![Page 1: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RICE BASED FARMING
SYSTEMS IN KERALA
N.K.Sasidharan and K.G.Padmakumar
Kerala Agricultural University
Regional Agricultural Research Station
Kumarakom
![Page 2: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Decline in Area and Production of Rice in
Kerala
Year Area (lakh ha) Production
(lakh tons)
Productivity (kg/ha)
1971-72 8.75 13.76 1544
1981-82 8.07 13.06 1660
1991-92 5.41 10.60 1959
2001-02 3.22 7.04 2182
2006-07 2.64 6.42 2435
2007-08 2.29 5.28 2308
2008-09 2.34 5.90 2520
209-10 2.34 5.98 2557
2010-11 2.13 5.28 2452
![Page 3: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
RICE IN KERALA
Small farm size – less than 0.1 ha
Mostly single season
Income inadequate for livelihood
Only seasonal engagement
Part time and absentee farmers
Fallow period 8 months
Enhance productivity by 50%
Increase income 3-4 fold
Increase cropping intensity to 200%
Render rice farming more organic and environment friendly
Ensure year round engagement of land
![Page 4: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
FARMING SYSTEM
APPROACH
Round the year utilization of rice fields
Integrating compatible components
Other crops
Livestock
Fishery
Duck/Poultry
![Page 5: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
KERALA
POKKALI LANDS
KUTTANAD
ONATTUKARA
HIGH RANGE
KOLE LANDS
PALAKKAD PLAINS
CHITTOOR BLACK SOIL
MIDLAND
LATERITE &
MALAYORAM
![Page 6: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Rice production systems of
Kerala Rice ecosystems Area in ha (91-92) Percentage to total
Kuttanad 38119 6.70
Onattukara 31031 5.45
Pokkali 4994 0.88
Laterite Midland 266838 46.89
Malayoram 103226 18.14
Palakkad plains 60342 10.60
Black soil (Chittoor) 37061 6.51
High ranges 27500 4.83
![Page 7: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
HIGH RANGE RICE SYSTEM
Extent : 27000 ha
Location: 800 – 1500 m above
MSL
Seasons:
Nancha (main) (May/June –
Oct./Nov.)
Puncha (Dec./Jan. – April/May)
![Page 8: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
HIGH RANGE RICE SYSTEM
Situated at Elevations more than
800 m in the Wynadu plateau and
Vattavada
Extent 27500 ha
Season extents the SW and NE
monsoons (July – December)
Varieties: Scented Jeerakasala and
Gandhaka sala, and Uma, Athira.
![Page 9: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
High range - Rice based systems
![Page 10: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
LATERITE MIDLAND AND MALAYORAM
Extent : 3.7 lakh ha (1992)
Seasons : Virippu, Mundakan
Puncha
Varieties : Short, medium and
Photosensitive
![Page 11: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Cropping pattern : Rice - Rice
First crop (Virippu) : April/May – Sept./Oct.
Second crop(Mundakan) : Aug./Sep. – Dec./Jan
Yield range : 2860 – 8200 kg/ha
Iron and aluminium toxicity limits crop production
Mid land and Malayoram – Rice seasons
![Page 12: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Palakkad plains
Periyar valley commands
Chittoor black soils
Irrigation ensured during the fag end
of Mundakan and whole of Puncha
IRRIGATED RICE
ECOSYSTEM
![Page 13: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
IRRIGATED RICE SYSTEM
Palakkad plains and chittur black soils
Irrigated by water from Bharathapuzha
Extent : 97500 ha
Season : Virippu, Mundakan
Varieties : HYV
Known as second rice bowl of Kerala.
![Page 14: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Irrigated rice ecosystem –
Palakkad plains Malampuzha the largest irrigation
scheme
One fifth of irrigation potential of Kerala
Valayar, Mangalam, Pothundi, Gayathry and
Chittoorpuzha are others
Extent : 60000 ha
![Page 15: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
IRRIGATED RICE ECOSYSTEM
PALAKKAD PLAINS
Double crop wetlands
First crop (Virippu) : June/July – Sep./Oct.
Second crop (Mundakan) : Oct./Nov. – Jan./Feb.
