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Renewable Energy: The Favorable
Option for Future Electricity
Production for the Arab Countries
W. E. Alnaser*Physics Department, College of Science, University of Bahrain,
Kingdom of Bahrain
*Professor of applied Physics, Chairman of ISES Arab Section, Germany and advisor for
World Renewable Energy Network, UK.
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The Effect of Climate Change in Bahrain
Precipitation +10%
Temperature +4C
No food
No drinkable
Water
No Electricity security
Disappearance of artificial islands broke people
Eating BugsLoss of 17% of our land 125 km2
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.. أكل الجراد ليس في المملكة وحدها
لاير 1000مصدر للبروتين وعالج و
!ثمن الكيس
:فريق التحرير–تواصل
العالمفيالجرادمننوعألف20.000
البروتينمن%62علىيحتويالجراد
للتسمممتناولهيعرضالجرادرش
رادللجاآلكلةالعربيةالدولأبرزواليمنالمملكة
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Renewable Energy (RE) utility, market,
investment and industry is accelerating
extraordinary.
Reports on 2015 and 2016 contains
outstanding statistics which proofs that
the world is more attracted to produce
electricity and heating and cooling from
RE compared to other clean energy
sources such as Nuclear Energy.
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Tracking of Airborne Radionuclide from the Damaged Fukushima Dai-Ichi
Nuclear Reactors by European NetworksO. Masson†*,et al Environ. Sci. Technol., 2011, 45 (18), pp 7670–7677
Renewable Energy has no risk , except Hydro power but it is much less than Nuclear!
Remember Fukushima accident on 11 March 2011
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Renewable Source Integration
Power from
renewable energy
increases up to 20%
in 2035
Wind Farms
Solar Farms
Hydro
power
plants
Rooftop
Solar
Plug-in
Electric
Vehicles
Challenges of interfacing renewable sources: ✓Penetration of Renewables may destabilize the grids (>20%)✓Renewable energy usually is intermittent
Require advanced energy management and approaches at the grid operators !!
World electricity power consumption
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A comparison of direct greenhouse-gas emissions (red bars) and full-life-cycle emissions (bluebars) produced by different energy technologies. Although biomass is essentially a carbon-based fuel, and thus generates large quantities of carbon dioxide when it is burned, it alsoabsorbs carbon as it grows. After including the environmental impacts of mining, extractionand enrichment, the greenhouse-gas emissions from the full nuclear fuel cycle are revealed tobe on a par with those of sources like wind and solar power, while all three are much less thanthose of fossil fuels. (Source: Annex III: Technology-cost and performance parameters. InClimate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to theFifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.)
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RE becomes now a cost- competitive to
fossil fuels in many markets and the
power generated in 2015 and 2016 saw
verge increase.
The capacity of RE electricity
(including Hydro) in 2015 had reached
1,849 GW (while in 2014 it was 1,710
GW ); hydropower 1,062 GW, bio-power
106 GW , Geothermal 13.2 GW, Solar
PV 227 GW, CSP 4.8 GW and Wind
power 433 GW.
The capacity of electricity from Solar
Heat (CSP) had increased 38 GW in
2015.
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Furthermore, 23.7% of world total electricity
capacity (7,802 GW) was from RE and the use of
RE in transportation had reached 4% of car
fuels on the road.
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The global investment in RE was USD 286 billion while it
was USD 273 billion in 2014. In 2015, about 147 GW of
RE electricity was added, which is a record in a year!
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2015حجم اإلستثمار والنمو في الطاقة المتجددة في بعض الدول في
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The global number of Jobs in RE had reached 8.1
million (direct and indirect).
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Comparison of Area Required for a 100 MW power plant operated by different technologies . The Units is in km2/MW
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Assumptions:
To produce 3,200 MW Nuclear power we need an area of 5.96 km2 .
To produce 3,200 MW Solar PV (efficiency 19% ) we need area of 871 km2 .
To produce 3,200 MW windturbines (capacity factor of0.30) we need land area of
2,481 km2 .
http://www.cleanenergyinsight.org/energy-insights/what-does-renewable-energy-look-like/
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Luckily, 173 countries had set policy targets for RE,
110 countries set feed in tariff policies. Surprisingly,
Morocco had become the world number one in
investing in Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) in 2015!
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Many Arab Countries set a policy for the share ofelectricity generation from RE sources which indicatesthat they leaning toward RE for Electricity production;these are the followings:
Algeria (27% by 2030),Bahrain (5% by 2030), Iraq (10%by 2030),Jordon 15% by 2015),Kuwait( 10% by 2030),Libya (7% by 2020), Morocco (52% by 2039), Qatar (2%by 2020),Sudan( 20% by 2030) , Tunisia (11% by 2016),,United Arab Emirates ( 7% by 2020 and for Dubai 15% by2030) , Lebanon ( 12% by 2020) , Egypt (20% by 2020) ,Yemen (15% by 2025) , Mauritius (35% by 2025) andDjibouti (35% by 2035).
