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REVIEW MATCHING)1. Zoology a. plants2. Genetics b. animals3. Anatomy c. heredity4. Botany d. organisms &
their environ- ment
5. Ecology e. structure of organisms
6. Taxonomy f. Change over time
7. Evolution g. Classification
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MATCH THE FOLLOWING TERMS
8. HOMEOSTASIS9. METABOLISM10. INFERENCE11. THEORY12. HYPOTHESIS13. BIOGENESIS
A. LIFE COMES FROM OTHER LIFEB. AN INTERPRETATION OF
OBSERVATIONSC. A STATEMENT SUMMARIZING
MANY WELL SUPPORTED HYPOTHESES
D. ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN A CELL
E. MAINTAINING STABLE INTERNAL CONDITIONS
F. A TESTABLE STATEMENT
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REVIEW MATCHING
1. NUCLEUS2. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM3. GOLGI COMPLEX4. MITOCHONDRIA5. RIBOSOME6. LYSOSOME7. CYTOSKELETON8. CYTOPLASM9. CELL MEMBRANE
A. REGULATES WHAT ENTERS AND LEAVES A CELL
B. “SUICIDE SACS” – DIGESTIVE STRUCTURE
C. “POWERHOUSE” – GENERATES ATPD. “POSTOFFICE” – PACKAGES AND
SHIPS PRODUCTS FROM THE CELE. “ROADWAY” – MAKES LIPIDS AND
TRANSPORTS SUBSTANCES W/IN THE CELL
F. GEL-LIKE FLUID W/IN THE CELLG. “CONTROL CENTER” – HOUSES
DNAH. “CELL FACTORY” – SITE OF
PROTEIN SYNTHESISI. MAINTAINS CELL STRUCTURE
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REVIEW MATCHING 1. OCCURS IN PLANT
CELLS2. OCCURS IN ANIMAL
CELLS3. OCCURS IN THE
CHLOROPLAST4. OCCURS IN THE
MITOCHONDRIA5. 6CO2 + 6 H20 + LIGHT
GLUCOSE +6 O26. GLUCOSE + 6 O2 6
CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
A. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
B. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
C. BOTH
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CELL CYCLE REVIEW 1. Cell division resulting in 2, identical,
diploid cells somatic cells2. Cell division resulting in 4, different
haploid cells gametes3. Time between cell division where cell
grows, makes proteins, and prepares to divide
4. Chromatin condense chromosomes; nucleus disappears
5. Chromosomes align in the middle of the cell
6. Chromatids are pulled apart by spindle7. Chromatids repair with homolog
nucleus reforms8. Cell splits with cleavage furrow or cell
plate
A. METAPHASEB. PROPHASEC. MITOSISD. ANAPHASEE. TELOPHASEF. MEIOSISG. CYTOKINESISH. INTERPHASE
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REMEMBER• PRESENTATIONS BEGIN MONDAY
• CP BIOLOGY: pg 57 and 59 #s 1-10 due Monday – WRITE LETTER AND ANSWER
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Biology – The Study of Living things: Many fields
1. Cytology 2. Genetics 3. Evolution 4. Taxonomy 5. Microbiology
6. Zoology7. Botany8. Ecology
• Cells• Heredity• Change over time• Classification• Microscopic organisms (viruses,
bacteria, protists)• Animals• Plants• Interactions of organisms with their
environment
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Characteristics of Living Things1. Growth2. Reproduction3. Respond to Stimuli4. Genetic Code5. Metabolism6. Homeostasis7. Made of Cells
Atoms Molecules Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism Populations Communities Ecosystems
Biomes Biosphere
NOT ALL LIVING THINGS CAN BE SEEN TO MOVE
• Total energy use (eating, breathing
• Maintaining stable internal conditions (body temperature)
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ORGANIZATION OF LIFE
= BASIC UNIT OF LIFE
NON-LIVING
LIVING
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Science vs Non-science• Scientific
Statements are falsifiable - can be disproved (Objective)
• Nonscientific Statements cannot be disproved (Subjective – Opinion based)
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Designing an ExperimentSection 1-2
Flowchart
Go to Section:
State the Problem
Form a Hypothesis
Set Up a Controlled ExperimentControls = keep the sameIndependent/manipulated variable = changedDependent/responding variable = measured
Record ResultsQualitative – descriptionQuantitative - numbers
Analyze Results
Draw a Conclusion
Publish Results
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Theory• A broad statement linking together many WELL
SUPPORTED hypotheses – Theory of Evolution– Big Bang Theory– Atomic Theory
HOW DOES THE COMMON USE OF THE WORD “THEORY”
DIFFER FROM THE SCIENTIFIC DEFINITION?
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THE TOOLS OF SCIENCE1. Microscopes
a. Compound Light: Uses 2 lenses and light; Can look at living things–Resolution: How clear it is–Magnification: How enlarged it is =
Optic * Ocular Lensb. Electron: Uses electrons;
Magnification much greater–Organism must be dead
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5. SCIENCE TOOLS• MEASURED IN SI (STANDARD INTERNATIONAL UNITS)
units. Base units include:– LENGTH = METERS – VOLUME = LITER– MASS = GRAMS
• CENTI = 1/100, MILLI = 1/1000, KILO = 1000• A CENTIMETER = 1/100TH OF A METER
GRADUATED CYLINDER VOLUME MEASUREMENT (mL)
TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE MASS MEASUREMENT (grams)
BEAKER MIXING
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USE THE PARAGRAPH BELOW TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 1-5.Kellie wants to win the “largest pumpkin” award at the fair. She wants to
compare 2 plant foods to see their affect on the pumpkin growth. She designs an experiment to determine the affect of various foods on pumpkin
growth. She gives plant food # 1 to pumpkin # 1 and plant food # 2 to pumpkin # 2. She doesn’t give any plant food to pumpkin # 3. All of the pumpkins are kept in the same sunlight, temperature, and given the same amount of water. After 2 weeks, she measures the growth of each pumpkin.