HYV coverage more than 60%
Short & Medium duration varieties for I crop
Medium & Long duration varieties for II crop
![Page 16: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
IRRIGATED RICE ECOSYSTEM –
CHITTOOR BLACK SOILS
Extent : 37000 ha
Soils : Extension of black cotton soils
Soil reaction : Neutral to alkaline (7 - 8.3)
Texture : Sandy loam – Sandy clay loam
Fertility : Medium – High in available N&P,
low in K
Yield : 4500 – 9000 kg/ha
![Page 17: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM
Extent : 28000 ha
Crop sequence : Rice-Rice-
Sesamum
Soil texture : Sandy
Soil reaction : Acidic
Fertility status : Low in N,
medium
in available P
& low in
Potassium
![Page 19: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Virippu Season : April /May - September
Variety : Short duration - Onam,
Bhagya, Mattathriveni,
Jyothi
Seeding : By dibbling
Weeding : Hoeing
Yield : 1000-1200 kg/ha
ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM
![Page 20: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Onattukara - First crop at the time of harvest
![Page 21: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Season : Aug./Sept. – Dec./Jan.
Seedling establishment. : Transplanting
Variety : Ptb –20, Ptb-4, UR-19,
Sagara
Fertilizer dose : 40:20:20
Application of P and K essential
Organic manure addition
essential
Weeding : Hand weeding
Yield : 1500- 2000 kg/ha
ONATTUKARA RICE ECOSYSTEM – II CROP
![Page 22: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Onattukara
Second crop Nursery
![Page 23: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Onattukara
Land preparation for the second crop
![Page 24: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Onattukara – A poor second crop
![Page 25: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Azolla in Onattukara
Natural way of soil fertility
replenishment
![Page 26: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
RICE – SESAMUM ROTATIONAL FARMING
![Page 27: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rice cowpea integration
![Page 28: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Rice-cucumber rotation
![Page 29: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Rice- Banana- Cassava System
![Page 30: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Location : Trichur and
Malappuram
Extent : 13000 ha
Cropping pattern : Rice – Rice (35%)
Rice –Fallow (65%)
Season : Jan.–May (Puncha)
Aug.- Dec. (Mundakan)
KOLE LAND RICE ECOSYSTEM
![Page 31: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Kole lands – Pump house
![Page 32: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Kole lands with Irrigation Canal
![Page 33: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Kole lands with Irrigation
channel
![Page 34: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
KOLE LANDS
Soil texture : Sandy loam to
sandy clay
Organic matter : 2.07 – 4.16
Soil reaction : Acidic (pH 2.6 – 6.3)
EC : 0.16 –15ds/m
Yield : 4500-7500 kg/ ha.
![Page 35: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tidal wet lands of Kerala
24000 ha in the coastal area of Ernakulam,
Alappuzha, Trichur and Kannur districts
Tidal inundation & consequent salinity
Rice & Prawn are rotationally grown
Considered as sustainable system
POKKALI RICE ECOSYSTEM
![Page 36: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
POKKALI LANDS
![Page 37: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pokkali fields
a view during the high saline phase
![Page 38: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Basically acidic
pH : 2.8 to 4.5
Saline water inundation from October
Salinity: 12 - 24 ds/m during summer
Reclamation required for rice cultivation
POKKALI SOILS
![Page 39: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Two phases of Pokkali Agro-Ecosystem
Low saline phase
June to November
High saline phase
December to May
![Page 40: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pokkali soils – mounds are necessary for
reclamation of soil
![Page 41: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Seeds are packed in country baskets for soaking
![Page 42: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Seed baskets ready for soaking
![Page 43: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Tidal wet lands of Kerala
24000 ha in the coastal area of Ernakulam,
Alappuzha, Trichur and Kannur districts
Tidal inundation & consequent salinity
Rice & Prawn are rotationally grown
Considered as sustainable system
POKKALI RICE ECOSYSTEM
![Page 44: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
POKKALI LANDS
![Page 45: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Pokkali fields
a view during the high saline phase
![Page 46: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Basically acidic
pH : 2.8 to 4.5
Saline water inundation from October
Salinity: 12 - 24 ds/m during summer
Reclamation required for rice cultivation
POKKALI SOILS
![Page 47: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Two phases of Pokkali Agro-Ecosystem
Low saline phase
June to November
High saline phase
December to May
![Page 48: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Pokkali soils – mounds are necessary for
reclamation of soil
![Page 49: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Seeds are packed in country baskets for soaking
![Page 50: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Seed baskets ready for soaking
![Page 51: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Damage due to floods – a regular
occurrence in Pokkali fields
![Page 52: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Pokkali rice on mound tops ready for dismantling
![Page 53: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Spreading operation in progress
![Page 54: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Luxuriant growth of the Pokkali rice
![Page 55: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Harvesting in knee deep water
![Page 56: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
PRAWN CULTURE
Prawn during saline phase
Traditional practice - prawn filtration
Prawn seeds are attracted & reared
Prawn yield 300-1000kg/ha
![Page 57: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Income from prawn yields compensates
the losses from rice cultivation
![Page 58: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Fish species found suitable
• Cyprinus carpio
• Oreochromis mossambicus
• Tricogaster pectoralis
• Chana striata
• Clarius batrachus
![Page 59: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Effect of rice fish integration on fish survival and yield
Fish
treatments
Survival % Fish Yield kg/ ha
1999 2000 Pooled 1999 2000 Pooled
Without fish ---- ---- --- --- --- ---
Male tilapia 36.2 38.1 37.6 209.1 224.2 216.7
Etroplus-1999
Rohu-2000
0.0 16.0 8.0 0.0 25.4 12.7
CD (0.05) 2.5 3.2 3.8 18.2 19.3 21.8
![Page 60: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Oreochromis mossambicus
![Page 61: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Economic analysis of rice-fish-prawn integration
in Pokkali fields
Farming
system
Expendit
ure
(Rs/ha)
Yield
(kg/ha)
Gross
returns
(Rs)
Net returns
( Rs.)