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Last year 2016 three major projects where
conducted in three Arab Countries:
1.Morocco (Noor Project- Phase 1; 160 MW CSP
electricity; Part of 580 MW CSP by 2030).
2.United Arab Emirates (MRA Solar Park in Dubai,
200 MW PV electricity; 1000 MW by 2020) .
3. Kuwait (Shagaya R E complex; 10 MW wind and
10 MW PV electricity; Part of 2000 MW by 2030).
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مشروع نور في المملكة :
500المغربية إلنتاج
ميجاوات من حرارة
ة الشمس بالتعاون مع شرك
أكوا باور السعودية و
. شركاء آخرين
Noor Project- Phase 1;
160 MW CSP electricity;
Part of 500 MW CSP by
2030.
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UAE RE Project 200 MW Solar
Mohamed Ben Rashid Al Maktom Solar Park
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وبذذذ لي سذذذيكون للذذذيط الطاقذذذة المتجذذذددة فذذذي
مشذذروع الشذذ ايا للطاقذذة المتجذذددة فذذي دولذذة
:على النحو التالي2030الكويت في عام
ة الفوطاضذذذذ ي) كهربذذذذاخ اللاليذذذذا الشمسذذذذية
PV)713 ( 36يشكل ) ميجاوات%
.
ا المرايذذ) كهربذذاخ اعشذذعة الشمسذذية المركبذذة
%( 37يشذذكل ) ميجذذاوات 750( الم عذذرة
.
كهربذذذذذذذذذذذاخ أبذذذذذذذذذذذراج تركيذذذذذذذذذذذز الحذذذذذذذذذذذرارة
.%(20يشكل ) ميجاوات 400
كهربذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذاخ الريذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذذا
.%(7يشكل ) ميجاوات 142
ALSHAGAYA RE PROJECT IN KUWAIT 2,000 MW
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The Arab Countries (22 Countries with 422 million
habitant) are located as part of Western Asia, North
Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Indian Ocean
(longitude from 60 E to 15 W and latitude from 9 S
to 38 N) and covers a combined area of 13 million km²
and its topography qualify it to use all sources of RE
but wind and Solar are more favorable.
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Shifting Sands: The Middle East’s Thrust for Sustainability
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Canada's Energy Future 2016: Energy Supply and Demand Projections to 2040
نمو ج لسياسة ناجحة في تأمين الطاقة لألجيال مع مراعاة البي ة و اإلبداع و البحث والتطوير
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في ( مليون وظيفة8.1)التوظيف في الطاقة المتجددة 2015
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Average annual wind speed in m/s at height 80m
وفرة طاقة الريا في العالم العربي
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Gross Hydropower Potentials in EU-MENA adapted
وفرة الطاقة الما ية في العالم العربي
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Productivity of biomass Map
وفرة طاقة الكتلة الحيوية في العالم العربي
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Annual Direct Normal Irradiance of the year 2002
وفرة الطاقة الشمسية في العالم العربي
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Trans-Mediterranean High Voltage Direct Current Electricity
Grid:Interstate Highways for Renewable Electricity
سبل التكامل بين الدول اعوروبية و الدول العربية فيتوفير كهرباخ الطاقة المتجددة و ن لها
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Hydro Geo Bio CSP Wind PV Wa/Ti
Country
Full
Load
h/y
Temperature at
5km depth
Full
Load
h/y
Direct
Normal
Irradiance
kWh/m2/y
Full
Load
h/y
Global
Horizontal
Irradiance
kWh/m2/y
Full
Load
hrs
h/y
Bahrain 1000 100 3500 2050 1360 2160 4000
Kuwait 0 100 3500 2100 1605 1900 4000
Oman 0 100 3500 2200 2463 2050 4000
Qatar 0 100 3500 2200 1421 2140 4000
K.S.A. 0 275 3500 2500 1789 2130 4000
U.A.E 0 100 3500 2200 1789 2360 4000
Table5: The Performance of renewable energy Indicators in the GCC countries. It
represents the average renewable energy yield with which the national potential could be exploited [20-21]
Renewable Energy Potential in the GCC Countries
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سنوي
Annual
ديسمبر
DEC.
نوفمبر
NOV.
أكتوبر
OCT.
سبتمبر
SEP.
أغسطس
AUG.
يوليو
JUL.
يونيو
JUN
مايو
MAY
أبريل
APR.
مارس
MAR.
