Download - Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows
![Page 1: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows
Barry Bradford
Associate ProfessorKansas State University
135 Call Hall, Manhattan, KS [email protected]
1-785-532-7974
![Page 2: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Typical Transition Cow Goals
• Avoid transition disorders• Promote a steady rise in feed intake and milk
production to meet peak lactation goals• Set the stage for reproductive success
• Key to all of these: Minimize time and degree of negative energy balance
![Page 3: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Promoting energy intake
Energy intake =
dry matter intake X energy density• Management• Carbohydrate profile• Bioactive nutrients
• Nutrient profile
![Page 4: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Liver is “hard-wired” to brain feeding centers via vagus nerve
• Great variation in pattern of oxidation of fuels over the short-term
• Feed intake is affected by pattern of oxidation• Goal: maximize the amount of glucose produced per
unit of ATP generated in the liver over time
Hepatic Oxidation Theory (HOT)
![Page 5: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
What are “hot” and “cold” diets?• Hot = highly fermentable
– Highly digestible forage sources– Relatively high concentrate levels– Some substitution of forage with nonforage fiber sources
(byproducts)
• Cold = less fermentable– Higher forage concentrations– Some poorly digestible forage (i.e. straw)– Resistant starch and/or nonforage fiber replaces some
processed starch
![Page 6: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
HOT Diet
Maximal milk yield
Satiety
Peak lactation cow
![Page 7: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
COLD DietMilk yield constrainedby nutrient supply
Satiety
Peak lactation cow
![Page 8: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
What about the transition cow?
![Page 9: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Fat mobilization
Triglycerides (TG)
Oxidized orStored as TG
Fatty Acids(NEFA)
OxidizedMilk Fat TG
Liver Muscle
Adipocytes
Mammary
![Page 10: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
lipolysis, lipogenesis
Depressed feed intake during the transition period
hepatic oxidation
feed intake
plasma glucose
plasma insulin
NEFA
![Page 11: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Can limiting NEFA release preventing DMI depression?
• Fed 24 g/d rumen-protected niacin• Close-up ration:
– 35% NFC, 42% NDF, 1.55 Mcal NEL / kg DM• Fresh cow ration:
– 40% NFC, 32% NDF, 1.69 Mcal NEL / kg DM• Treatments from 21 days before calving
to 21 DIM
Morey et al., 2011
![Page 12: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Encapsulated niacin decreased plasma NEFA
-30 -20 -10 00
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Plas
ma
NEF
A (µ
M)
SEM = 82
Parity: P = 0.02
0 5 10 15 20 25
Control heifers
EN heifers
Control cows
EN cows
SEM = 216
Trt x time x parity:P = 0.09
Day relative to calving
Morey et al., 2011
![Page 13: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 00
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Dry
matt
er in
take
(kg
/ d)
SEM = 1.4
Trt x time x parity:P = 0.07
Niacin did not increase DMI
0 5 10 15 20 25
Control heifers
EN heifers
Control cows
EN cows
SEM = 1.7
Parity: P < 0.01Time: P < 0.01
Day relative to calving
Morey et al., 2011
![Page 14: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Niacin has NEFA-independent effects
Titgemeyer et al., 2011
![Page 15: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
lipolysis, lipogenesis
Depressed feed intake during the transition period
hepatic oxidation
feed intake
plasma glucose
plasma insulin
NEFA
+ Propionate
- Propionate
![Page 16: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Propionate has dual effects in early lactation
• Experimental infusion of propionate for 72 hours in early lactation decreased feed intake by 10% compared to acetate infusion
• This response was the most dramatic in cows with high blood NEFA concentrations
Stocks and Allen, 2010, 2011
![Page 17: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How much starch in early lactation?
