Download - Relationship between exercise motivation types, self-determination and acculturation among Latinas
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Relationship between exercise motivation types, self-
determination and acculturation among Latinas
Amber Vermeesch, PhD, MSN, RN, FNP-C
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Dissertation Committee− Victoria B. Mitrani, Ph.D.
− Nilda (Nena) Peragallo, Dr.P.H., R.N., F.A.A.N.
− Doris Ugarriza, Ph.D., A.R.N.P.
− Christine Stevens, M.P.H., Ph.D., R.N.
Funding– Sigma Theta Tau International Beta Tau Chapter Research
Grant– Florida Nurses Foundation Research Grant Program– University of Miami School of Nursing and Health Studies– Michigan State University College of Nursing Research Center– This study received support from, and the parent study for this
research was funded by, the Center of Excellence for Health Disparities Research: El Centro, National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities grant P60MD002266
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Background
• Latinas not engaging in recommended exercise
• Increased risk for obesity and related health
consequences
• Investigating the relationship between exercise motivation
types, self-determination and acculturation may increase
overall understanding of what factors may influence
exercise participation
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Purpose & Significance• To investigate the relationship between exercise motivation
types, self-determination and acculturation among Latinas
• Exercise is linked with reduction in stroke, obesity, and developing weight related illness such as diabetes (CDC, 2008; Reimers, Knapp, & Reimers, 2009)
• Latinas exercise less than non-Latinas (Crespo, Smit, Andersen, Carter-Pokras, & Ainsworth, 2000).
• In general, Latinas are more likely (74%) to be overweight than non-Latina whites (57%) (National Center for Health Statistics, 2009).
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Theoretical Framework:Self-Determination Theory
(Deci & Ryan, 1985)
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Factors associated with self-reported exercise
Acculturation exercise (Abraido-Lanza et al. 2005;Slattery et al. 2006)
Income exercise (Crespo et al. 2001; Neighbors et al. 2008; Slattery et al. 2006)
Education exercise (Crespo et al. 2001; Neighbors et al. 2008;
Slattery et al. 2006)
# of children exercise (Crespo et al. 2001; Neighbors et al. 2008; Slattery et al. 2006)
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Exercise Motivation
• Lack of motivation is reported as a major barrier to exercise (Eyler et al., 1998).
• Literature suggests women have an underlying intrinsic aspect to their exercise motivation (Frederick, Morrison, & Manning, 1996; Moreno, Cervello, & Martinez, 2007).
• The more intrinsic the motivation, the more likely to engage in and continue to exercise (Deci & Ryan, 1985).
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Research Aim
To investigate the relationship between exercise motivation types, self-
determination and acculturation among Latinas in South Florida.
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MethodsData was collected from 169 participants • Acculturation measures- Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Hispanics, BAS
• Demographics• Exercise motivation form - Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (BREQ-2)
• Self-report exercise logs & pedometers (worn for 1 week)
IRB approval was obtained
All data collection and informed consent was conducted by the researcher.
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InstrumentsConstruct Variable Instrument Description Reliability/ Validity
Acculturation Proposed Predictor
BAS (Marin & Gamba, 1996)
24 items, 2 subscales; Hispanicism & Americanism
α = .86 Hispanicα = .94 Americanism (current study)
Exercise Motivation Types
Proposed Predictor
BREQ-2 (Markland & Tobin, 2004)
19 items, 5 subscales
α = .81 to α = .89 (Moreno, Cervello, & Martinez, 2007)
Exercise Primary Outcome
Pedometers
Self-report logs
Step counting device
Paper record of date, activity type, & daily step total
α = .95 (Felton, Tudor-Locke, & Burkett, 2006)Spearman’s rho self-report & pedometer,
rs = 0.607 (p = 0.003)
(Speck & Looney, 2006)
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Relative Autonomy Index (RAI) (Ryan, Connell, & Grolnick, 1992):
–Assumes subscales equal continuum of self-determination–Computed from multiplying BREQ-2 weighting subscale score and summing results (Markland & Tobin, 2004)
–Index of the degree of self-determination–Physical activity was strongly associated with RAI in BREQ-2 (Markland and Ingledew (2007)
Weightings (increasing self-determination):
Amotivation -3 External -2 Introjected -1
Identified +2 Intrinsic +3
Range: -24 to 20 (Markland & Ingledew, 2007)
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Inclusion & Exclusion criteria
SEPA II: • Latina• Between 18 and 50 years old• English or Spanish• Report being sexually active in the past 3 months
Additional:• Read and write in Spanish or English• No serious health problem that prohibits exercise
Recruitment
•In person during last follow-up assessment of SEPA II study and by phone
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Data Analysis
SEM (Mplus version 5.21; Muthen & Muthen, 1998-2007) & SPSS (vs 18)
– Investigate the relationship among acculturation, motivation types and self-determination
– Control for demographic factors
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Research Questions and Hypotheses
H1. Acculturation will predict motivation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic – e.g.External, Introjected, Identified)
H2. Acculturation will predict self-determination (RAI)
Self-determination theory(Deci & Ryan, 1985)
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Sample: Demographics (N = 169)
• Mean age was 38.7 years, SD = 7.74, range from 20 to 52 years
• Average monthly income was $1400
• Mean years of education was 14.12 years, SD = 3.21
• From 16 different countries including US
• 21% did not have children
• 61% had 1 or 2 children
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Results
H1. Acculturation will predict motivation (Intrinsic and Extrinsic – e.g. External, Introjected, Identified)
• H1a = Americanism domain Intrinsic & Extrinsic
Not significant predictor: Intrinsic (β = -0.02, p = .78) Extrinsic (β = -0.12, p = .20)
• H 1b = Hispanicism domain Intrinsic & Extrinsic
Not significant predictor (β = 0.07, p = .27) of Intrinsic nor Extrinsic (β = 0.17, p = .09)
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Results
H2. Acculturation will predict self-determination (RAI)
• Americanism domain (β = 0.00, p = .92)
• Hispanicism domain (β = 0.00, p = .89)
• For each standard deviation change in Hispanicism domain score, there was a non-significant increase of .00 SD in the RAI score
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Acculturation and Exercise
Acculturation Scores (n =174) range 1-4
BAS Mean % n
Americanism 2.35 3.5 6
Hispanicism 3.56 98 170
Pedometer means by quartiles (n = 169)
Pedometer Mean
Sample 6,685
25% 3,927
50% 6,070
75% 8,882
Results
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Hypothesis Results:
Model of motivation and exercise
H2
H1
Average # of Steps
Self-determination
Motivation
Acculturation
Demographics
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Exercise Motivation BREQ-2 Scores
BREQ-2 M SD Alpha
Amotivation .38 .60 .63
External Regulation .92 .89 .71
Introjected Regulation 2.14 1.26 .81
Identified Regulation 2.95 .57 .39
Intrinsic Regulation 3.28 .83 .89
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Limitations
• Measure of exercise
• Selection bias of sample
• Self-reported data
• Reliability of instruments
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Discussion & Implications
• Education on exercise
• Understanding Latinas’ perceptions of exercise is
imperative
• Exercise motivation is a complex issue for Latinas