فبراير
FEB
يناير
JAN.
9.56.27.89.511.012.212.912.811.09.47.97.06.3AMMANعمـان
9.46.88.19.510.511.612.111.910.28.98.17.97.2AQUABAالعقبة
9.88.39.910.210.510.310.511.211.49.88.68.78.5ABU DHABIأبو ظبي
9.67.89.29.710.210.410.611.511.39.79.08.07.6SARJAHالشارقة
9.27.38.79.810.410.710.711.39.98.57.77.97.3BAHRAINالبحرين
7.54.15.56.58.510.711.310.38.87.46.75.94.8TUNISتونس
7.75.05.66.88.710.411.110.19.17.76.75.95.2ALGERالجزائر
8.15.86.17.48.910.311.010.29.58.47.56.66.0ORANوهران
8.78.69.79.59.08.68.19.29.78.98.17.57.4DJIBOUTIجيبوتـي
9.27.58.49.310.210.610.810.99.48.78.38.47.9RIADHالرياض
9.17.98.29.19.010.210.510.69.99.19.08.07.2MADINAالمدينة
9.610.010.49.88.88.88.48.99.810.59.910.310.1KHARTOUMالخرطوم
7.69.38.27.97.57.06.37.17.66.76.78.58.9JUBAجوبـأ
8.65.16.38.810.211.311.912.010.38.67.36.65.2DAMASدمشق
9.16.17.39.010.611.812.012.310.38.87.97.46.4BAGHDADبغـداد
8.54.86.38.510.611.912.412.310.18.06.75.84.7MOSULالموصل
9.58.79.810.29.99.38.410.911.19.98.68.88.4SUR(OMAN)صور
7.99.510.010.16.01.41.76.610.910.29.69.39.4SALALAHصالله
7.95.17.18.59.210.110.39.38.38.07.45.95.4GHAZZAغـزة
9.47.79.39.910.210.710.511.510.59.07.88.18.0DOHAالدوحة
8.96.06.68.09.811.111.810.89.18.78.07.36.2TRIPOLIطرابلس
9.37.08.09.410.111.011.511.810.69.48.47.87.0CAIROالقاهرة
10.79.510.010.310.711.712.312.210.910.710.010.19.7ASWANأسوان
8.05.86.37.58.99.610.09.59.48.87.56.65.7CASABLANCAكازابالنكا
8.67.17.17.89.110.411.110.59.38.48.07.47.1MARRAKECHمراكش
8.98.28.58.68.58.88.89.29.79.89.48.98.2NOUAK CHOTTنواكشوط
9.39.610.610.69.57.67.879.610.17.78.49.610.4SANA’Aصنعاء
Sunshine Duration in Several Arab Locations
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سنوي
Annual
ديسمبر
DEC.
نوفمبر
NOV.
أكتوبر
OCT.
سبتمبر
SEP.
أغسطس
AUG.
يوليو
JUL.
يونيو
JUN
مايو
MAY
أبريل
APR.
مارس
MA
R.
ر فبراي
FEB
يناير
JAN.
1.71.21.31.51.51.61.71.82.82.22.11.61.2AMMANعمـان
.1.71.21.31.51.61.61.71.82.32.71.81.51.2AQUABA Aالعقبة
1.81.21.11.31.52.32.52.22.12.02.01.81.3ABU DHABIأبو ظبي
1.61.01.11.31.51.72.02.02.12.11.61.51.2BAHRAINالبحرين
1.71.01.21.61.71.92.12.32.62.21.81.41.2TUNISتونس
1.70.81.11.41.82.02.22.42.32.01.71.30.9ALGERالجزائر
1.70.91.01.51.72.12.32.32.22.11.71.31.0WAHRANوهران
1.91.51.61.92.02.12.12.12.22.01.91.61.5KARTOOMلخرطوم
1.51.01.21.21.41.51.62.01.91.91.71.41.2DAMASدمشق
1.71.11.31.61.92.12.32.42.42.21.91.31.2BAQDADبغـداد
1.61.01.21.62.02.32.52.62.52.21.81.31.0MUSELالموصل
2.01.51.61.82.12.32.42.42.32.22.11.61.5MASCATمسقط
1.61.11.21.81.71.71.91.92.02.01.11.31.1QUDISالقدس
2.31.61.72.12.52.82.92.82.82.72.51.81.7DOHAالدوحة
1.61.01.21.21.21.52.21.72.72.11.91.21.1KUWAITالكويت
1.71.01.21.51.82.12.22.32.32.11.71.21.1TARBULOSطرابلس
1.81.11.31.61.92.12.32.32.32.11.81.31.1SIRTEسـرت
1.81.21.31.51.82.12.12.22.42.41.91.61.3CAIROالقاهرة
1.81.11.21.51.92.02.12.12.62.42.01.51.2ASWANأسوان
1.81.01.11.51.82.42.52.42.32.11.71.41.0KAZBLANKAالدار البيضاء
1.71.21.31.61.81.81.82.12.22.11.81.51.2MARRAKECHمراكش
2.11.81.92.12.32.32.32.42.42.32.21.91.8SANA’Aصنعاء
2.11.71.82.02.32.32.22.32.32.32.11.91.8MOCHAموخـا
Measured Diffused Solar Radiation in some Arab Locations in kWh/m2/day
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المعدل المحطةالسنوي
أغسططططططططططسبتمبرأكتوبرنوفمبرديسمبرس
STATIONينايرفبرايرمارسأبريلمايويونيويوليو
ANNUAL
MEAN
DEC.NOV.OCT.SEP.AUG.JUL.JUNMAYAPR.MARFEB.JAN.