B:C
ratio
Rice
alone 11450 3488 22672 11222 1.98
Rice-fish 17700 3488 (R)
216 (F) 31346 13646 1.77
Rice–fish
-prawn 46700
3488 (R)
216(F)
425(P)
95090 48390 2.03
Rice @ Rs. 6500/ ton
Fish @ Rs. 40/kg Prawn @ Rs. 150/ kg
![Page 62: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Pokkali model
Rice during low saline phase
Rice-fish simultaneously
Prawn culture/prawn filtration rotationally
No way interfere with seasonal rhythm
Components well mingle
Accretion rather than depletion in soil fertility
Ecologically sound
Environment friendly
Socially acceptable
![Page 63: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
RICE-FISH /PRAWN
INTEGRATED FARMING
Sustainable, Economic, Eco-friendly
![Page 64: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
o Deltaic formation of four river systems
o Location : 1 – 2.5 m below MSL
o Extent : 56000 ha
o Seasons : Main crop - Puncha
(Oct./Nov. - Jan./Feb.)
Additional Crop
(June/July - Sept./Oct.)
KUTTANAD RICE ECOSYSTEM
![Page 65: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
KUTTANAD
![Page 66: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
KUTTANAD SOILS
KARAPADAMS - 33,000 ha
KAYAL LANDS - 13,000 ha
KARI SOILS - 9,000 ha
![Page 67: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
KARAPPADOM SOILS
River borne alluvial soils
Extent : 33000 ha
Texture : Silty clay
Soil reaction : Moderately acidic high salt
content, and a fair amount of
decomposing organic matter
Salinity hazard
Fertility : Available P and K low
![Page 68: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
KAYAL LANDS
Reclaimed beds of Vembanad
Extent : 13000 ha
Texture : Silty clay
Soil reaction : Slightly acidic to neutral
Salinity : Salinity affected
Fertility : Low in available nitrogen and
phosphorous but
comparatively
rich in potassium
![Page 69: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
KARI LANDS
Extent : 9000ha
Colour : Deep black charcoal
Heavy in texture, poorly aerated and ill- drained
Pieces of wood seen embedded in the subsoil
Soil cracks during summer
Soils are affected by severe acidity (pH 3-4.5)
Periodic saline water inundation
Toxic accumulation of Fe & Al
Productivity : low
![Page 70: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
An overview of Kuttanad rice fields
![Page 71: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Pump house – an integral part of puncha lands
![Page 72: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Low head axial flow pump (Petti & para)
![Page 73: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Aquatic biomass – a source of organic manure
![Page 74: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Wet broadcasting
ensures uniform plant population
![Page 75: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Uneven land leveling results
patchy stand of seedlings
![Page 76: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
A uniform crop stand at
seedling stage
![Page 77: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
RICE FIELDS IN KUTTANAD
Under utilised
Mostly single cropped
Fallow period > 6 months
Returns <25000/ acre
Considerable scope of improvement
by Farming system approach.
![Page 78: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Farming system models
developed at RARS,
Kumarakom
Development of models at station level
• Evaluation of the models
• Validation at farm level
• Transformation from simultaneous to
rotational
• Lateral diffusion to farmers fields
ORU NELLUM ORU MEENUM
In two decades
![Page 79: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Cyprinus – versatile species
Ploughing and harrowing
![Page 80: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Grass carp- weed control
![Page 81: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Sl.
No
.
