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Rhetorical Principles: Introduction
Materials
Preparation Time
Activity Time
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Rhetorical Principles
Introduce you to the skills of critical thinking,
reading, and writing.
Help you define and assess the rhetoricalsituation in which a certain argument is made.
Teach you to understand and critically evaluate
the arguments presented in various sources towhich you refer.
Provide guidance as to how to create an effective
argument in your own writing.
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Definitions: Rhetoric
Rhetoric is the art of dressing up some
unimportant matter so as to fool the audience
for the time being
Ezra Pound
How do you understand this definition ofrhetoric? Do you agree with it? Why (not)?
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Definitions: Text
What is text? Are the these examples of text? Why (not)?
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What other examples of a text can you
think of?
Web pages
Posters
Bumper stickers Television/movies
Architecture
Vehicles/industrial design Art/Sculpture
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Rhetorical Triangle
Chose any text (mentioned previously) andanswer the following questions:
- Who created this text?
- Who did they create this text for?
- Why did they create this text?Author
Audience Purpose
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Rhetorical Triangle: Audience
Audience
who is the message intended for?
Age, gender, social/cultural group, politicalaffiliation, etc
Where do we look for information about the
audience?
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Rhetorical Tools
Considering the definition of rhetoric, what
are the different ways we can use rhetoric?
What are the rhetorical tools? Can you thinkof any examples?
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Rhetorical Appeals
Ethos
LogosPathos
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The Rhetorical Appeals: Ethos
Ethos- Credibility
- Ethics
- trustworthiness of the speaker/writer
Credibility based on audiences view of author andsubject.
For Academic Argument, an author must:
- Exhibit good sense
- Demonstrate high moral character
- Good will
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The Rhetorical Appeals: Logos
Logos - Logic
Attempt to appeal to the intellect
Everyday arguments vs. academic arguments
Common ways to appeal to logos?The most valued appeal in academic argument.Accomplished through inductive or deductivereasoning, or specifically
Definition, Evidence from other sources, or
Expert testimony
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The Rhetorical Appeals: Pathos
PathosPathetic, sympathy, empathy Appeal to emotions;
Arguments in popular press;
Manipulative;
Effect?
Appeals to emotion are accomplished through
Sensory description
Value-laden diction
Anecdotes
Objects of emotions (peoples, abstract concepts,etc.)
Rh t i l T i l d Rh t i l
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Rhetorical Triangle and Rhetorical
Appeals
Our job is to see how the rhetorical triangle
and rhetorical appeals work together to
create a message
These tools are not exclusive; all six should
be considered when evaluating a text
Logos
Ethos
Pathos
Author
Audience Purpose
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Tips for your own writing
How can you apply rhetorical principles to
your own writing? Think about
Yourself as the author
Your audience
The purpose of your message and how you will
achieve it
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A di Wh h ld k b
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Audience: What you should know about
your readers
How much do they already know about
your subject?
What do they expect to see in the document(style, format, organization)?
What preconceptions might they have about
your subject?
What do they need to know?
What are their interests?
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Homework Assignment: Plagiarism
Imagine you work for an academic policiesoffice and it is your job to come up with an adcampaign to persuade different audiences thatthey should avoid plagiarism. The purpose of
your writing is to persuade people who identifywith these groups to listen to you and believeyou. Do your best to meet the different needs ofthe defined target group! Make sure you use therhetorical principles effectively.
(Create an ad and be ready to present it to the restof the class)