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Reports from WWSand
Status and Plans of Physics and Detector Activities in Asia
Hitoshi YamamotoTohoku University
IHEP Beijing, 2006/1
- In the context of global efforts -
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ILC Physics
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e.g. Higgs coupling measurements
SM Higgs : coupling mass
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Higgs Couplings : Deviations from SM(By S. Yamashita)
SUSY (2 Higgs Doulet Model)
Extra dimension(Higgs-radion mixing)
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ILC Detector Performance Goals
■ Vertexing ~1/5 rbeampipe,~1/30 pixel size (wrt LHC)
■ Tracking ~1/6 material, ~1/10 resolution (wrt LHC)
■ Jet energy (quark reconstruction) ~1/2 resolution (wrt LHC)
€
σ ip = 5μm ⊕10μm / psin3 / 2 θ
€
σ(1/ p) = 5 ×10−5 /GeV
€
σE / E = 0.3/ E(GeV)
(http://blueox.uoregon.edu/~lc/randd.pdf)
€
(h → bb ,cc ,τ +τ −)
€
(e+e− → Zh → l +l −X; incl. h → nothing)
Or better
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PFA (Particle Flow Algorithm)
■ Many other important modes have 4 or more jets : e.g. Higgs self-coupling : 6 jets
Top Yukawa coupling : 8 jets
WW* branching fraction of Higgs : 4 jets+missing
■ How to achieve for jet ?■ Basic idea : PFA
Use trackers for charged particles Use ECAL for photon The rest is assumed to be neutral hadrons (ECAL+HCAL)
€
e+e− → Zhh → (qq )(qq )(qq )
€
σE / E = 0.3/ E€
e+e− → tt h → (bqq )(b qq )(qq )
€
e+e− → Zh → (qq )(qq )(l ν )
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Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron
e+
e-
Z→qq (by T. Yoshioka)
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- Gamma Finding
Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron
gamma
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- Track Matching
Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron
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Remaining hits are assumedto be neutral hadrons.
Red : pionYellow : gammaBlue : neutron
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PFA : major soruce = confusion
■ Using typical values
■ ... and ignoring confusion,
■ Confusion is dominant even for the goal of
■ → fine segmentation , large radius, large B : cost!
€
σ jet2 = σ ch
2 + σ γ2 + σ nh
2 + σ confusion2
€
σ ch << σ γ ,nh , σ γ / Eγ =11% / Eγ , σ nh / Enh = 34% / Enh
€
σ jet / E jet =12% / E jet
€
σE / E = 30% / E
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■ Increase ECAL radius (Rin) to separate clusters Charged track separation B Rin
2
Neutral separation Rin
Neutral separation not helped by B
→ Large ECAL radius
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GLD Detector Concept
■ Large ECAL radius, moderate B field■ Asian studies of ILC physics and detector are
focused around GLD (Global LC Detector)■ Active international leadership
Mike Ronan, Graham Wilson Mark Thomson, Ron Settles Hwanbae Park, HY
■ One of the three major detector concepts recognized by WWS
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■GLD Executive boardS. Yamashita - detector optimizationA. Miyamoto - software/reconstructionY. Sugimoto - vertexingH.-J. Kim - intermediate trackersR. Settles - central trackerT. Takeshita - calorimetersT. Tauchi - MDIH. Yamaoka - magnet/supportP. LeDu - DAQM. Thomson - space/band-width watch dog
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Major Detector Concept Studies(the parameters are the current defaults - may change)
■ SiD (American origin) Silicon tracker, 5T field SiW ECAL 4 ‘coordinators’ (2 Americans, 1 Asian, 1 European)
■ LDC (European origin) TPC, 4T field SiW ECAL (“medium” radius) 6 ‘contact persons’: (2 Americans, 2 Asians, 2 Europeans)
■ GLD (Asian origin) TPC (+Silicon IT), 3T field W/Scintillator ECAL (“large” radius) 6 ‘contact persons’: (2 Americans, 2 Asians, 2 Europeans)
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+ vertexing near IP
ECAL/HCAL inside coil
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GLD
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Detector Concepts
■ 4th concept proposed at Snowmass 05 Based on dual-readout compensating cal.
