Download - Respiratory System and Immune System
Respiratory Respiratory SystemSystem
FunctionFunction
To exchange gases To exchange gases with the with the surrounding surrounding environmentenvironment
OO2 2 in, COin, CO22 out out
MechanismMechanism
COCO22 is a waste is a waste product of cellular product of cellular respirationrespiration
It is carried in the It is carried in the blood as a blood as a Carbonate (carbonic Carbonate (carbonic acid)acid)
The medulla The medulla oblongata keeps oblongata keeps track of blood track of blood acidityacidity
Organs involvedOrgans involved
Mouth, NoseMouth, Nose TracheaTrachea BronchusBronchus BronchiolesBronchioles AlveoliAlveoli
Protection From External Protection From External EnvironmentEnvironment
All passageways of the All passageways of the respiratory system are respiratory system are kept moist, and most kept moist, and most are lined with mucousare lined with mucous
This is to keep air This is to keep air flowing freely, and to flowing freely, and to trap dirt and bacteriatrap dirt and bacteria
We also have some cilia We also have some cilia lined air passageways to lined air passageways to prevent dirt from prevent dirt from entering our lungs entering our lungs (nasal passages, and (nasal passages, and Trachea)Trachea)
How does it work?How does it work?
Lungs are not Lungs are not musclesmuscles
Diaphragm isDiaphragm is Diaphragm Diaphragm
contractscontracts Ribcage expandsRibcage expands Lungs expandLungs expand Air rushes in to fill Air rushes in to fill
up empty spaceup empty space
How does it work?How does it work?
Exhaling is generally Exhaling is generally a passive processa passive process Diaphragm relaxes Diaphragm relaxes Lungs compressLungs compress Forces out airForces out air
You can also use the You can also use the muscles around your muscles around your ribcage to constrict ribcage to constrict your chest more, your chest more, expelling more airexpelling more air
Diffusion ConfusionDiffusion Confusion
Alveoli are to the respiratory system Alveoli are to the respiratory system like villi to the digestive system, and like villi to the digestive system, and like the nephron to the excretory like the nephron to the excretory systemsystem
INCREASED SURFACE AREA INCREASED SURFACE AREA LEADS TO MORE GAS EXCHANGE!!LEADS TO MORE GAS EXCHANGE!!
Diffusion Diffusion
Alveoli are where Alveoli are where circulatory system circulatory system meet the respiratory meet the respiratory systemsystem
Site of gas exchangeSite of gas exchange High concentration High concentration
to low concentrationto low concentration Same process drive Same process drive
absorption of absorption of nutrients and wastesnutrients and wastes
Homeostatic ControlHomeostatic Control
Feedback loopsFeedback loops Increased muscular activity leads to more Increased muscular activity leads to more
cellular respirationcellular respiration Increased cellular respiration leads to Increased cellular respiration leads to
increased levels of Carbon Dioxide in the increased levels of Carbon Dioxide in the bloodblood
Leads to high acid levelsLeads to high acid levels Triggers MedullaTriggers Medulla Medulla sends signal to increase Medulla sends signal to increase
respiratory raterespiratory rate
DisordersDisorders
BronchitisBronchitis AsthmaAsthma COPDCOPD EmphysemaEmphysema Lung CancerLung Cancer Others…..Others…..
Immune SystemImmune System
Pathogens can get Pathogens can get into the bodyinto the body
Lymph system and Lymph system and Circulatory systemCirculatory system
ImmunityImmunity
The ability of an organism to resist The ability of an organism to resist foreign organisms or invaders which foreign organisms or invaders which enter its body. enter its body.
Layered DefenseLayered Defense
Humans have Humans have three layers of three layers of protection against protection against pathogenspathogens1- Physical barrier1- Physical barrier
2- Innate immune 2- Innate immune responseresponse
3- Adaptive immune 3- Adaptive immune responseresponse
Physical BarrierPhysical Barrier
Innate Immune SystemInnate Immune System
A non-specific A non-specific response to response to pathogenspathogens
Many different WBC Many different WBC PhagocytesPhagocytes, ,
mast cellsmast cells, , eosinophilseosinophils, , basophilsbasophils, and , and natural killer cellsnatural killer cells. .
Attack and destroy Attack and destroy (phagocytosis)(phagocytosis)
Adaptive ImmunityAdaptive Immunity
Immune system Immune system has a memoryhas a memory
It can produce It can produce antibodies to antibodies to certain pathogenscertain pathogens
Next time Next time pathogen enters pathogen enters body antibodies body antibodies deactivate, and tag deactivate, and tag it for destructionit for destruction
VaccinesVaccines
Rely on adaptive Rely on adaptive immunityimmunity
Inject inactive Inject inactive pathogenpathogen
Body develops Body develops antibodiesantibodies
If invaded, you If invaded, you already have the already have the antibodies to fight antibodies to fight it offit off
AllergiesAllergies
Overactive immune Overactive immune systemsystem
Body identifies Body identifies harmless substance harmless substance as a pathogenas a pathogen
Produces immune Produces immune defense (sneezing, defense (sneezing, watery eyes, watery eyes, coughing, mucus coughing, mucus production increase)production increase)
Autoimmune DiseasesAutoimmune Diseases
Disease in which the immune system Disease in which the immune system targets it’s own body cells for targets it’s own body cells for destructiondestruction
http://http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autoimen.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_autoimmune_diseasesmune_diseases
AIDSAIDS
Acquired Immune DefiencyAcquired Immune Defiency AIDSAIDS is a viral disease which destroys is a viral disease which destroys
the ability of the immune system to the ability of the immune system to produce antibodies, so the afflicted produce antibodies, so the afflicted individual is unable to cope with individual is unable to cope with infections and cancer cells which arise infections and cancer cells which arise within the body. within the body.