Item
Before fish
After Fish
1995 (Puncha)
1996(Virippu)
1996(Puncha)
1997(Virippu)
Cost(Rs)
Cost(Rs)
Cost(Rs)
Cost(Rs)
Material
Labou
r
Materi
al
Labou
r
Material
Labou
r
Mate
rial
Labour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Area of trial plot in acres
5.50
5.50
5.50
3.00
EXPENSES
1
a. Land preparation
b. Bunding
0
0
1483
472
0
0
2238
575
0
0
634
606
0
0
486
790
2
Seed and sowing
808
101
842
108
876
108
1021
115
3
Weeding
76
3198
76
3631
0
1460
0
3013
4
Plant protection
381
270
393
324
232
229
66
103
5
Manuring/liming
2008
298
2376
342
2200
319
2581
510
6
Other Inputs
346
894
371
1050
393
1062
0
1465
7
Harvesting
0
427
0
674
0
685
0
642
TOTAL
3619
7143
4058
8942
3701
5103
3668
7124
INCOME
Qtls
(Rs)
Qtls
(Rs)
Qtls
(Rs)
Qtls
(Rs)
1
Paddy
19
8967
28
14812
34
17144
35
17938
2
Straw
0
371
0
449
0
225
0
309
TOTAL
19
9338
28
15261
34
17369
35
18247
PROFIT
(-)1405
2289
8599
7490
Cost of production of paddy - before and after fish integration
![Page 82: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Prawn Yield using local wet feeds – 937 kg/ha
Prawn yield using commercial feeds – 1519 kg/ha
In 230 days
Indicated the prospects of rice prawn integration
GIANT FRESH WATER PRAWN
![Page 83: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Integrating other components
Coconut, banana, yams and other
crops on the bunds.
Fish
Ducks
Buffaloe
![Page 84: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
One acre paddy polder can
additionally hold
2000 fish fingerlings
300 broiler ducks
1-2 buffaloes
20 coconut palms on the bund
40 banana plants
20-40 yams/cassava
Single line fodder of 80m length.
![Page 85: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
![Page 86: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Multi level integration of crops-livestock- fish-duck
![Page 87: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Complementary effects
• On land preparation
• Manuring
• Weeding
• Plant protection
![Page 88: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Zero tilled rice field after fish
harvest ready for planting
Fallow period 3 days
![Page 89: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Economic benefits
Cost of production rice reduced by
17.6 percent
Increase in yield up to 50%
Multilevel integration increased the
returns 3-4 fold.
![Page 90: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Ecological benefits
• Reduction in use of agricultural
chemicals
• Improvements in soil conditions
• Recycling of agricultural wastes
• Perceptible improvement in soil
biological properties.
![Page 91: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS
In wetlands rice should be the pivotal crop
Multiple cropping of rice as monoculture systems
are not sustainable.
Use of increased external inputs year after year
erode the biodiversity base and upset ecological
balance.
Shift to biodiversity based multi commodity
enterprises suited to local agro ecological
conditions can perform better.
Such systems can significantly reduce high energy
inputs and cost of production.
Farming system approach is capable of reducing
carbon emission and sequestering of carbon in soils
and plants
![Page 92: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
o Deltaic formation of four river systems
o Location : 1 – 2.5 m below MSL
o Extent : 56000 ha
o Seasons : Main crop - Puncha
(Oct./Nov. - Jan./Feb.)
Additional Crop
(June/July - Sept./Oct.)
KUTTANAD RICE ECOSYSTEM
![Page 93: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
KUTTANAD
![Page 94: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
KUTTANAD SOILS
KARAPADAMS - 33,000 ha
KAYAL LANDS - 13,000 ha
KARI SOILS - 9,000 ha
![Page 95: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
KARAPPADOM SOILS
River borne alluvial soils
Extent : 33000 ha
Texture : Silty clay
Soil reaction : Moderately acidic high salt
content, and a fair amount of
decomposing organic matter
Salinity hazard
Fertility : Available P and K low
![Page 96: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
KAYAL LANDS
Reclaimed beds of Vembanad
Extent : 13000 ha
Texture : Silty clay
Soil reaction : Slightly acidic to neutral
Salinity : Salinity affected
Fertility : Low in available nitrogen and
phosphorous but
comparatively
rich in potassium
![Page 97: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
KARI LANDS
Extent : 9000ha
Colour : Deep black charcoal
Heavy in texture, poorly aerated and ill- drained
Pieces of wood seen embedded in the subsoil
Soil cracks during summer
Soils are affected by severe acidity (pH 3-4.5)
Periodic saline water inundation
Toxic accumulation of Fe & Al
Productivity : low
![Page 98: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
An overview of Kuttanad rice fields
![Page 99: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Pump house – an integral part of puncha lands
![Page 100: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Low head axial flow pump (Petti & para)
![Page 101: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Aquatic biomass – a source of organic manure
![Page 102: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Wet broadcasting
ensures uniform plant population
![Page 103: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Uneven land leveling results
patchy stand of seedlings
![Page 104: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
A uniform crop stand at
seedling stage
![Page 105: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
RICE FIELDS IN KUTTANAD
Under utilised
Mostly single cropped
Fallow period > 6 months
Returns <25000/ acre
Considerable scope of improvement
by Farming system approach.