1. What group does Pumpkins # 1 and # 2 represent?(A) Control Group (B) Manipulated Group (C) Data Group (D) Experimental
Group (E) Inference2. What type of data is collected in Kellie’s experiment?(A) qualitative (B) quantitative (C) Is best displayed with a pie graph (D)
Represents inductive reasoning3. The different plant foods represent the:(A) qualitative data (B) control group (C) independent variable (D)
dependent variable4. What represents the control group?(A)Pumpkin # 1 (B) Pumpkin # 2 (C) Pumpkin # 3 (d) The Plant Food5. The growth of each pumpkin represents the:(A) Control Group (B) Manipulated Variable (C) Responding Variable (D)
Inference
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6. What would be the best unit to measure the distance from Augusta, GA to Washington D.C.? (A) meters (B) kilometers (C) kilograms (D) seconds (E) cubic centimeters
7. What piece of equipment is best for measuring 20 grams of NaCl?
(A) graduated cylinder (B) triple-beam balance (C) Beaker (D) meter stick
8. What piece of equipment is best for measuring 20 ml of water?
(B) graduated cylinder (B) triple-beam balance (C) Beaker (D) meter stick
9. The best way to clean a microscope is with:(C)Your sleeve (B) Your hand (C) Special tissues (D) a
moistened paper towel
10. You know that a rock is not alive because: (A) It does not reproduce (B) It is not made of cells (C) It does not maintain homeostasis (D) It does not grow (E) All of the above (F) None of the above
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CHEMISTRY
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CHEMISTRY – THE STUDY OF THE NATURE, COMPOSITION, AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER
• Matter: Anything that has mass (amount of matter) and takes up space
- There are 3 States of MatterSOLID LIQUID GAS
PARTICLES TIGHTLY PACKED - VIBRATE
LOOSELY PACKED
MOST LOOSELY PACKED
VOLUME FIXED FIXED CHANGES
SHAPE FIXED CHANGES CHANGES
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Proton Neutron Electron
CHARGE + O -
LOCATION Nucleus Nucleus Energy levels
DETERMINED BY
Atomic # Atomic mass – Atomic #
= proton # if not charged
Ore = p - charge
OTHER TERMS ISOTOPE (DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS)
ION (CHARGED ATOM)
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BOND IONIC COVALENT HYDROGEN
HOW FORMED
Transfer of electrons
Sharing of electrons
Polarity
STRENGTH Medium Strongest Weakest
EXAMPLES Na+Cl- (sodium chloride – table salt)
H2O (water) DNA double helix
Cohesion/Adhesion
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pH scale: determines acid or base: scale 1-14
• Acid: High concentration of hydronium ions (H+)– Less than 7 on pH scale
• Base: High concentration of hydroxide ions (OH-)– Greater than 7 on pH
scale – alkaline
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MACROMOLECULES = ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT MAKE UP CELLS IN
LIVING THINGS – made of C, H, O, NCARBON IS THE “BACKBONE” OF LIFE
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
BUILDING BLOCKS
FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES
CARBOHYDRATES(SUGARS)
MONOSACCHARIDES
PRIMARY/QUICK ENERGY
GLUCOSEGLYCOGEN, STARCH
LIPIDS (FATS) FATTY ACIDS STORED ENERGY
STEROIDSTRIGLYCERIDESPHOSPHOLIPIDS
PROTEINS AMINO ACIDS BUILDING AND REPAIRING
ENZYMES – SPEED UP RXTS
NUCLEIC ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES
CARRY/STORE HEREDITARY INFORMATION
DNARNA
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CHEMISTRY – Use the paragraph below to answer questions 11-12
After red blood cells pick up carbon dioxide from tissues, the CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid. Once in the lungs, it is converted back to CO2 and water, and the CO2 is exhaled.
Carbonic anhydrase increases the reaction rate from 200 molecules of carbonic acid to 600,000 carbonic acid molecules per hour
11. Carbonic anhydrase represents: (A) an enzyme (B) a substrate (C) a pigment (D) a reactant
12. What are the building blocks of the substance in # 11?
(A) Amino Acids (B) Fatty acids (C) Nucleotides (D) Monosaccharides
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13. Covalent bonds result from atoms _______ electrons, while ionic bonds result from _______ electrons. (A) sharing, transferring (B) sharing, sharing (C) transferring, transferring (D) transferring, sharing
14. When a maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solvent, the solution is: (A) Saturated (B) Covalently bonded (C) Distilled (D) Separated
15. Which of the following represents a primary energy source for cells?(A) Carbohydrates (B) Proteins (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Lipids
16. Cohesion and adhesion are both possible due to which water property? (A) Polarity (B) Solubility (C) Transparency (D) Ionic bonding
17. If an atom has an atomic number of 8 and has a charge of -2, how many electrons does it have? (A) 6 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 0
18. Stomach acid would be expected to have a pH around: (A) 2 (B) 7 (C) 9 (D) 13
19. The primary solute in the cytoplasm of a cell is:(A) Water (B) NaCl (C) Lipids (D) Nucleic Acids
20. Carbon 14 has 2 more neutrons than Carbon 12. Carbon 14 represents a: (A) ion (B) isotope (C) compound (D) organic compound
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CELL PARTS
PLANT & ANIMAL CELLS
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HISTORY OF CELL DISCOVERIES-1665 – ROBERT HOOKE – First discovered and
named cells (in non-living cork)-1673 – Anton Van Leeuwenhoek - “Father of
MICROSCOPY”. – *First to describe LIVING CELLS AND
MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURESThe CELL THEORY: 1800s 1. ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE OF CELLS.