■ Requests from WWS for new concept (as of 2006,1)
Contact person(s) Provide representatives for panels (R&D panel, MDI panel, Costing panel) Produce “detector outline document” by LCWS Bangalore, March 2006
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WWS (Worldwide Study on Physics and Detectors)
■ Started in 1998 (Vancouver ICHEP)■ 6 committee members from each of 3 regions■ 3 co-chairs - now members of GDE
C. Baltay → J. Brau D. Miller → F. Richard S. Komamiya → HY
■ Tasks (in short) Recognize and coordinate detector concept studies Register and coordinate detector R&Ds Interface with GDE Organize LCWS (1 per year now)
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Detector Outline Document■ Document that precedes DCR (detector
concept report)■ Contents (~100 pages total)
Introduction Description of the concept Expected performances for benchmark modes Subsystem technology selections Status of on-going studies List of R&Ds needed Costing Conclusion
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Detector Timeline
(2005 end) Acc. Baseline
Configuration Document (BCD)
Detector R&D report
(2006,3) “Detector outline documents” (one for each detector concept)
(2006 end) Acc. Reference Design Report (RDR)
Detector Concept Report (DCR :
one document)
(~2008) LC site EOI Collaborations form
~Site selection + 1yr Global lab selects experiments.
Accelerator Detector
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WWS Panels
WWS
parameter
R&D
MDI
benchmark
#det/#IR
software
........
done
done
done
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Benchmark panel charge
Detector concept studies for ILC are now moving from basic concepts to optimization of detector parameters. The aim of the benchmark panel is to aid this process by proposing a minimum set of physics modes that cover capabilities of detector performance such as vertexing, tracking, calorimetries, muon system, machine-detector interface, and overall issues of particle flow and hermeticity, such that concept studies can use these modes to evaluate and optimize given detector designs. For such evaluations to be effective, benchmark panel may suggest important backgrounds to be taken into account and other assumptions used in evaluating the benchmark modes.
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Benchmark Panel
■ Document produced by the benchmark panel (WWS). (Obtainable from Snowmass05 web sites)
■ Short list :
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#det/#IR panel
20mrad xing simpler and better understood now Two BDSs →More constraints on linac One BDS with 14mrad xing? Machine simulation : more background for 2mrad Detector simulation : more background for 20mrad
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#IR, #detectors■ Roughly in rising/falling order of preference for acc./det. p
eople, (iIR: instrumented IR, nIR: non-instrumented IR)
2 iIRs/ 2 detectors 1 iIR/ 2 detectors (push-pull) + 1 nIR 1 iIR/ 2 detectors (push-pull) 1 iIR/ 1 detector (push-pull capability) 1 iIR/ 1 detector + 1 nIR 1 iIR/ 1 detector
■ #det/#IR panel of WWS (chair: J. Brau)
Produced a report (http://blueox.uoregon.edu/~lc/wwstudy) Baseline configuration is 2IR 2det : still open
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R&D Panel■ Charge:
Survey and prioritize R&Ds needed for ILC experiments (NOT individual proposals)
Inputs are from R&D collaborations and concept studies
Register and facilitate regional review processes■ Chair: C. Damerell (also on R&D board of GDE) ■ Outputs:
Web links to R&Ds https://wiki.lepp.cornell.edu/wws/bin/view/Projects/WebHo
me Detector R&D report (about to be public)
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Horizontal and Vertical collaborationsIt is something like this : (detail may not be accurate)
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Vertexing 1 train = ~3000 bunches in 1ms, 5 Hz Typical pixel size ~ (20m)2 → occupancy is too high if integrate
over 1 train. No proven solution to bunch id each hit so far. Then what?
■ Readout during train ( ~20 times) Standard pixel size - MAPS, CPCCD, DEPFET, SOI
■ Readout between train Standard pixel size ( ~20 time slices stored on-pixel)
◆ Store in CCD - ISIS◆ Store in capacitors - FAPS
Fine pixel size (~1/20 standard)◆ No Bunch id - FPCCD ◆ Bunch id - CMOS (double pixel sensor)
No demonstrated solution yet. (apology for not covering all...)
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CPCCD (column-parallel CCD)
■ RAL■ Readout each column separately■ 50MHz would readout 5cm 20
times per train■ Diffusion : multi hit while shifting
→ fully depleted CCD?■ Prototype sensor (CPC1) tested w/
>25 MHz readout.■ Clock drive is challenging.■ Readout chip made (CPR1)
Operation verified (w/bugs to fix)■ New sensor/readout fabricated
(CPC2/CPR2) and under tests.
