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Reverse Zoonosis:Reverse Zoonosis:A new way of thinking A new way of thinking about pathogen flowabout pathogen flow
Nancy P. Lung, VMD, MSNancy P. Lung, VMD, MS
Director of Veterinary Director of Veterinary ServicesServices
Fort Worth ZooFort Worth Zoo
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The Science of Zoonosis Control
One-directional thinking
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Pathogen Flow is DynamicPathogen Flow is Dynamic
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This dynamic flow can result in This dynamic flow can result in many fascinating situations!many fascinating situations!
Reverse Zoonosis Pass-through Zoonosis
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Examples from the literature Examples from the literature and from my experienceand from my experience
Animal HospitalsAnimal Hospitals AgricultureAgriculture Risks from EcotourismRisks from Ecotourism ZoosZoos
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Animal Hospital SettingAnimal Hospital SettingMRSA in HorsesMRSA in Horses
VMTHVMTH 11 Cases of post-procedure infection over 11 Cases of post-procedure infection over
a 13-month perioda 13-month period Previously undiagnosed at this hospitalPreviously undiagnosed at this hospital 3/5 people associated with equine surgery 3/5 people associated with equine surgery
and recovery were positive by nasal and recovery were positive by nasal cultureculture
Likely that colonized staff transmitted the Likely that colonized staff transmitted the bacteria to the affected horsesbacteria to the affected horses
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AgricultureAgriculture
Herd of 122 dairy cattleHerd of 122 dairy cattle Long standing TB negative status in Long standing TB negative status in
herdherd 14 of 122 developed clinical M. bovis14 of 122 developed clinical M. bovis Source identified from the farmerSource identified from the farmer
Asymptomatic renal M. bovisAsymptomatic renal M. bovis Infected the cattle by urinating on the Infected the cattle by urinating on the
straw in the barnstraw in the barn Risk to the swine industry from H1N1Risk to the swine industry from H1N1
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Risks from Risks from EcotourismEcotourism
Tourism is now the world’s largest Tourism is now the world’s largest industry---$476 billion!industry---$476 billion!
698 million international travelers 698 million international travelers per yearper year
Ecotravel is rising by 30% per year Ecotravel is rising by 30% per year and is growing fastest in developing and is growing fastest in developing countries.countries.
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EcotourismPathogen Flow
Local People
Arthropod vectors
Domestic or Wild Animals
Traveler
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Endangered primate Endangered primate populations are particularly populations are particularly
vulnerable.vulnerable.
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Mountain Gorillas of the Virunga Mountains
Dian Fossey’s first field work in mid 1970’s
First tourists visited camp in 1979. First gorilla group was officially
“visited” by a handful of tourists in 1981.
10,641 tourists visited in 2005!!
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Pathogen Flow in the Zoo setting
Interaction between animal care staff and the collection animals
Interaction between the public and the collection animals
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20/55 infected (36%)
13 elephant keepers
5 nursery staff
1 vet 1 nutritionist
MRSA-colonized caretakerUSA 300
A fascinating pass-through, amplification situation
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Elephant calf MRSA Lesions
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Elephant Keeper MRSA Lesion
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Reducing Pathogen Flow Between the Public and
Collection Animals
Case Examples
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“Jackie” the Lowland Gorilla
10yr old female Flu-like symptoms in family
group Rapid decline in Jackie—
recumbent within 48 hrs Confirmed Parainfluenza 3 Placed on life support for 7
days Eventually made a full
recovery
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“Ramses”31 yr old
gorilla Pneumococcal
pneumonia Maintained in
oxygen cage Outcome--
recovered
Influenza A Secondary
pericarditis Outcome--died
“Kate”39 yr old gorilla
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Chimpanzee Group
Lincoln Park ZooMarch, 2009
7 animals in a single family group
All 7 had cold/flu-like symptoms
9 yr old male—status declined rapidly
Outcome—young male died, others recovered
Confirmed human metapneumoniavirus
Upper and lower respiratory infection
Confirmed Haemophilus influenzae
Outcome--recovered
“Basan”
4yr old orangutan
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Kimberly Clarke Chimpanzee Forest
Dallas Zoo
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FWZ Outdoor Chimpanzee and Bonobo
exhibit
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FWZ Bonobo Exhibit
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How to protect the health of animals in captive settings
Exhibit design in zoos Personnel health assessment
protocols in captive animal settings Personal protective equipment
during animal interactions Public Education
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Zoonosis Control Pathogen Flow is DynamicPathogen Flow is Dynamic
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Protection of People and Animals Goes Hand-in-Hand