(Schleiden and Schwann) 2. CELLS ARE THE BASIC UNIT OF LIFE 3. CELLS COME ONLY FROM OTHER CELLS
(Virchow)
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2 KINDS OF CELLS:PROKARYOTES & EUKARYOTES
PROKARYOTE = NO NUCLEUSOR MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLESEX. = BACTERIA
EUKARYOTE – HAS A NUCLEUS & MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLESEX. = PLANTS, ANIMALS
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REVIEW OF CELL PARTSHow do plant and animal cells differ?
http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/cell_functions.htm
CLICK ON THIS FOR A REVIEW OF THE FUNCTIONS:
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ORGANELLE FUNCTIONNUCLEUS CONTROLS Cell Activities; Contains genetic information
ENDOPLASMICRETICULUM (ER)
ROUGH ER – With ribosomes; Produce products for exportSMOOTH ER – No ribosomes; System of channels
RIBOSOMES Site of PROTEIN synthesis; Can be attached to ER or free in cytoplasm
GOLGI BODIES Responsible for PACKAGING and TRANSPORT OF cell products
MITOCHONDRIA Site of ENERGY production (ATP)
LYSOSOMES Site of DIGESTION, DISPOSAL, and LYSIS of cells
PEROXISOMES Site of FILTERING toxic materials
CYTOSKELETON Involved in support, transport, and reproduction of cell
VACUOLES STORAGE of extra sugar and water
PLANTS/ALGAE ONLYCHLOROPLASTS CONVERT SOLAR ENERGY AND CO2 GLUCOSE AND O2
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• CELL MEMBRANE (“LIPID BILAYER”)– MADE OF LIPIDS AND PROTEINS– SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE
• The Cell WALL – Tough, outer layer outside of cell membrane IN BACTERIA, ALGAE, AND FUNGI
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DIFFUSION = MOVEMENT OF MOLECULES FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION (MORE MOLECULES) TO LOW
CONCENTRATION (LESS MOLECULES)
= DIFFUSION OF H20
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EFFECTS OF SOLUTIONS ON CELLS – HOW CELLS MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASISPURE WATER SALT WATER
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EXPLAIN WHAT IS HAPPENING
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT = movement of molecules from LOW to HIGH concentration
LOW
HIGH
REQUIRES ENERGY
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EOCT DAY 2 QUIZ
• NUMBER FROM 1-15
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1. The organelle that is the site of protein synthesis is:(A) Ribosome (B) Golgi Body (C) Nucleus (D) Cell Membrane2. If a cell is placed in a solution with a high concentration of glucose,
water will: (A) Enter the cell by osmosis (B) Exit the cell by osmosis (C) Exit the cell by active transport (D) Enter the cell by facilitated diffusion
3. What will happen to an animal cell if it is left in a solution of distilled water overnight? (A) It will shrivel (B) It will swell and burst (C) It will remain at equilibrium (D) It will undergo photosynthesis
4. The macromolecules which have the greatest variety of function and are the main component of Cell Membranes are:(A) Lipids (B) Carbohydrates (C) Nucleic Acids (D) Proteins
5. The individual who discovered and named cells was: (A) Anton Van Leeuenhoek (B) Charles Darwin (C) Robert Hooke (D) Gregor Mendel
6. An egg that was left in a solution overnight was shriveled the next day. The solution was: (A) Hypertonic (B) Hypotonic (C) Isotonic (D) Salty
7. The organelle in which DNA is stored is the: (A) Mitochondria (B) Nucleus (C) Ribosome (D) Cell Membrane
8. What best describes the Cell Theory? (A) All living things are made of cells (B) Cells come from pre-existing cells (C) Cells are the basic unit of all life (D) All of the above (E) None of the above
9. Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that(A) Eukaryotic cells are living and prokaryotic cells are not(B) Eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus and membrane bound organelles(C) Eukaryotic cells are much smaller than prokaryotic cells(D) Eukaryotic cells include only bacteria
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CELL ENERGY
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ATP = ENERGY STORAGE COMPOUND IN CELLS
LIKE A CHARGED BATTERY
LIKE AN UNCHARGEDBATTERY
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WHY DO PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION DEPEND ON EACH OTHER?
GLUCOSE
+ ATP
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WHICH IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS & WHICH IS CELL RESPIRATION?
C6H1206 + O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATPIn mitochondria
6CO2 + 6H2O + LIGHT C6H1206 + O2
In chloroplasts
PLANTS & ANIMALS DO THIS TO RELEASE ENERGY
ONLY PLANTS DO THIS TO STORE ENERGY
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CELL REPRODUCTION
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STAGES OF MITOSIS – cell division to make organisms grow & repair themselves
PMAT =
PROPHASEMETAPHASEANAPHASETELOPHASE
INTERPHASE = PERIODBETWEEN CELL DIVISIONS
CYTOKINESIS = DIVISION OFCYTOPLASM
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MITOSIS – makes 2 identical cells with same DNA – happens in all forms of
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
PARENT CELL WITH 46CHROMOSOMES
46
46 46
DAUGHTER CELLS HAVE 46CHROMOSOMES
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MEIOSIS = cell division in ovaries & testes to produce gametes (eggs
& sperm)
4623
23
23
23
23
23
Human ovary or testis cell starts with 46 chromosomes. After meiosis, the eggs & sperm only have 23 chromosomes.