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MAPS (Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor)
■ IReS,GSI,CEA (+SUCIMA coll.)■ Use the epi-layer of commercia
l processes - small signal (a few 10s e)
■ 1Mrad OK (SUCCESOR1)■ 1012n/cm2 OK, 1013e/cm2 OK (MIMOSA9)■ 3 sensors thinned to 50m
■ CP,CDS works(MIMOSA8), but not fast - readout transversely.
■ Also try FAPS-like scheme (MIMOSA12)
5mm 2mm
Inner layer
sensor ADC/clusterng
ADC count 55Fe
Before&after 1Mrad
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ISIS (In-situ Storage Image Sensor)
RALSmall CCD on each pixel (~20 cells) - charge is
shifted into it 20 times per trainImmune to EMITechnology exists as ultra-high-speed cameraPrototype now being made (E2V)
To column load
Source followerReset transistor Row select transistor
p+ shielding implant
n+buried channel (n)
storage
pixel #1
storage
pixel #20 sense node (n+)
Charge collection
row select
reset gate
VDD
p+ well
reflected charge
reflected charge
photogate
transfer
gate
output
gate
High resistivity epitaxial layer (p)
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FAPS (Flexible Active Pixel Sensor)
Pixels 20x20 m2
10 storage cells per pixel
(20 in the real sensor)First prototypes in 2004Source test done
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FPCCD (KEK)
■ Fine-pixel CCD (5m)2 pixel Fully-depleted to suppress
diffusion Immune to EMI CCD is an established technology Baseline for GLD
Fully-depleted CCD exists (Hamamatsu : astrophys.)
Background hits can be furhter reduced by hit pattern (~1/20)
No known problems now Want to produce prototype in 2
006
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CMOS (double pixel sensor)
■ Yale, Oregon■ 2 pixel sensors on top of each ot
her - 5x5m2 (micro) and 50x50m2 (macro)
■ Macro pixel triggers and times (bunch id) hits - up to 4 hits stored on pixel.
■ Micro pixels store analog signal.■ Time and ADC data are read out
between trains. ■ Only micro pixels under hit macr
o pixels are queried.■ Two sensors in one silicon, or bump-bonded.■ Conceptual design being worked
with Sarnoff.50m
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Status and Plan on Vertexing
■ FPCCD is the baseline for GLD Established technology No known problems Needs funding!
■ SOI (Silicon on insulator) and monolithic active pixel sensors being pursued as ageneral R&Ds (e.g. w/ super-B)
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Trackers
■ Two main candidates TPC - central tracker for GLD, LDC
◆ ~200 hits/track σm/hit Silicon strip - central tracker for SiD
◆ ~5 hits/track with much better σ m)◆ Also used as
◆ Inner/forward tracker for GLD, LDC◆ Endcap tracker for GLD◆ Outer tracker (of TPC) for LDC (GLD?)
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TPC■ Endplate detectors
Wires - conventional◆ Amplification at wires only◆ Signal is induced on pads - slow collection◆ Strong frame needed - endplate material◆ Wires can break
MPGD (Multi-pixel Gas Detector) - R&D items◆ Amplification where drift electrons hit (w/i ~100m)◆ Directly detect amplified electrons on pads - fast◆ Ion feeback suppressed
◆ GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier)◆ 2-3 stages possible - discharge-safer(?)
◆ MicroMEGAS (Micro Mesh Gas detector)◆ 1 stage only - simpler
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MicroMEGAS
■ Micromesh with pitch~50m■ Pillar height ~ 50-100m■ Amplification between mesh an
d pads/strips■ Most ions return to mesh.
S1
S2
σ
~50m
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GEM■ Two copper foils on both sides
of kapton layer of ~50m thick■ Amplification at the holes■ Gain~104 for 500V■ Can be used multi-staged■ Natural broadening can help ce
nter-of-gravity technique.
p~140m
p~60m
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ILC TPC R&D groups (LCTPC)~70 active people worldwide
DESY
Aachen
Victoria
MPIKEK
Sacley-Orsay
KerlsruheBerkeleyNovosibirskCarletonCornell.....
