Reviving ReligionReviving Religion
And the Birth of the And the Birth of the Reform MovementReform Movement
The Importance of ReligionThe Importance of Religion
By 1850, 3/4 of 23 million Americans By 1850, 3/4 of 23 million Americans regularly attended churchregularly attended church
Many changes in religious faithMany changes in religious faith Deism and the Unitarian FaithDeism and the Unitarian Faith
Unitarians:Unitarians:No Trinity, Jesus a man, stressed No Trinity, Jesus a man, stressed
man’s goodness, emphasized worksman’s goodness, emphasized worksEmbraced by intellectualsEmbraced by intellectuals
The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening
C. 1800 - A reaction against liberalism in C. 1800 - A reaction against liberalism in religionreligion
Pervasive evangelicalism that sparks Pervasive evangelicalism that sparks religious religious andand social reform social reform
Giant crusades (revival meetings)Giant crusades (revival meetings)Methodists and BaptistsMethodists and BaptistsPeter Cartwright (1785-1872) - best known Peter Cartwright (1785-1872) - best known
traveling Methodist preachertraveling Methodist preacherCharles Finney - greatest of the revival Charles Finney - greatest of the revival
preacherspreachers
The Church of Latter-Day SaintsThe Church of Latter-Day Saints
Joseph Smith founds MormonismJoseph Smith founds Mormonism Known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
SaintsSaints Brigham Young becomes the Mormon leader in 1844Brigham Young becomes the Mormon leader in 1844
Smith murdered by an Illinois mobSmith murdered by an Illinois mob The Mormons settle at the Great Salt Lake in UtahThe Mormons settle at the Great Salt Lake in Utah
Utah Territory brought into the United States in 1850 Utah Territory brought into the United States in 1850 (45th state in 1896)(45th state in 1896)
Young serves as GovernorYoung serves as Governor
The Age of ReformThe Age of Reform
American reformers promoted American reformers promoted change in many areas of societychange in many areas of society
Reform societies formed to take on Reform societies formed to take on the social evils of Americathe social evils of America
The reform movement was a The reform movement was a product of the Second Great product of the Second Great AwakeningAwakening
Prison ReformPrison Reform
Debtors Prisons eventually eliminatedDebtors Prisons eventually eliminatedThe number of capital crimes was The number of capital crimes was
reducedreducedCruel and unusual punishments were Cruel and unusual punishments were
outlawedoutlawedPrisons became places of reform as Prisons became places of reform as
well as punishmentwell as punishment
Reforming the Treatment of Mental IllnessReforming the Treatment of Mental Illness
Imprisonment and cruel Imprisonment and cruel treatment of the insane treatment of the insane persisted into the 19th persisted into the 19th centurycentury
Dorothea Dix the Dorothea Dix the leading reformer in the leading reformer in the fieldfield
The Temperance MovementThe Temperance Movement
Men as a group tended to drink liquor Men as a group tended to drink liquor much more than womenmuch more than women
Economic & environmental reasons Economic & environmental reasons for the popularity of liquorfor the popularity of liquor
Temperance movement led by womenTemperance movement led by women
The Temperance MovementThe Temperance Movement
One of the most successful reform One of the most successful reform movementsmovements
By the 1840’s, the nation witnessed By the 1840’s, the nation witnessed a sharp decline in alcohol a sharp decline in alcohol consumption.consumption.Consumption was 1/2 the rate Consumption was 1/2 the rate
during the 1820’sduring the 1820’s
AbolitionAbolition
William Lloyd Garrison a leading voice William Lloyd Garrison a leading voice against slaveryagainst slaveryUncompromising in his demand for Uncompromising in his demand for
emancipationemancipation Earned support of Black Abolitionists, Earned support of Black Abolitionists,
including Frederick Douglass and including Frederick Douglass and Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth
The Utopian CommunitiesThe Utopian Communities
Experimental cooperative Experimental cooperative communities established by communities established by reformers reformers
Founders were intellectualsFounders were intellectualsAlternatives to competitive Alternatives to competitive
economic societyeconomic society
Robert Owen & New HarmonyRobert Owen & New Harmony
Founded in 1825 in Indiana by Founded in 1825 in Indiana by British-born Owen - 1000 residentsBritish-born Owen - 1000 residents
Formed for the betterment of Formed for the betterment of workersworkers
Community quickly fell apartCommunity quickly fell apartOwenism survived beyond New Owenism survived beyond New
HarmonyHarmony
Brook Farm - 1841Brook Farm - 1841
Experimental community in Mass. Experimental community in Mass. Formed by TranscendentalistsFormed by TranscendentalistsAlternative to competitive Alternative to competitive
commercial life of citiescommercial life of citiesMecca for renowned writersMecca for renowned writersDisbanded in 1849 - never > 100 Disbanded in 1849 - never > 100
residentsresidents
Oneida Colony, NY - 1848Oneida Colony, NY - 1848
Founded by John Humphrey NoyesFounded by John Humphrey NoyesMost radical but long livedMost radical but long livedPracticed “complex marriage”, birth Practiced “complex marriage”, birth
control, selective breeding, control, selective breeding, communismcommunism
Dissolved c. 1880Dissolved c. 1880
The ShakersThe Shakers
Led by Mother Ann Lee in Lebanon, NyLed by Mother Ann Lee in Lebanon, NyHostile to materialismHostile to materialismShaker furniture a hallmark of the Shaker furniture a hallmark of the
groupgroupShaker movement peaked in 1820’sShaker movement peaked in 1820’s
A woman’s sphereA woman’s sphere
Catherine Beecher and “domestic Catherine Beecher and “domestic economy”economy”
““The cult of domesticity”The cult of domesticity”Socially assigned roles for men and Socially assigned roles for men and
women persistwomen persist
The Legal Status of WomenThe Legal Status of Women
Legal status of women largely Legal status of women largely unchanged since the Revolutionunchanged since the Revolution
No suffrage on a national levelNo suffrage on a national levelSubordinate to husbandSubordinate to husbandOrigin of women’s rights movement Origin of women’s rights movement
- abolition- abolition
The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848
Organized by Lucretia Mott and Organized by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady StantonElizabeth Cady Stanton
Issued the Declaration of Sentiments Issued the Declaration of Sentiments based on Dec. of Ind.based on Dec. of Ind.
Argued that laws placed women “in a Argued that laws placed women “in a position inferior to that of men”position inferior to that of men”
Convention an important step in the Convention an important step in the Women’s Rights MovementWomen’s Rights Movement
Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony
A Quaker active in temperance and A Quaker active in temperance and abolition groupsabolition groups
Joined women’s rights cause in Joined women’s rights cause in 1850s1850s
Labored alongside Stanton in the Labored alongside Stanton in the crusade for women’s rightscrusade for women’s rights
A long road to suffrageA long road to suffrage
Progress toward voting rights is slowProgress toward voting rights is slowNo national right to vote until 1920 No national right to vote until 1920
with passage of the 19th Amendmentwith passage of the 19th AmendmentSome legal gains made, especially Some legal gains made, especially
regarding property ownership, wages, regarding property ownership, wages, and child custody.and child custody.
“Women’s Work”“Women’s Work”
Careers open to women were limitedCareers open to women were limitedPrimary fields were nursing and Primary fields were nursing and
teachingteachingDifficult for women to break into Difficult for women to break into
traditionally male professionstraditionally male professionsThose who did tended to excel Those who did tended to excel
beyond expectations of detractorsbeyond expectations of detractors