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SEXUAL REPRODUCTION – involves 2 sex cells (gametes) offspring will be a combination of the
2 parents
EGG(23)
+SPERM
(23)
ZYGOTE(46)
HAPLOID HAPLOID
DIPLOID
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Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis
• Mitosis–2 cells formed–Cells are diploid
(full set of chromosomes)
–Cells are identical to “parent” cell
–Forms all cells besides sex cells
• Meiosis–4 cells formed–Cells are haploid– (half set of chromosomes)
–Cells vary from “parent” cells
–Forms sex cells (gametes)
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10. Which of the statements is NOT true concerning the following reactions?
1. 6CO2+ 6 H2O + light energy Glucose + 6 O22. Glucose + 6 O2 6 H2O + energy
(A) Chemical energy is converted to cellular energy in photosynthesis, and light energy is changed into chemical energy in respiration
(B) Photosynthesis requires energy while respiration releases energy
(C) Respiration is an ecothermic reaction while photosynthesis is endothermic
(D) Oxygen is a reactant in respiration and product of photosynthesis
(E) The 1st formula represents photosynthesis while the 2nd represents respiration.
11. Cellular respiration is to __________ as photosynthesis is to __________. (A) Mitochondria, Photosynthesis (B) Photosynthesis, Mitochondria (C) Nucleus, Cell Membrane (D) Golgi bodies, Endoplasmic reticulum
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12. Put the following stages of Mitosis in order:(A) Prophase, Metaphase, Telophase, Anaphase(B) Metaphase, Prophase, Anaphase, Telophase(C) Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase(D) Telophase, Anaphase, Metaphase, Prophase13. What best describes the difference between mitosis and
meiosis?(A) Mitosis produces 2 identical and diploid cells, and meiosis
produces 4 different and haploid cells(B) Mitosis produces 4 different and haploid cells, and meiosis
produces 2 identical and diploid cells(C) Mitosis only produces gametes(D) Meiosis is used in the repair of body cells14. Cell Division differs in a plant cell from an animal cell at which
step? (A) Prophase (B) Metaphase (C) Anaphase (D) Telophase (E) Cytokinesis
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DNA, RNA & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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WHAT IS DNA?• Blueprint of Life (has the
instructions for making an organism)
GENE = a segment of DNA that codes for a protein, which codes for a trait (skin color, eye color, etc.)
DNA is wrapped around protein to form chromosome
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• Structure was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick (1953)
• Described shape as a double helix (“twisted ladder”)
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DNA STRUCTURE
• Made of repeating subunits called NUCLEOTIDES = sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
• DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR and PHOSPHATES (sides of ladder)
• NITROGEN BASES (rungs of ladder)
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ADENINE (A) THYMINE (T)GUANINE (G) CYTOSINE (C)
• Attach to deoxyribose sugar• Always follow “base-pair rule”• Pair up A - T , C - G• Connected by weak HYDROGEN
BONDS
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DNA REPLICATION – DNA makes a copy of itself
• Occurs during interphase before MITOSIS, so the new cells will be identical to the parent cell
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DNA, RNA, & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
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DNAFUNCTION CARRIES HEREDITARY INFO
GENES = PORTIONS OF DNA PROTEIN TRAITCHROMOSOME = DNA WRAPPED AROUND PROTEIN (46 IN US)
WHERE FOUND
NUCLEUS OF CELL
SHAPE DOUBLE HELIX – (TWISTED LADDER) -DISCOVERED BY WATSON AND CRICK (1953)
STRUCTURE -DOUBLE STRANDEDNUCLEOTIDES = SUGAR (DEOXYRIBOSE, PHOSPHATE, AND BASE (A, T, C, G); PAIR UPA –T; G – C
PROCESS REPLICATION: DNA MAKES AN IDENTICAL COPY OF ITSELF (SEMICONSERVATIVE)-OCCURS IN S PHASE (INTERPHASE) OF CELL CYCLE
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DNA is too big to leave the nucleus so RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) must get
involved.
SIMILARITIES IN DNA & RNABoth have N bases adenine, guanine,
cytosine
DIFFERENCESDNA• Deoxyribose
sugar• Thymine• Double-
stranded
RNA• Ribose sugar• Uracil• Single-
stranded
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TYPES OF RNA
mRNA rRNA tRNAMessenger
RNA Ribosomal
RNATransfer
RNACopies DNA
code & takes it to ribosome
Makes up ribosome
Picks up amino acids in cytoplasm
& brings them to
ribosome
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HOW DOES mRNA COPY THE DNA CODE?
DNA - TAC GGC TAA ACT
mRNA – AUG CCG AUU UGA
REMEMBER…RNA has uracil instead of thymine to bond with adenine!