5.92.65.76.46.27.97.78.15.55.34.75.25.5AL-KASEEMالقصيم
-5.92.16.46.87.47.16.58.26.74.64.65.0ALاألحساء EHSAA
وادي الدواسر
6.53.37.87.97.36.05.57.56.3WADI EL-
DWASER
6.32.86.97.47.98.07.28.56.25.14.55.36.2Riyadhالرياض
5.93.85.75.36.97.77.18.36.16.35.44.53.7KUWAITالكويت
4.83.13.64.55.46.06.46.65.55.14.43.63.3CAIROالقاهرة
7.46.67.47.07.18.08.08.86.68.17.27.66.8ASWANأسوان
Measured Direct Solar Radiation in someArab Locations in kWh/m2/day
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CountryHydro
km2
Geo
km2
CSP
km2
Bio
km2
Wind
km2
PV
km2
Total
km2
Country
km2
Area
Used
%
Bahrain 0 0 21 0 2 2 25 707 3.5
Kuwait 0 0 78 0 0 18 96 17818 0.5
Oman 0 0 133 0 244 29 405 212457 0.2
Qatar 0 0 17 0 0 7 24 11437 0.2
K.S.A 0 71 810 6 559 97 1543 2240000 0.1
U.A.E 0 0 60 1 0 21 82 77700 0.1
Area required for renewable energy electricity generation in 2050
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Fig 14: We need an area of 350 km2 from the land of GCC
countries, to install CSP (efficiency of 50% and solar
radiation of 500 W/m2 and 9 daily average sunshine hours)
,to produce annually 287,342 GWh - which is equal to total electricity consumed in 2009 in GCC countries.
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Fig. 17 :Installing off-shore 5 MW wind turbines, with 60 m blade size on the GCC coast (11,000 wind turbines installed on the east coast of the GCC - length of 2221 km) making
nearly 5 rows - each row separated by 1 km from the other and 5 km deep in the Arabian Gulf - will fulfill the electricity need for all GCC countries (287 TWh, annually) -
assuming that these wind turbines will operate at full capacity only 60% annually.
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Alnaser N W (2010) , PhD Thesis, University of Reading, UK
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! استغالل مياه البحر للتبريد
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From a Desert to an Oasis; Using RE!
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Water Availability Per Capita In ESCAWA Countries(In m3/Capita/Year)
Water Scarcity Threshold (1000m3/Capita/Year)
السنة/ مكعبمتر1000الما يالف رلط
Water Scarcity Threshold (1000m3/Capita/Year)
السنة/ الفرد/مكعبمتر200المطلقالما يالف رلط
Absolute Water Scarcity Threshold (200m3/Capita/Year)
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نصيب الفرد من الماء في دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي
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طريقة استغالل المركزات الشمسية لتحلية المياه
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We need an area of 10x10 km to install concentrating solar thermal collector to produce 1 billion m3 of desalinated water per year (10 m3 of water per m2 of collector area per year). This will be at a cost of 6 cents / kWh. We need an area of 3.5% of Bahrain land to fulfill the electricity need ,2.2% for Kuwait,0.2% Oman,0.1% Saudi Arbia,0.1 % UAE and 0.2 % in Qatar in year 2050 from renewable energy resources .
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Wind Turbines
Jojoba Plants
Converting Formula 1 Circuit to a Sustainable Smart Green Circuit.
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Solar Roofs for Air Conditioning should be
a target as 70% of domestic Electricity
goes to ACs.
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1 km
Wind TurbinePhotovoltaic
Suspended Town
T=35ºC
T=25ºC
1 km
V=5m/s
V=11m/s
Innovative Sustainable Construction Design
Facing The Global Warming by N W Alnaser, UoB.
Solar Street Lights