Interconnected
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TPC R&D results
• Now 3 years of MPGD experience gathered. MPGDs compared with wire
• Gas properties rather well understood (dirft velocity, diffusion effect ~ MC)
• Diffusion-limited resolution seems feasible
• Resistive foil charge-spreading demonstrated
• CMOS RO chip demonstrated• Design work starting for the
Large Prototype (funded by EUDET)
GEM vs wire
Charge spreading by resistive foil
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Silicon Tracker R&Ds■ DSSD in-house fabrication in Kor
ea Characterized. S/N = 25 Radiation test in progress RO Hybrid is produced
■ Long-ladder R&D (SantaCruz) Readout chip LSTFE for long and
spaced bunch train. Being tested.
Backend architecture defined Long ladders being assembled
■ SILC collaboration 10-60cm strip length S/N = 20-30 for 28cm (Sr90), O
K New front end chip being tested ~OK. Next : power cycling Ladder assembly prototype soon
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Status and Plans for Tracking
■ TPC We are a part of LCTPC collaboration EUDET
◆ large prototype (field cage) : made to fit inside our superconducting magnet (D=85cm,1.2 Tesla)
Produce MPGD endplates for the large prototype■ Si trackers
Korean groups in close contact with SILC Endcap Tracker and outer tracker (outside of TPC)
not yet studied well
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Calorimeters
E
%40~
■ Critical part of PFA
■ ‘Realistic’ PFA Full shower simulation Clustering Photon finding Track matching Achieved ~40%/E1/2 for the 3 concepts
■ Starting to be useful for detector optimization Analog vs digital HCAL readout Segmentation However, not quite mature yet to be
conclusive (high-energy jets)
■ Large international collaboration : CALICE GLD Jet energy resolution at Z→
qq(realistic simulation)
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ECAL■ Silicon/W
High granularity (~1cm2 or less) and stable gain. Cost : $2-3/cm2 for Si. How far can it go down?
CALICE prototype (1cm2 cell) beam test SLAC/Oregon/UCDavis/BNL silicon wafer (4x4mm2)
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ECAL■ Scintillator/W
Cheaper and larger granurarity (3x3 - 5x5cm2) Scintillator strips may be cost-effective way for granurarity (1cm x Ycm : Y~5cm) Read out by fibre + PMT or SiPM/MPPC
Japan/Korea/Russia Colorado : staggered cells (5x5cm2)
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■ SiPM (invented in Russia) ~1000 cells in 1mm2
Limited Geiger mode High B field (5T) OK Gain ~ 106 ; no preamp Fast σ ~ 50ps Quite cheap Noisy? Temperature dependence Steep bias valtage dependenc
e
HAMAMATSU MPPC(Multipixel Photon Counter)Sees ~60 pe’s at room temp.
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HCAL
■ Analog : Scintillator (CALICE) Modest granurarity (3x3cm2 u
p) SiPM readout MINICAL prototype tested with
100 SiPM - Same resolution as PMT
2 cm steel
0.5 cm active
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HCAL■ Digital (CALICE)
Fine granurarity (~1x1cm2) 1 bit readout GEM and RPC w/ pad readout Common readout electronics Understood well - ready for 1m3
prototype
Signal PadMylar sheet
Mylar sheet Aluminum foil
1.1mm Glass sheet
1.1mm Glass sheet
1.2mm gas gap
-HV
GND
GEMRPC
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Calorimeter R&Ds
■ Si-Scintillator hybrid for ECAL Cost-performance optimization
■ Crystal for ECAL Focus on energy resolution
■ DREAM Dual readout of dE/dx (scintillat
or) and Cerenkov (quartz fibre) Ideal compensation to obtain ve
ry good hadron energy resolution Basis for the 4-th concept Challenge : ILC implementation
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Status and Plans on Calorimeters■ ECAL large prototype in progress
Sci-strip type
■ HCAL large prototype needs funding!
■ SiPM/MPPC promissing and testing in progress
■ More PFA study painfully needed Optimization for high-energy jets (granularity) Scintillator strip design works?
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More missing items■ Muon system is probably easy in concept but difficult in practice (large s
ystem - support, etc.) - Missing R&D item!
■ Solenoid and compensation coil (DID - for large xing angle) : non-trivial problem to realize, and DID is a problem to solve for trackers and bkg.
■ Forward regions (endcap regions) are important for t-channel productions such as
■ Very forward regions (FCAL, BCAL) are critical for tagging electrons for SUSY pair creations : recently attacked by Korean groups (thanks!)
■ With the long train, DAQ is not a trivial problem (now P. LeDu alone for GLD)
■ Needs more people for beam background simulations
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e+e− → νν h