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RNAFUNCTION CARRIES HEREDITARY INFO FROM DNA IN NUCLEUS TO
RIBOSOME PROTEIN
WHERE FOUND
NUCLEUS AND RIBOSOME
STRUCTURE -SINGLE STRANDED-NUCLEOTIDES = SUGAR (RIBOSE, PHOSPHATE, AND BASE (A, T, C, G); PAIR UP-A, U, G, C
PROCESS TRANSCRIPTION – FORMATION OF RNA FROM DNA (IN NUCLEUS)TRANSLATION – FORMATION OF A PROTEIN FROM RNA (ON A RIBOSOME) -CODON = SET OF 3 mRNA bases that code for an amino acid
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AMINO ACIDS
• 20 exist• Link together to
make proteins during protein synthesis
• TRIPLET CODON = 3 NITROGEN BASES 1 AMINO ACID
mRNA codon chart
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS is the making of a protein. To make a protein, a cell needs:
• DNA - holds the code in the nucleus• mRNA codons - carries code to
ribosome• RIBOSOME - where protein is made• tRNA anticodon - picks up amino
acids & brings them to ribosome• AMINO ACIDS - building blocks of
proteins
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Step #1 - TRANSCRIPTION
• Making of mRNA in the nucleus to copy the DNA code to take to the ribosome
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Step #2 - TRANSLATION
• tRNA anticodon picks up the correct amino acid in the cytoplasm and takes it to the ribosome to make the protein
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
1. TRANSCRIPTION 2. TRANSLATION
DNA mRNA
CODONS
mRNA tRNA AMINOACIDS
codons anticodons
matched up at ribosome PROTEIN
NUCLEUS RIBOSOME
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MUTATIONS
Caused by
MUTAGENS
RADIATION
DRUGS/CHEMICALS
ENVIRONMENTALPOLLUTANTS
CHROMOSOME POINT(GENE)
AFFECTS # OR ENTIRE CHROMOSOME FRAMESHIFT
INSERTION
DELETION
CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE
TYPES
SUBSTITUTION
Can be passed to offspring if it occurs in sex cells
Some may be beneficial evolution of species
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QUIZ DAY 3 – DNA, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
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1. What molecule carries the DNA information from the nucleus to the ribosome for translation? (A) tRNA (B) mRNA (C)rRNA (D) ATP
2. A strand of DNA with the base pair sequence AATGGCCATT would have the complimentary strand: (A) AATGGCCATT (B) UUACCGGUAA (C) TTACGCGTTA (D) TTACCGGTAA
3. DNA contains the information needed to make: (A) proteins (B) Glucose (C) Fatty Acids (D) ATP
4. A strand of DNA with the base pair sequence AATGGCCATT would produce an RNA strand: (A) AATGGCCATT (B) UUACCGGUAA (C) TTACGCGTTA (D) TTACCGGTAA
5. What best describes a codon? (A) a set of 3 DNA bases that codes for RNA (B) a set of 3 mRNA bases that codes for an amino acid (C) a set of 3 tRNA bases that codes for an amino acid (D) a set of 3 rRNA bases that codes for a ribosome
6. Which of the following is NOT a difference between DNA and RNA? (A) DNA is double stranded and RNA is single stranded (B) DNA is formed in the nucleus while RNA is not (C) RNA contains the base Uracil instead of Thymine (D) DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose and RNA contains ribose
7. DNA produces more DNA in a process called ______________. DNA is copied to RNA in a process called ______________. RNA codes for a protein in a process called _______________. (A) Transcription, Translation, Replication (B) Replication, Transcription, Translation (C) Replication, Translation, Transcription (D) Transcription, Replication, Translation
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GENETICS
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IV. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS
A. Self-pollinated plants (true-breeding)Purple X purple All Purple White X white All White
B. Cross – pollinated plants w/ contrasting traits
(P) Purple X white* All Purple (F1)
Tall X short* All Tall
* Trait seemed to disappear in the 2nd, or F1 generation
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1 trait always disappeared in the 2nd, or F1 generation
Round/wrinkled
Yellow/green
Inflated/constricted
Yellow pod/Green pod
Axial/terminal Tall/shortGray/
white
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IV. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENTS
cont.C. Self-pollinated F1 plants F2 generation
• Purple (F1) X purple (F1) ¾ Purple, ¼ white (F2)
• Tall X tall ¾ Tall, ¼ Short
• Missing traits reappeared
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The trait reappeared in the 3rd, or F2 generation
The white trait “skipped”a generation!
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VI. MENDEL’S CONCLUSIONS
1. Traits are controlled by genes, that occur in pairs.
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2. LAW OF DOMINANCE• Some traits hide
the effect of others.
• Allele – a single gene– 2 alleles Trait– Alleles may be:
• Dominant – Hides the other trait
• Recessive – Trait seems to disappear–Ex. Tall x short
= All tall
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OTHER GENETIC TERMS• HOMOZYGOUS = pure = organism w/
same alleles for a trait (TT,tt)• HETEROZYGOUS = hybrid =
different alleles for a trait (Tt)• GENOTYPE – Alleles (genes) of a trait (letters)
Homozygous dominant - TTHeterozygous – TtHomozygous recessive - tt
• PHENOTYPE – Physical appearance (words)
Tall plantTall plantShort plant
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HOW CAN WE USE MATH TO FIGURE ALL THIS OUT?
• PROBABILITY - chance that something will or will not happen 1 out of 2 or 50 % that a flipped coin will
land on headsNot dependent on previous result; You could
flip heads 10 straight times• PUNNETT SQUARE – chart used to
predict probable outcomes in a genetic cross
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HOW TO SET UP A PUNNETT SQUARE
TALL X SHORT
TT X tt
HETEROZYGOUS TALL X HETEROZYGOUS
TALL
Tt x Tt
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MONOHYBRID CROSS• involves 1 pair
of alleles 1 trait
• FLOWER COLOR
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TRY THIS ONE
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GIVE THE GENOTYPIC RATIO &PHENOTYPIC RATIO
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Tongue rolling (T) is dominant to non-tongue rolling (t)
What is the probability of tongue rollers for the following crosses?
1) Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive
2) Heterozygous x homozygous recessive
3) Neither parent can roll their tongue
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WHAT IF THE TRAIT IS NEITHER DOMINANT NOR RECESSIVE?
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INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE • Neither gene is dominant• Heterozygous condition produces
“mixture” of traits” (blend)• Ex. Snapdragons, 4 o’clocks
• PHENOTYPE Red X white Pink• GENOTYPE RR X WW RW
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WORK THIS PUNNETT SQUARE.
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SEX-LINKED TRAITS• Due to genes on X chromosome
– XX = FEMALE; XY = Male –SEX-LINKED Diseases are more
common in males they lack a backup chromosome• Muscular Dystrophy, Colorblindness, and Hemophilia
• The other 22 pair are called AUTOSOMES
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22 PAIRS OF AUTOSOMES
1 PAIR SEX CHROMOSOMES
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Practice: Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait
A) What is the probability that a female will be colorblind if:
• Her father is colorblind and • Her mother is a carrier?
