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REPRESENTATION
KARL MARX
The philosopher, social scientist, historian and revolutionary, Karl Marx, is without a doubt the most influential socialist thinker to emerge in the 19th century. Although he was very much ignored by scholars in his own lifetime, his social, economic and political ideas gained rapid acceptance in the socialist movement after his death in 1883. Until quite recently almost half the population of the world lived under regimes that claim to be Marxist. This very success, however, has meant that the original ideas of Marx have often been modified and his meanings adapted to a great variety of political circumstances. In addition, the fact that Marx delayed publication of many of his writings meant that is been only recently that scholars had the opportunity to appreciate Marx's intellectual stature.
TRADITIONAL, AND NEO MARXISM
Marxism is an economic and socio-political worldview
and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a
materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of
social change, and an analysis and critique of the
development of capitalism
Neo Marxism is seeking to incorporate principles of
Marxist thought into modern political and economic
systems.
MARXISM AND IDEOLOGY
Marxism- is an economic and socio-political
worldview and method of socio-economic inquiry
that center's upon a materialist interpretation of
history, view of social change, and an analysis and
critique of the development of capitalism. was
pioneered in the early to mid 19th century by two
German philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich
Engels.
MARXISM AND IDEOLOGY
Ideology- In the Marxist economic base and superstructure
model of society, base denotes the relations of production,
and superstructure denotes the dominant ideology
(religious, legal, political systems). The economic base of
production determines the political superstructure of a
society. Ruling class-interests determine the superstructure
and the nature of the justifying ideology-actions feasible
because the ruling class control the means of production.
STUART HALL
Stuart Hall, now Professor of Sociology at the Open
University, was a major figure in the revival of the British
political Left in the 1960s and '70s. Following Louis
Althusser, he argues that the media appear to reflect reality
whilst in fact they construct it.
http
://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/marxism/marxism11.
html
PLURALISM
Predictably enough, the pluralist idea is the exact opposite of a
hegemonic one. A pluralist model argues that there is diversity in society
(everyone is different) and therefore there is also choice. So in media
terms, because the audience (society) is diverse, with different points of
view, the media is influenced by society. Because the media need to
please the audience they will try to reflect the values and beliefs that are
predominant in society. In other words, they give us what we say we want
rather than telling us what to think and believe, in order to make us stay
‘in our place’. The hegemonic and pluralist perspectives are most clearly
seen in all kinds of media representation, but the main area is in politics.
HEGEMONY
A hegemony is a system where one group is dominated by another. The
dominating group achieves its domination by ‘winning’ popular consent through
everyday cultural life.In media studies terms, this model works by achieving
dominance through media representations of the world. The media ‘tell us’ what
to think, what to believe and how our world ‘should be’.This works through
ideology – a set of ideas which gives a partial or selective view of reality. For
example, the ‘powerful’ rule over the ‘poor’ by promoting the idea (the ideology)
of privilege and wealth belonging exclusively to a select group of people.There is
an argument that all belief systems or world views are ideological. Beliefs
become ‘truthful’ or ‘natural’ and this leads to power inequalities. The media can
circulate or reinforce ideologies OR it can undermine and challenge them
CAPITALISM
An economic system characterized by private or
corporate ownership of capital goods, by
investments that are determined by private decision,
and by prices, production, and the distribution of
goods that are determined mainly by competition in
a free market.
LOUIS ALTHUSSER
Louis Althusser was a French Marxist philosopher. He was a member of
the French communist party. His arguments were set against threats
attacking the theoretical foundations of Marxism. He developed Marxist
ideas. He was commonly referred to as a structural Marxist. He focused
on the role played by ideology. He believes we are controlled by the
ruling classes, and being some what brainwashed to believing their
ideologies.
http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/
bldef_althusserlouis.htm
REPRESSION
Repression involves placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively inaccessible areas of the
subconscious mind. Thus when things occur that we are unable to cope with now, we push
them away, either planning to deal with them at another time or hoping that they will fade
away on their own accord.
The level of 'forgetting' in repression can vary from a temporary abolition of uncomfortable
thoughts to a high level of amnesia, where events that caused the anxiety are buried very
deep.
Repressed memories do not disappear. They can have an accumulative effect and reappear as
unattributable anxiety or dysfunctional behavior. A high level of repression can cause a high
level of anxiety or dysfunction, although this may also be caused by the repression of one
particularly traumatic incident.
Repressed memories may appear through subconscious means and in altered forms, such as
dreams or slips of the tongue ('Freudian slips').
LAURA MULVEY
Laura Mulvey (born August 15, 1941) is a British
feminist film theorist. She was educated at St Hilda's
College, Oxford. She is currently professor of film
and media studies at Birkbeck, University of London.
She worked at the British Film Institute for many
years before taking up her current position.
TUCHMAN
Gaye Tuchman (1978) divided the concept of
symbolic annihilation into three aspects: omission,
trivialization and condemnation. Symbolic
annihilation is the absence of representation, or
underrepresentation, of some group of people in the
media (often based on their race, sex, status, etc.),
understood in the social sciences to be a means of
maintaining social
inequality.
DAVID GAUNTLET
David guantlett suggests that we use the media as
a navigation point for developing identity. He
suggests that the audience develop their identity
based on characters in the media that the audience
watch.
NOAM CHOMSKY
Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American
linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, and activist. His social
criticism has included Manufacturing Consent: The Political
Economy of the Mass Media (1988), co-written with Edward S.
Herman, an analysis articulating the propaganda model theory
for examining the media. The propaganda model is a conceptual
model in political economy advanced by Edward S. Herman and
Noam Chomsky that states how propaganda, including systemic
biases, function in mass media
IDEOLOGY
An ideology is a set of ideas that constitutes one's
goals, expectations, and actions. An ideology can be
thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of
looking at things, as in common sense and several
philosophical tendencies, or a set of ideas proposed
by the dominant class of a society to all members of
this society.