Download - Regulatory RNAs. Bacterial sRNAs bind to mRNAs and trigger degradation or regulate translation
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Regulatory RNAs
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Bacterial sRNAs bind to mRNAs and trigger degradation or regulate translation
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Riboswitches and attenuation are mechanismsto control gene expression in bacteria
Organization of a riboswitch
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Example: a SAM riboswitch
Termination of transcription Repression of translation initiation
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Example: a SAM riboswitch
Transcriptional terminator
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Examples of riboswitches and their metabolites
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Attenuation is used in bacteria to regulatetranscription of biosynthetic genes
The leader peptidecontains trp aminoacids
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Attenuation is used in bacteria to regulatetranscription of biosynthetic genes
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Bacterial defense against viruses: The CRISPR system
CRISPR: Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
Organization of a CRISPR locus
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Organization of CRISPR-associated genes in bacteria
CRISPR locus
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Acquisition of spacer sequences
PAM: protospacer adjacent motif
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Processing of CRISPR RNA and its antiviral action
E.coli P. furiosus
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Gene-editing using the CRISPR-Cas9 system
Animation
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In eukaryotes short RNAs are generated by differentmechanisms than sRNAs in bacteria
RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex
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The PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) system is thought tosilence transposons by passively acquiring and expressingtransposon sequences
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In eukaryotes short RNAs are generated by differentmechanisms than sRNAs in bacteria
RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex
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Pre-microRNAs can form from various regions of a transcript
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Structures of pre-microRNAs in Caenorhabditis
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General structure of a primary microRNA andprocessing sites
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Processing of pri-microRNAs by Drosha in the nucleus
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Dicer processes microRNAs in the cytoplasm
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Argonaute cleaves mRNAs after complementary base pairingof its guide RNA
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In eukaryotes short RNAs are generated by differentmechanisms than sRNAs in bacteria
RISC: RNA-induced silencing complex
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Centromeric silencing in S. pombe involves RNAi
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Short interfering RNAs can be copied by an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to amplify the inhibitoryeffect
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Repressing gene expression by RNAiin Caenorhabditis
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X-chromosome inactivation is initiated by expression of the Xist gene from the X-chromosome inactivation center (Xic)
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Visualizing the Xist lncRNA (a) and the acetylation state of oneof the X-chromosomes (b)
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Calico cats have patch-colored fur due to expression of differentX-chromosome alleles