Download - REM Presentation Shashi
![Page 1: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
IMPACT OF LARGE SCALE BIOFUEL USE ON CLIMATE CHANGE
Presented By: Afsar Gandhi (1051)
Ajay Kumar(1052) Shashi Yadav (1037)
Vijaybharthi A (1044)
![Page 2: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Definitions (MNRE, GOI)
• Biofuels’ are liquid or gaseous fuels produced from biomass resources and used in place of, or in addition to, diesel, petrol or other fossil fuels for transport, stationary, portable and other applications;
• Biomass’ resources are the biodegradable fraction of products, wastes and residues from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the biodegradable fraction of industrial and municipal wastes
![Page 3: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Biofuels an Imperative
• Energy security fears,• Rising oil prices, • Low barriers to entry • and government support• Strategic advantage to promote sustainable
development
![Page 4: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Biofuels an Imperative
• Energy security fears,• Rising oil prices, • Low barriers to entry • and government support• Strategic advantage to promote sustainable
development
![Page 5: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Some pressing problems
• Will Biofuels help to mitigate climate change?• How big is the climate change of Biofuel
production• How will land use pattern change?
![Page 6: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Climate Change and Biofuel
• Biofuels can potentially reduce the emission of GHG• Production methods determine carbon saving• Carbon Debt (Carbon debt results from carbon dioxide
and other greenhouse gases released when land is converted from natural vegetation to agriculture.)
• Converting forests, peat lands, grasslands to produce first generation of biofuels creates a carbon debt, which can be 17 to 420 times more than annual reductions in GHG that biofuels provide by displacing fossils fuels
![Page 7: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Biofuel Policy Context Around the World
• Governments around the world have offered a wide variety of subsidies to biofuels.
• Governments around the world have virtually guaranteed a market for biofuels by mandating biofuels usage to be blended with renewable fuels.
• The 2005 Energy Policy Act in the U.S. • Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007-4.7
billion gallons per year to 36 billion gallons per year by 2022 - 21 billion gallons per year.
• Demand for biofuels were expected to grow by 20% annually, to 92 million metric tons per year in 2011.
![Page 8: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
• Energy Information Administration in December 2008- industry will not be able to meet these levels of production in time.
• Environmental Protection Agency announced that it would support higher biofuels production levels under the condition that producers cut greenhouse gas emissions of their refineries - including the emissions that are created during farming, transportation, blending, and consumption.
• The fact that biofuel production – Removes food stock from the food chain for human and animal
consumption requirements, – Increases demands upon soil, atmosphere and water and has a
higher incidence of cost that any petroleum based fuel source. – It is estimated that 100 million more people around the world
have been forced into starvation status.
![Page 9: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Biofuels are far less efficient than any petroleum based fuel source.
• The total cost of seed supply, irrigation requirements (water, pesticide, waste and runoff), manufacturing processes and distribution.
• Takes 34% more energy to produce a comparable BTU from food stock than from petroleum and 61% more than from natural gas.
![Page 10: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Rural Development
![Page 11: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Biofuel Policy Context in India
• India- Bio-fuel is a sustainable program.• India’s Bio-fuel program is dependent on non-edible
feedstock.• Non-edible feed stocks are cultivated in waste land.• Planning Commission’s ‘Vision 2020’-Plantation of non-
edible oil yielding plants on large areas of waste and degraded lands in the country .
• The Indian government decided to blend 5% ethanol in petrol in selected states and announced a biodiesel purchase policy.
![Page 12: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Market Scenario of Biofuel
• > 23.6 billion gallons of ethanol and biodiesel production-2009
• global production and wholesale pricing of ethanol and biodiesel
$44.9 billion-2009 $112.5 billion-2019.
![Page 13: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Global Clean energy Projected growth
• > 23.6 billion gallons of ethanol and biodiesel production-2009
• global production and wholesale pricing of ethanol and biodiesel
• $44.9 billion-2009 • $112.5 billion-2019.
![Page 14: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Distribution of combustible bioenergy resources
![Page 15: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Opportunities
• 2011-Study conducted to identify land available to grow biofuel crops
• enough available land to meet half of the world's fuel consumption without affecting food crops or pastureland.
