif;epfNrdKUom;jzpfol eDukdvkd'DuGEDÅ
(Nicolode Conti) onf weoFm&D? &cdkif? tif;0? yJcl;
paom a'orsm;udk a&muf&SdavhvmcJhzl;onf[k od&
onf/ 1470 ckESpfwGif ½k&Sm;vlrsKd;Edkufuif (Ntikin)
pufrIxGef;um;NyD; pD;yGm;a&;tif tm;BuD;Oa&myEkdifiHBuD;rsm;onf ¤if;wdkY\
xkwfukef ukefacsmrsm;udk ¤if;wdk Yodrf;yd kufxm;aom e,fajrrsm;udk
aps;uGufrsm;tjzpf zefwD;a&mif;csrnf/ xkde,fajrrsm;rSxGuf&Sdaom
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twGufvnf;aumif;? 1498 ckESpfwGif ay:wl*DvlrsKd;
Ampudk'*g;rm; (Vascoda Gama) onf ,dk;',m;bk&if
&mZm"dywdESihf pmcsKyfcsKyfum t,k'¨&? weoFm&D
a'oESifh Nrdwfa'orsm;wGif aexkdifa&mif;0,fcGifh
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avhvmjcif;tm;jzihf Oa&myom;rsm; a&S;OD;jrefrmjy
nfod k Yvnf;a&muf& S dc J h onfuk d od& S dc J h&onf/
(xkdtcsdefu weoFm&Da'oESihf Nrdwfa'owdkYonf
,dk;',m;(xkdif;) ydkife,fajrrsm;jzpf onf/)
1519 ckESpfwGif ay:wl*DwdkYonf ykwåNrdKUpm;
ESihfpmcsKyfcsKyfqdkNyD; ykwåNrdKUü ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;
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ajcukyf,lxm;onfrSmMumNyDjzpfaomfvnf; t,fvD
Zbwfbk&ifrBuD;vufxuf (1600 ckESpf) r'&yfwGif
ta&SUtdEd,ukrÜPDzGifhvSpfNyD;rSom jrefrmjynfokdY csOf;
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ukrÜPDESihf 'wf(csf)wdkY\ ta&SUtdEd´,ukrÜPDwdkYonf
jrefrmjynftwGif;wGif qkdifcGJrsm;zGifhvSpfí tNydKif
tqkdifa&mif;cscJhMuonf/ 1689 ckESpfwGif jyifopfwdkY
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wdkufcGJwpfckzGifhvSpfum ukefpnfa&mif;csrIrsm;jyKcJh
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twGuf jrefrmbk&ifrsm;ESih f y#dyu©rsm;rjzpfjzpf
atmifzefwD;um ppfyGJ (3) BudrfjyKvkyfvsuf 1885
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t&if;ppfaomf
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yGm;twGuf ukefoG,f&ef[laom taMumif;wpfcsuf
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rsm;rSxGuf&Sdaom ukefMurf;ypönf;rsm;tm;vHk;udk
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xkwf&mü jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;toD;
oD;wdkY\ bmom? omoem? vlrsKd;a&;&m? ,Ofaus;rI
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onfhtcsdefumvjzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm EkdifiHa&;,EÅ
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pD;yGm;a&;&mrsm;üvnf; cdkifrmrIr&SdbJ? ppfa&;ppf&mü
tiftm;jyifqifrIrsm;ü tm;enf;vsuf&Sdaom ,aeY
tac:zGHUNzdK;qJEkdifiHrsm;pGmwdkYrSm qkd;usKd;rsm;pGmudkom
cHpm;cJhMu&onf/ tajctaeqdk;rsm;\ taMumif;
t&if;twGuf t&if;ppftjrpfajrwGif &SmazGMunfh
aomf&efvdkrkef;xm;ívnf; r[kwf? remvdkr½Ipdwf
aMumifhvnf;r[kwf? ta&;a&; t&m&mwGif jyóem
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2016 ckESpf? Zefe0g&D-azazmf0g&D-rwf
pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
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pDrH zGHUNzdK;*sme,f
39
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