B) Probability of a male?
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GENETIC ENGINEERING
Taking DNA from 1 organism and putting it into another organism
EX. Human gene for insulin was put into bacteria so bacteria can make human insulin for diabetics
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9. A gene mutation in gene p53 can cause skin cancer. This mutation is usually caused by too much sun exposure. How could one mother who had a mutation in gene pg53 and skin cancer and a mother without the mutation or skin cancer both had children without the mutation or skin cancer?
(A) Neither father had the skin cell mutation, and the disease is a homozygous recessive one
(B) The mother without the mutation did not sunbathe during pregnancy(C) Neither child came down with the illness because only mutations in gamete genes
can be passed on(D) It is random chance that neither child came down with the condition.10. If one parent was homozygous dominant for a trait and the other was
heterozygous, what are the expected genotypes of the offspring. (A) 25 % homozygous dominant, 50 % heterozygous, 25 % homozygous recessive (B) 100% homozygous dominant (C) 50 % homozygous dominant, 50 % heterozygous (D) 50 % homozygous dominant, 50 % homozygous recessive.
11. If one allele masks another one, it is said to be: (A) Recessive (B) Dominant (C) Homozygous (D) Heterozygous
12. A mother is homozygous recessive for not being able to roll her tongue. The father is heterozygous and can roll his tongue. What is the chance that the child will be homozygous recessive and not be able to roll his/her tongue? (A) 0% (B) 25 % (C) 50 % (D) 75 % (E) 100%
13. The disease that results from non-disjunction in the 21st pair of chromosomes, leading to a 3rd 21st chromosome is called: (A) Down Syndrome (B) Hemophilia (C) Muscular Dystrophy (D) Cystic fibrosis
14. The “father of heredity” is: (A) Charles Darwin (B) Gregor Mendel (C) Robert Hooke (D) Carl Linnaeus
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EVOLUTION
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• Evolution is considered the Unifying Theory in Biology
It uses all fields of Biology to provide a possible answer to these difficult questions
Radioactive dating – Use isotopes to date ancient materialsHalf-life: how long it takes for half to decay
–Carbon Dating: Dates 1000s of yrs–Other Elements used to date millions of yrs
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I. Theorized History of Earth• 14 Billion Years: Big Bang• 5 Billion Years: Beginning of Solar System• 4.5 Billion Years: Origin of Earth• 3.5 Billion Years: Prokaryotes dominate• 2.5 Billion Years: Oxygen Accumulates
in Atmosphere• 1.5 Billion Years: Eukaryotes Appear• 0.5 Billion Years: Cambrian Explosion of
multicellular organisms
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II. Theories for life originA. Miller and Urey – Tested to see if
organic compounds could spontaneously form without life
B. Prokaryotes theoretically came first Released oxygen formed ozone layer absorbs UV light
– Allowed organisms to move to landC. Endosymbiosis: Eukaryotes came from
prokaryotes:
- Bacteria Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - Mutualism
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B. History of Evolutionary Theory• Lamarck (1801) – Said acquired
traits were passed to offspring; easily disproved–The offspring of flies with clipped
wings have normal length wings–If you lost a limb in an accident,
your kids wouldn’t have 1 less limb
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History of evolution cont.2. Charles Darwin -
“Father of evolution”(1809-1882)
a. Gathered data at The Galapagos Islands
b. “Darwin’s finches” – 13 different finch species • Specialized beaks for
feeding • Came from 1 finch ancestor
c. 1858 - Published On the Origin of Species
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C. How Evolution Happens• 1) Overproduction • 2) Variation - through mutation,
migration, sexual reproduction• 3) Natural Selection a. The environment “favors” certain variations
(“Survival of the fittest”)b. Organisms with favorable traits are more likely to
survive and reproduce– These organisms have a high “fitness”
• 4) Isolation
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TYPES OF EVOLUTION
CONVERGENT DIVERGENT
SIMILAR TRAITS DEVELOPED INDEPENDENTLY
SIMILAR TRAITS DUE TO COMMON ANCESTRY
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EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION1. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES2. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES – “LEFTOVERS”
(APPENDIX)3. EMBRYOLOGY – SIMILAR DVPT4. FOSSILS – “MISSING LINKS”5. DNA COMPARISONS – SIMILAR DNA
INDICATES MORE RECENT ANCESTRY
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V. A Cladogram represents a “tree of life” that shows the theorized relationship between organisms
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TAXONOMY
The study of classifying & naming organisms based on evolutionary relationships
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CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707-1778)
• Developed modern, universal classification of organisms (1707-1778)®Binomial nomenclature:
(2-name naming system) by Genus and species
• Capitalize Genus and lower case species
• Underline or Italicize Ex. Homo sapiens
Canis familiaris Felis domesticus
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CLASSIFICATION GROUPINGS – from broad to narrow based on
evolutionary relationships
• KINGDOM divided intoPHYLUM (phyla) divided into
CLASS divided intoORDER divided into
FAMILY divided into GENUS (genera) divided into
SPECIES
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6 Kingdoms1) Archaebacteria:
Ancient bacteriaEx. methanogens
2) Eubacteria: “True” bacteria
Ex. E. coli, Salmonella
3) Protista: “Dumping ground”
Ex. Protozoa, algae
Prokaryotes; Unicellular; Different Cell Wall than EubacteriaCan withstand extreme conditions
Prokaryotes; Unicellular; Most numerous on earth
-Eukaryotes; Mostly unicellular– Both autotrophic and
heterotrophic members
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6 Kingdoms Continued4) FungiEx. Mushroom, mold
5) Plantae:Ex. Oak tree, tomato
6) Animalia:Ex. Human, crayfish,
earthworm
Eukaryotes; MulticellularCell Wall; Heterotrophic
Eukaryotes; MulticellularCell Wall; Autotrophic
Eukaryotes; Multicellular; No Cell Wall;
Heterotrophic
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Example: Use a DICHOTOMOUS Key to Identify a Snake, Frog, Fish, and Cat
1a. Has hair………………..