![Page 106: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Farming system models
developed at RARS,
Kumarakom
Development of models at station level
• Evaluation of the models
• Validation at farm level
• Transformation from simultaneous to
rotational
• Lateral diffusion to farmers fields
ORU NELLUM ORU MEENUM
In two decades
![Page 107: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Cyprinus – versatile species
Ploughing and harrowing
![Page 108: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Grass carp- weed control
![Page 109: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Sl.
No
.
Item
Before fish
After Fish
1995 (Puncha)
1996(Virippu)
1996(Puncha)
1997(Virippu)
Cost(Rs)
Cost(Rs)
Cost(Rs)
Cost(Rs)
Material
Labou
r
Materi
al
Labou
r
Material
Labou
r
Mate
rial
Labour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Area of trial plot in acres
5.50
5.50
5.50
3.00
EXPENSES
1
a. Land preparation
b. Bunding
0
0
1483
472
0
0
2238
575
0
0
634
606
0
0
486
790
2
Seed and sowing
808
101
842
108
876
108
1021
115
3
Weeding
76
3198
76
3631
0
1460
0
3013
4
Plant protection
381
270
393
324
232
229
66
103
5
Manuring/liming
2008
298
2376
342
2200
319
2581
510
6
Other Inputs
346
894
371
1050
393
1062
0
1465
7
Harvesting
0
427
0
674
0
685
0
642
TOTAL
3619
7143
4058
8942
3701
5103
3668
7124
INCOME
Qtls
(Rs)
Qtls
(Rs)
Qtls
(Rs)
Qtls
(Rs)
1
Paddy
19
8967
28
14812
34
17144
35
17938
2
Straw
0
371
0
449
0
225
0
309
TOTAL
19
9338
28
15261
34
17369
35
18247
PROFIT
(-)1405
2289
8599
7490
Cost of production of paddy - before and after fish integration
![Page 110: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Prawn Yield using local wet feeds – 937 kg/ha
Prawn yield using commercial feeds – 1519 kg/ha
In 230 days
Indicated the prospects of rice prawn integration
GIANT FRESH WATER PRAWN
![Page 111: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Integrating other components
Coconut, banana, yams and other
crops on the bunds.
Fish
Ducks
Buffaloe
![Page 112: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
One acre paddy polder can
additionally hold
2000 fish fingerlings
300 broiler ducks
1-2 buffaloes
20 coconut palms on the bund
40 banana plants
20-40 yams/cassava
Single line fodder of 80m length.
![Page 113: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
![Page 114: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Multi level integration of crops-livestock- fish-duck
![Page 115: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Complementary effects
• On land preparation
• Manuring
• Weeding
• Plant protection
![Page 116: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Zero tilled rice field after fish
harvest ready for planting
Fallow period 3 days
![Page 117: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Economic benefits
Cost of production rice reduced by
17.6 percent
Increase in yield up to 50%
Multilevel integration increased the
returns 3-4 fold.
![Page 118: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Ecological benefits
• Reduction in use of agricultural
chemicals
• Improvements in soil conditions
• Recycling of agricultural wastes
• Perceptible improvement in soil
biological properties.
![Page 119: Rice based farming systems in Kerala_Dr Sasidharan(The Kerala Environment Congress)_2012](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081717/553a391255034680358b4ad6/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
CONCLUSIONS
In wetlands rice should be the pivotal crop
Multiple cropping of rice as monoculture systems
are not sustainable.
Use of increased external inputs year after year
erode the biodiversity base and upset ecological
balance.
Shift to biodiversity based multi commodity
enterprises suited to local agro ecological
conditions can perform better.
Such systems can significantly reduce high energy
inputs and cost of production.
Farming system approach is capable of reducing
carbon emission and sequestering of carbon in soils
and plants