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Chapter 16
Social Behavior – 8th Edition
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Social Psychology
Person perception
Attribution processes
Interpersonal attraction
Attitudes
Conformity and obedience
Behavior in groups
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Person Perception: Forming Impressions of Others
Effects of physical appearance
Cognitive/social schemas – Slide 4
Stereotypes
Prejudice and discrimination
Subjectivity in person perception
– Illusory correlation
Evolutionary perspectives
– Ingroup - outgroup
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XXXXXX Slide 4
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Attribution Processes: Explaining Behavior
Attributions – Internal vs. External
– Kelley’s covariation model
– Attributions in success and failure – Figure 16.1
Biases in attributions – Fundamental attribution error - Figure 16.2
– Defensive attribution
– Self-serving bias – credit self for success, blame situation for failure
Cultural influences – Individualism – collectivism
– Hokotede’s rankings - Figure 16.3
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Figure 16.1 Causes of Success and Failure: Attribution
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XXX16.2
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Close Relationships: Liking and Loving
Key factors in attraction
– Physical attractiveness
– http://www.faceresearch.org/demos/average
– Matching hypothesis
– Similarity, Reciprocity
– Romantic Ideals
Perspectives on love – Hatfield & Berscheid – Passionate vs. Companionate love
– Sternberg – Intimacy, commitment, & passion – Figure 16.4
– Hazen & Shaver – love as attachment - Figure 16.5
– Attachment styles – attachment anxiety/avoidance – F 16.5
Evolutionary perspectives
– Mating priorities
– Mate poaching – Buss
Internet and close relationships – F 16.7
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Facial Averaging and Physical Attractiveness
Instructions and Background
This is a little demonstration in which you generate several
examples of average faces from the several that are given at
this web address:
http://www.faceresearch.org/demos/average
1. Click on any four female or male faces, and form your impression of
the attractiveness of the composite (average) face.
2. Press "reset." Now click on any ten female or male faces, and form
your impressions now.
3. Do it one more time; this time using a very large number of faces to
make your composite.
4. You should observe increasing attractiveness the more faces are
used to form your composite face.
5. I hope you had fun with this.
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Figure 16.4 –
Sternberg’s view
of love over time
Figure 16.5
XXX
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Attitudes and Attitude Change
3 components – cognitive, affective, and behavioral – Figure 16.8
Factors in changing attitudes – persuasion
– source, message, channel, and receiver – Figure 16.9
Theories of attitude change – Learning theory
• Classical conditioning and advertising – Figure 16.10
– Dissonance theory – Festinger & Carlsmith (1959) – Figure 16.11
– Self-perception theory – Figure 16.12
– Elaboration likelihood model – Figure 16.13
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Figure 16.8 – Components of Attitudes
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XXX16.9
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Figure 16 - 10 - Classical conditioning
of attitudes in
advertising
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Figure 16.11 xxxxx
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Figure 16.12
Bem’s self-
perception theory
Figure 16.13
Elaboration
likelihoood model
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Yielding to Others: Conformity
Conformity – Solomon Asch (1950s)
– Group norm behavior
– Classic experiment - Figure 16.14
• Group size – increased conformity until 4 in incorrect
group then level, Figure 16.15
• Group unanimity
Compliance
– Conforming to requested behavior
• Foot-in-door
• Door-in-the-face
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Yielding to Others: Obedience
Obedience – Stanley Milgram (1960s)
– Controversial landmark experiment – Figure 16.16
• 65% gave highest shock level
• Many variations of basic experiment
– “I was just following orders”
• presence of a dissenter
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Behavior in Groups: The Power of the Situation
Social Roles
Stanford Prison Study – p. 692-693
http://www.prisonexp.org/
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Behavior in Groups: The Influence of Other People
The bystander effect - Darley and Latane (1968)
– Diffusion of responsibility
Group productivity and social loafing – Figure 16.17
Decision making in groups
Group Polarization - Figure 16.18
Groupthink
– Bay of Pigs
– NASA Shuttle disaster
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Figure 16.17
XXXXXX
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Figure 16.18 XXXXXX
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Understanding Prejudice
Prejudice as an attitude – Figure 16.19
Prejudice and discrimination – Figure 16.20
Bias attribution of success and failure – Figure 16.21
Group competition – Sherif et al. (1961) study – field
experiment
Ingroups and outgroups
Threats to social identity – Figure 16.22
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Table of Contents Figure 16.19 The three potential components of prejudice as an attitude
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Figure 16.20 Relationship between prejudice and discrimination
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Figure 16.21 Bias in the attributions used to explain success and failure by men and women