• available land area - 2.7 million acres globally • produce 26 to 56 percent of global current
liquid fuel consumption.
![Page 16: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Opportunities
• the global distribution of combustible biomass favors developing countries
• provide potential for increasing farm income and aiding economic development
• receiving a higher price for their output• Corn prices increased by 50%• $5-6 per bushel-2008• $3.40 per bushel -2007
![Page 17: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Opportunities
• Farm income in the US increased by 4.1 % $92.3 billion in 2008 $88.7 billion in 2007 and up 51 percent from its ten year average. • Average farm household income is forecast at
$89,434, nearly 20 percent above the five year average from 2001-2006 (US Department of Agriculture).
![Page 18: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation
• Reduce GHGs emission from the transportation sector
• India’s biomass resource base - 200 million dry tons of various waste feedstock are available annually.
• Supply the equivalent of 350,000 barrels of oil in 2010, or 3.6% of the projected light-duty vehicle energy demand.
• Increasing biomass use would accelerate the displacement of fossil fuels and the reduction of transportation GHGs emissions
![Page 19: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Contd…
• Biofuel reduce atmospheric CO2 in three ways:(1) By avoiding the emissions associated with gasoline(2) By allowing the CO2 content of the fossil fuels to remain in storage; and(3) By providing a mechanism for CO2 absorption by growing new biomass for fuels.
![Page 20: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Contd…
![Page 21: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Contd…
![Page 22: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Contd…
• Farrell et al. (2006) estimated greenhouse gas savings of 13% relative to fossil fuels on an energy equivalent basis.
• Tilman et al (2006) report greenhouse gas savings relative to traditional diesel fuel of 41%.
![Page 23: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Biofuel May Increase Greenhouse Gases
• Searchinger et al. (2008) accounted complete life cycle analysis of biofuels
• GHG emissions from land use change to the carbon sequestration natural forest and grassland would have produced over their lifetimes.
• 56 billion litre expansion US corn ethanol production • additional 10.8 million hectares of land under cultivation and
actually double carbon emissions over a thirty-year period relative to fossil fuels.
• It would take 167 years for corn ethanol to overcome the carbon debt it incurs from land use change and start providing carbon savings (relative to fossil fuels)
![Page 24: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Biofuel May Increase Greenhouse Gases
Increasing car travel:• biofuels reduce the price of transportation
fuel (by increasing supply)• increase vehicle miles travelled• increases carbon emissions,• worsens traffic congestion on roadways and
can lead to additional traffic accidents
![Page 26: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Other negative impacts of biofuel
Biodiversity Loss:• 10.8 million hectares of land• additional 30 million hectares of cropland will
be needed to meet biofuel demand in 2030• Convert natural habitat to cropland• Reduction in natural land will lead to
biodiversity loss
![Page 27: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Other negative impacts of biofuel
Reduction in Water Availability:• Evapotranspiration accounts for 99% of the
water embedded in biofuels• 925 to 1,527 gallons of water per gallon of
ethanol
![Page 28: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Other negative impacts of biofuel
Reduction in Water Quality:• Biofuels cause an increase in cropland and an
increase in the value of marginal product of inputs in production, including fertilizers and pesticides
• reduce water quality by increasing water pollution
![Page 29: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Conclusion
• Biofuels reduce GHG emission but at the cost of
• Increase car travel• Reduce biodiversity• Reduce water availability and• worsen water quality
![Page 30: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
References• Biofuel policy process in India: Context, Actors and Discourses by
Shailesh Nagar• http://woods.stanford.edu/docs/biofuels/Biofuels4a.pdf• http://www.wri.org/stories/2009/06/rules-fuels-biofuels-and-climate-
change-impacts• http://sgp.undp.org/downloads/Zimbabwe_Biofuel.pdf• http://www.alternative-energy-news.info/technology/biofuels/• http://www.mnre.gov.in/policy/biofuel-policy.pdf• http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-
warming/biofuel-profile/• http://www.wikinvest.com/industry/Biofuels• http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy99osti/24052.pdf• http://ecnr.berkeley.edu/vfs/PPs/Sexton-Ste/web/RFA.pdf
![Page 31: REM Presentation Shashi](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081412/543e9834b1af9f740b8b45a0/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)