• Diets were based on corn silage (35%) and alfalfa silage (11.5%) and included 4% wheat straw
• Corn meal, soy hulls, and wheat midds were varied
Table 1. Dietary treatments 1 – 21 DIM 22 – 91 DIM Low (LL) 21% Starch 21% Starch Medium/High (MH) 23% Starch 26% Starch High (HH) 26% Starch 26% Starch
Nelson et al., 2011
![Page 18: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
High starch diet limited DMI
1517192123252729
0 5 10 15
DM
I, kg
/d
Week Relative to Parturition
LLMHHH
Trt: P = 0.06Time: P < 0.001Trt x Time: P = 0.09LL > HH: P ≤ 0.10
Nelson et al., 2011
Courtesy of H. M. Dann
n = 78 (total)
![Page 19: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
202530354045505560
0 5 10 15
Milk
, kg/
d
Week Relative to Parturition
LLMHHH
…and milk yield
Nelson et al., 2011
Courtesy of H. M. Dann
Trt: P = 0.04Time: P < 0.001Trt x Time: P = 0.75MH > HH: P ≤ 0.05
n = 78 (total)
![Page 20: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Moderate starch delayed NEFA normalization
Nelson et al., 2011
Courtesy of H. M. Dann
n = 78 (total)
![Page 21: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
What about sugar?
• Sucrose was used to replace cracked corn grain at 4.7% of diet dry matter
• Diets were approximately 34% NDF, 34% NFC– 20.5 vs. 18.5% starch– 4.5 vs. 8.7% water-soluble sugars
• Fed for first 28 days in milk
Penner and Oba, 2009
![Page 22: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dietary sucrose increased DMI, ECM
DMI, kg/d ECM, kg/d0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Control5% Sucrose
P = 0.04
P = 0.09
Penner and Oba, 2009
Over the first28 days in milk
n = 52 (total)
![Page 23: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dietary sucrose in transition diets
• Sucrose did not alter energy balance• Sucrose decreased plasma glucose and
increased NEFA and BHBA concentrations• Increased ruminal pH (6.06 vs. 6.21, P = 0.08)• Increased total-tract OM digestibility, not NDF• Increased ruminal NDF digestibility and
passage?
Penner and Oba, 2009
![Page 24: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Fat in peak lactation?
• Cows were fed a common diet for first 21 DIM, then randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets:
• 60:40 forage:concentrate– 2.9% fatty acids– 5.0% fatty acids (prilled hydrogenated fatty acids)
• 40:60 forage:concentrate– 3.4% fatty acids– 5.5% fatty acids (prilled hydrogenated fatty acids)
Weiss and Pinos-Rodriguez, 2009
![Page 25: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fat in peak lactation?
Weiss and Pinos-Rodriguez, 2009
n = 72 (total)
![Page 26: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Fat in peak lactation?
Weiss and Pinos-Rodriguez, 2009
n = 72 (total)
![Page 27: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Fat in peak lactation?
Weiss and Pinos-Rodriguez, 2009
n = 72 (total)
![Page 28: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Fat in peak lactation?
Weiss and Pinos-Rodriguez, 2009
n = 72 (total)
![Page 29: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Transition diet recommendations
• Goals: Decrease NEFA, maintain rumen fill
• Feed fiber with long ruminal retention time
• Target moderate starch fermentability to supply adequate propionate without rapid production in a meal
• Consider using a sugar source (4-5% of DM)
![Page 30: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
When to change to the peak diet?
• Ideally, change to peak-lactation diet when plasma NEFA and ketones decrease and intake is steadily increasing
• Practically, cows with steadily rising feed intake and milk yield may be ready to shift diets as early as 7 days in milk, or as late as 21 days in milk
![Page 31: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Peak lactation
• Dry matter intake is limited by gut fill in most cows
• Additional energy in the form of starch or fat should not depress DMI (within reason)
• Additional energy can increase BOTH milk production and BCS
![Page 32: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Conclusions
• Attempts to prevent negative energy balance in early lactation haven’t worked!
• More energy in = more milk, in most cases
• There is hope for improved feed intake, which generally improves transition performance
![Page 33: Regulation of Feed Intake in Transition Cows](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062411/56816707550346895ddb6ec5/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Thank you!