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Revision ScienceMid term
Thursday 13 April 2023
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Q1: What is respiration?Ans:
The process in living organisms of taking in oxygen from the surroundings and giving out carbon dioxide (external respiration). During which energy is released and carbon dioxide produced (internal respiration).
Equation of RespirationGlucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water + Energy
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The Respiratory System includes the nose, mouth, trachea, bronchi, diaphragm, and lungs.
1.Carbon monoxide gas starves the body of oxygen.
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The lung on left side of our body is a bit smaller than the lung on the right.This extra space on the left leaves room for your heart.
Why do we Yawn?Why do we Sneeze?What cause Hiccups??
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Every thing is made up of matter.
Atoms combined to form a molecule.
All matters are made up of elements.Element are made up of molecules.
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There are 92 elements that occur naturally.
Electrons revolves in shells.
Atoms are made of a nucleus that contain protons and neutrons.Electrons orbit the nucleus.
There are mainly 4 shells namely K,L,M,NAn atom have same number of proton and electron. It is also called atomic number.
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Proton have a positive (+) charge.Electron have a negative (-) charge.Neutron have No charge.
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Atomic Structure
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The structure of the atom
ELECTRON – negative, mass nearly nothing
PROTON – positive, same
mass as neutron (“1”)
NEUTRON – neutral, same
mass as proton (“1”)
The Ancient Greeks used to believe that everything was made up of very small particles. I did some experiments in 1808
that proved this and called these particles ATOMS:
Dalton
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The Atom
Nucleus Electron
Shell or Orbit
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The Atom Hydrogen
Proton Electron
Hydrogen has one proton, one electron and NO neutrons
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The Atom Helium
ElectronProton
Neutron
Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons
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Mass and atomic numberParticle Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 0 -1
MASS NUMBER = number of protons + number of neutrons
SYMBOL
PROTON NUMBER = number of protons (obviously)
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The Atom Helium
ElectronProton
Neutron
Helium has two electrons, two protons and two neutrons
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The Atom Lithium
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
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The Atom Beryllium
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Beryllium has four electrons, four protons and five neutrons.
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The Atom Boron
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Boron has five electrons, five protons and six neutrons.
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The Atom Carbon
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Carbon has six electrons, six protons and six neutrons.
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The Atom Nitrogen
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Nitrogen has seven electrons, seven protons and seven neutrons.
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The Atom Oxygen
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Oxygen has eight electrons, eight protons and eight neutrons.
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The Atom Fluorine
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Fluorine has nine electrons, nine protons and ten neutrons.
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The Atom Neon
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Neon has ten electrons, ten protons and ten neutrons.
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The Atom Sodium
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Sodium has eleven electrons, eleven protons and twelve neutrons.
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How many protons, neutrons and electrons?
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Mendeleev
Periodic tableThe periodic table arranges all the elements in groups according to their properties.
Horizontal rows are called PERIODS
Vertical columns are called GROUPS
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How shells fill
• The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons.• The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons.• The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons.• The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.
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H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
NaMg Al Si P S Cl Ar
K Ca Fe NiCu Zn Br Kr
Ag I Xe
PtAu
Hg
The Periodic TableFact 3: Most of the elements are metals:
These elements are metals
This line divides metals from non-metals
These elements are non-metals
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Group 1 – The alkali metals
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
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Group 0 – The Noble gases
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
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Group 7 – The halogens
F
Cl
Br
I
At
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The halogens – some reactions1) Halogen + metal:
Na
+
Cl
-
Na Cl+
2) Halogen + non-metal:
H Cl+ Cl H
Halogen + metal ionic salt
Halogen + non-metal covalent molecule
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How shells fill
• The first electron shell can only hold a maximum of two electrons.• The second electron shell can hold a maximum of eight electrons.• The third electron shell can also hold a maximum of eight electrons.• The fourth electron shell can also hold eight electrons.
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Electron structureConsider an atom of Potassium:
Potassium has 19 electrons. These are arranged in shells…
Nucleus
The inner shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons
The next shell has __ electrons
The next shell has the remaining __ electron
Electron structure
= 2,8,8,1
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
HydrogenH
1 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
HeliumHe
2 electron 0 electron 0 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
LithiumLi
2 electron 1 electron 0 electron 0 electron
BerylliumBe
2 electron 2 electron 0 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
BoronB
2 electron 3 electron 0 electron 0 electron
CarbonC
2 electron 4 electron 0 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
NitrogenN
2 electron 5 electron 0 electron 0 electron
OxygenO
2 electron 6 electron 0 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
FluorineF
2 electron 7 electron 0 electron 0 electron
NeonNe
2 electron 8 electron 0 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
SodiumNa
2 electron 8 electron 1 electron 0 electron
MagnesiumMg
2 electron 8 electron 2 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
AluminiumAl
2 electron 8 electron 3 electron 0 electron
SiliconSi
2 electron 8 electron 4 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
PhosphorusP
2 electron 8 electron 5 electron 0 electron
SulphurS
2 electron 8 electron 6 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
ChlorineCl
2 electron 8 electron 7 electron 0 electron
ArgonAr
2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 0 electron
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How the shells fill with electrons
Element Shell 1 Shell 2 Shell 3 Shell 4
Potassium 2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 1 electron
CalciumCa
2 electron 8 electron 8 electron 2 electron
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The First Twenty Elements
• Hydrogen 1,0,0,0• Helium 2,0,0,0• Lithium 2,1,0,0• Beryllium 2,2,0,0• Boron 2,3,0,0• Carbon 2,4,0,0• Nitrogen 2,5,0,0
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First 20 Elements continued
• Oxygen 2,6,0,0• Fluorine 2,7,0,0• Neon 2,8,0,0• Sodium 2,8,1,0• Magnesium 2,8,2,0• Aluminium 2,8,3,0• Silicon 2,8,4,0
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First 20 Elements continued
• Phosphorus 2,8,5,0• Sulphur 2,8,6,0• Chlorine 2,8,7,0• Argon 2,8,8,0• Potassium 2,8,8,1• Calcium 2,8,8,2
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Reactions
• Sodium and Chlorine react to form • Sodium Chloride.• Iron and Chlorine react to form • Iron Chloride.• 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl.• Fe + Cl2 FeCl2.
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mixture and compound???
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Average vs. Instantaneous speed
• Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the time to travel.
• Instantaneous speed is the average speed for infinitely small distances and times.
TimeTravel
TotalSpeedAverage
Covered Distance
0)(~ Amount Time Minimal In
Covered DistanceSpeed ousInstantene
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“Conversion”
• Convert the Scale:
• 46 sec = =0.76 min = =0.0127 hrs
• 37 sec = =0. 01027 hrs = =0. 616 min
• 29 min =29 x 60 = 1740 sec= =0.483 hrs
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“Molecular masses”
• Calculate molecular masses of the following:
• H2SO4 = (1x2) + 32 + (16x4)=2+32+64=98
• CaCO3 = 40+ 12 + (16x3)=40+12+48=100
• NaCl= 23 + 35.5=58.5
• H2O = (1x2) + 16=188
• CO2= 12+ (16x2)=12+32=44
• NaNO3= 23+14 + (16x3)= 23+14+48=85