1b. Has no hair……………
2a. Has Legs………………..
2b. Has no legs……………..
3a. Has gills…………….
3b. Has no gills………..
…Cat…go to 2
…….Frog
…… go to 3
……….Fish………. Snake
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• MICROBIOLOGY
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Characteristics OF VIRUSES• Very Small (Smaller than
bacteria)– Only seen with electron
microscope– COMPARE IT:
http://www.cellsalive.com/howbig.htm
• Subcellular – No cell parts; Made of:
1. Nucleic Acid: DNA or RNA2. Capsid – Protein coat around
nucleic acida. Envelope – Surrounds capsidb. Protein “spikes” - help them attach
to cells
• Living or Non-living?• No life activities except
reproduction - Requires a host (a living cell) to do this
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Reproduction – Requires a host
Lytic Cycle – Causes immediate disease (i.e. flu)
– 5 steps 1) Attachment2) Entry (by injection,
endocytosis, or injured cell wall/membrane)
3) Replication4) Assembly5) Rupture (Lysis)
Lysogenic cycle - Virus is dormant before causing disease (i.e. HIV)
• Viral DNA becomes part of cell’s DNA - hides
• Enters into Lytic cycle after infecting 1000s of cells
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LYTIC CYCLE LYSOGENIC CYCLE
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Humans and Viruses cont.Viral Diseases: cold, HIV, chickenpox,
measles, mumps, polio, rabies, hepatitis, smallpox, influenza, …
1) Treatments/Prevention– Antiviral drugs – Interfere with viral replication– Vaccines – dead or attenuated viruses that
stimulate immune system• Created by EDWARD JENNER
–Antibiotics are NOT effective2) Control carriers (rabies shots, mosquito
control)3) These have led to eradication of some viruses
(smallpox, polio)
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BACTERIA (Kingdom Monera)
all prokaryotic and unicellular
DIVIDED INTO
2 Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria (“Ancient”)
• EXTREMOPHILES
• Eubacteria (“True”)• COMMON BACT.
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Kingdom Eubacteria:Structure –1. Parts
a. Plasmid (circular DNA), ribosomes, and cytoplasmb. Cell Membrane and Cell Wall – Gram stain indicates type
(+ or -)c. Capsule – for protection
i. Pili – to attach to cellii. Cilia or Flagella –
For movementiii. Endospore –
dormant, protective structure to survive harsh conditions
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Bacterial diseases can be cured by Antibiotics
• Discovered (Penicillin) in 1918 by Alexander Fleming
• Different types based on gram stain (+ or -)
• Antibiotic resistance results from overuse or misuse
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KINGDOM PROTISTA
ANIMAL-LIKE PLANT-LIKE FUNGUS-LIKE
ARE CLASSIFIED AS
PROTOZOA Phytoplankton( Algae)
SLIME MOLDS/Water Molds
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PROTOZOA (“Animal-like Protists”)Compose ZOOPLANKTON (big part of food chains in water
environmentsClassified by MOVEMENT into 4 phyla
Type MOVEMENT EXAMPLEFLAGELLATES flagella Dinoflagellates ( red
tide)
Pseudopoda pseudopod Ameoba
ciliates cilia Paramecium
Sporozoa none Plasmodium malariaTrypanosoma-> African Sleeping Sickness
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Ameoba proteus
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Paramecia pictures
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ALGAE – Plant-like Protists• All have chlorophyll
• All make food by carrying out photosynthesis (autotrophic)
• Classified by Color & structure
DINOFLAGELLATES Red tideGREEN Euglena, Spirogyra, DesmidsGOLD DiatomsRED AgarBROWN Kelp, Rockweed
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IMPORTANCE OF ALGAE
• Food & oxygen source for lots of organisms
• ALGIN – thicken soups & salad dressing
• CARRAGEENAN – smooth ice cream
• AGAR – grow bacteria• DIATOMACEOUS
EARTH – toothpaste, cleansers, road paint
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CLASSIFIED INTO 4 PHYLA based on structure & method of
reproduction
FUNGI
COMMON MOLDS(ZYGOMYCOTA)
RHIZOPUSCLUB FUNGI
(BASIDIOMYCOTA
MUSHROOMS, PUFFBALLS)
SAC FUNGI(ASCOMYCOTA)
Morels Truffles
IMPERFECTFUNGI
(DEUTEROMYCOTA)
PENICILLIUMATHLETE’S FOOT
NO SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
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INVERTEBRATE COMPARISONEXAMPLE SYMMETRY DIGESTION CIRCULATIO
NEXCRETION RESPIRATIO
N
PORIFERA SPONGES NONE FILTER FEEDER
NONE DIFFUSION DIFFUSION
CNIDARIANS HYDRA, JELLYFISH, CORAL
RADIAL GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
NONE DIFFUSION “
PLATYHELMINTHES (FLATWORMS)
PLANARIA, TAPEWORM, FLUKE
BILATERAL MOUTH, PHARYNX, INTESTINE (1 OPENING)
NONE FLAME CELLS
“
NEMATODA (ROUNDWORMS)
ASCARIS, HOOKWORM, TRICHINA
BILATERAL 2 OPENING NONE FLAME CELLS
“
ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS)
LEECH, EARTHWORM
BILATERAL 2 OPENINGCROP, GIZZARD
CLOSED W/ AORTIC ARCHES
NEPHRIDIA “
MOLLUSKA (SOFT BODY)
BILATERAL OPEN (CLOSED IN OCTUPUS)
NEPHRIDIA GILLS
ARTHROPODA
SPIDER, INSECT, CRAYFISH
BILATERAL 2 OPENING, CROP/GIZZARD
OPEN MALPIGHIAN TUBULEGREEN GLAND
SPIRACLES AND TRACHEAL TUBESGILLS
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VERTEBRATE COMPARISONFISH AMPHIBIANS REPTILES BIRDS MAMMALS
EXAMPLES LAMPREY, SHARK, TROUT
FROG, TOAD, SALAMANDER
SNAKE, LIZARD, TURTLE ALLIGATOR
ROBIN, CROW, CHICKEN
HUMAN, CAT, WHALE
CHARACTERISTICS
SCALES, GILLS, FINS
LEGS, LUNGS, THIN SKIN
AMNIOTE EGG, SCALY SKIN
FEATJERS HAIR, MAMMARY GLANDS
BODY TEMP ECTOTHERMIC ECTOTHERMIC ECTOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC
HABITAT WATER WATER LAND LAND LAND LAND
# OF HEART CHAMBERS
2 3 3 ( 4 in Crocodilians)
4 4
CIRCULATION SINGLE-LOOP DOUBLE –LOOP
DOUBLE –LOOP
DOUBLE –LOOP
DOUBLE –LOOP
RESPIRATION GILLS GILLS LUNGS LUNGS LUNGS W/ AIR SACS
LUNGS
EXCRETION KIDNEYS KIDNEYS KIDNEYS KIDNEYS KIDNEYS
REPRODUCTION
EXTERNALOVIPAROUS
EXTERNAL OVIPAROUS
INTERNAL OVIPAROUS
INTERNAL OVIPAROUS
INTERNAL VIVIPAROUS
OTHER SWIM BLADDER, LATERAL LINE, OPERCULUM
NICTITATING MEMBRANETYMPANUMCLOACA
JACOBSON’S ORGAN, HEMOTOXIN, NEUROTOXIN
ARCHEOPTERYX
MONOTREMEMARSUPIALPLACENTAL
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Organism
Populations Same Species in area
Communities all living things in an area
EcosystemsBiotic + Abiotic Factors
BiomesEcosystems with same climate
Biosphere All of Earth’s Biomes
ORGANIZATION OFTHE BIOSPHERE
Bass in pond
Bass + duckweed +Turtles + algae in pond
Sunlight,H2O,Fish, plants
Desert, ocean,rainforest
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SUCCESSION IN A POND ECOSYSTEM-BRIEFLY DESCRIBE THE PROCESS IS OCCURING-ORGANIZE THE PICTURES FROM THE 1ST TO LAST STEP IN THE PROCESS
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-BRIEFLY EXPLAIN WHAT IS HAPPENING IN THE DIAGRAM BELOW.-WHAT IS THE HARDWOOD FOREST
CALLED?
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Succession - The changing of an ecosystem over time due to natural processes
DEFINITION EXAMPLE
Primary Succession
Occurs where there is no soil or life
Rock, volcanic islands; parking lots and sidewalks
Secondary Succession
Occurs in an area that has been disturbed and is returning to its natural community
fields becoming forests
CLIMAX COMMUNITY
A mature, stable ecosystem that will change very little contains a large amount of biodiversity (different species of organisms)
TROPICAL RAIN FOREST
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BIOME TEMPERATURE
RAINFALL ORGANISMS LOCATION
TROPICAL RAINFOREST
WARM HIGH HIGHEST BIODIVERSITY-TREE DWELLING ANIMALS
NEAR EQUATOR
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
moderate moderate Trees that lose leaves, deer, bears, snakes
SOUTHEAST U.S. (WHERE WE LIVE)
TAIGA COLD MODERATEHIGH SNOWFALL
conifers and furry animals (Alaska and Canada)
SAVANNA LOW Zebras, giraffes, lions, small plants, a few trees
African equator HIGH
TUNDRA VERY COLD
LOW Polar bears, arctic foxes, seals, etc
PERMAFROST (frozen soil) PREVENTS GROWTH OF BIG TREES
POLAR REGIONS
DESERT HOT LOW RAINSHADOW
CACTI, BOBCAT, OWLS,LIZARDS & SNAKES
NORTHERN AFRICA (SAHARA)
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
LOW Tall grasses, buffalo, prairie dogs
MID-WEST U.S. LOW
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WHAT IS A BIOME?
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BIOME CATEGORIES–Marine – saltwater; oceans–ESTUARY – BRACKISH WATER–Freshwater – rivers, lakes, streams
–Forests – enough rain for trees–Grasslands – not enough rain
for trees, mainly small plants
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Species Relationships • Predation (+/-)
(1 chases & eats the other)
• Parasitism (+/-)(1 lives on the other)
• Commensalism (+/0) – 1 benefits, other not affected
• Mutualism (+/+)(both benefit)
• Competition (-/-)(Both fight for same resources)
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Example of a Food Chain
Grass
Grasshoppers
Frog
Snake
Eagle Decomposers
Quaternary consumerTertiary consumerSecondary consumerPrimary consumerProducer
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Identify the Producers, Consumers, & Decomposers:
Count the
Food Chains!
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1ST TROPHICLEVEL
2ND TROPHIC LEVEL
3RD TROPHICLEVEL
4TH TROPHIC LEVEL
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10,000 phytoplankton
1000 insect larvae
100 dragonflies
10 trout
1 person
B. Energy Flow Pyramid• With each
transfer, some energy is lost to heat.
-Only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next
trophic level
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CARBON CYCLE