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Regularization Process::A Case study of Inderpuri Harijan Basti, Karkardooma 1
Studio 3rd Semester, M. Ekistics Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi
Regularization Process::A
Case study of Inderpuri
Harijan Basti, Karkardooma
Feroz A. Faruqi
M. Ekistics 3rd
Sem
Jamia Millia Islamia
Background
Delhi is marred by the problem of unauthorized colonies over
several years. Over 70% of the area of NCTD is occupied by
unauthorized colonies, villages and Slums. Infrastructure (social
and physical) is too much stretched up to serve the risingpopulation. Patches of these colonies disrupt the urban pattern of
the city by introducing incongruous sectors of large population
density. At the same time, it thwarts the planning process by
lending complicated, fluctuating and often incomputable
demographics for the planners to figure out.
On one hand, advocates decry the government for promoting
interests of such unauthorized settlements and declare them
illegal; while on the other some profess its legitimacy pivoting it to
citizens rights and demand regularization. This has ledgovernment into a quagmire situation where it has now begun to
feed on the situation to gain a political corner.
To name few general catalysts which promote these
developments, one can easily start with high migration leading to
more demand & low supply; Affordability i.e. low rents & low land
value; proximity to workplace and infrastructure that city core
provides; ghettoization; social seclusion. If we look at the nuances
we will infer that large land zones without adequate supporting
housing, new urban corridors with inept transport facilities foreconomically weaker sections give rise to such make shift places
which eventually convert into expansive and dense colonies.
Unauthorized colonies as the name suggest are an infringement of
law thus illegal and come up initially as a make-shift colony for
economically weaker aspirants who come to cities for new and
paying prospects. These settlements are generally spawned by the
help of land mafia or a political group and later proliferate under
the aegis of citizens rights. Their conditions, with accruing
densities, deteriorate over time and calls for governmentintervention and support.
In the last 5 decades many planning policies/decisions were
formulated and taken from time to time. They were- unauthorized
colonies have being regularized twice in Delhi:
1. 1961 when around 100 colonies were regularized
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2. 1977 when around 600 colonies where regularized.
Classification in terms of Land Use/Ownership:
Colonies on government land
oResidents whose property falls on governmentland will have to pay the price of the plot.
The Delhi government will collect the money on
behalf of the land-owning agency.
Colonies on private land
oColonies on private land will not be required to
pay the land price but they have to
pay developmental charges to the civic agency
concerned. The charges will vary according to
the facilities present or absent.
DDA to change land use
oThe DDA will have to change the land use of areas
where these colonies have come up. Though
the prescribed procedure takes more than a
year, officials said it would not come in the way
of regularization.
Regularization
Objectives of Regularization:
Unauthorized colonies, which are to be regularised as per
government policy, should be effectively incorporated in the
mainstream of urban development. This requires provision of
infrastructure development, services and facilities for which
differential norms and procedures have been devised.
Unauthorised / Regularised Unauthorised Colonies
Unauthorised colonies in Delhi pose a serious human problem as a
huge population is living in these colonies. The issue of existing
unauthorized colonies has engaged attention since the mid-
seventies when a policy for regularization was formulated. 567 out
of 607 listed unauthorized colonies were regularised till October
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1993, but many more unauthorized colonies have come up since
then. Such colonies are to be identified by the Govt. of NCTD.
The present method of regularization of unauthorized colonies is
by the provision of basic infrastructure to improve the
environment. However, regularization has not really brought inany tangible improvement. Effectively, the process has only led to
tenure rights on the land and access to services.
In all unauthorised colonies whether on private or public land,
regularization should be done as per the government orders
issued from time to time. It must be ensured that for
improvement of physical and social infrastructure, the minimum
necessary / feasible level of services and community facilities are
provided wherever necessary.
Physical & Social Infrastructure will include
Physical: Plans for provision of services shall be prepared
by the concerned local bodies.
Social: For provision of social facilities, reduced space
standards shall be adopted. Depending on the
availability of land, facilities like community hall,
dispensary etc. can be grouped together.
oPrimary School 800 sq.m. per 5000 population
oSr. Secondary School 2000 sq.m per 10000
populations. The above norms can be further
relaxed for existing recognised schools on the
basis of minimum norms prescribed by the
Education Department, GNCTD / Central Board
of Secondary Education.
oThe following facilities can be clubbed in a
composite facility centre (500-1000 sqm.)
Multi-purpose community hall - 100 sqm.
Basti Vikas Kendra - 100 sqm.
Religious site - 100 sqm.
Police Post - 100 sqm.
Health Centre - 100 sqm.
Park/Shishu Vatika - 200 sqm.
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Area for essential retail outlets e.g., Milk
Booth, Fair Price Shop, Kerosene shop,
etc. may be provided.
Provisions for informal trade units and
weekly market to be made, wherever
necessary.
The layout plan would clearly show
Base map/survey.
Boundary.
Plot sizes.
Build up/vacant.
Provisions required for infrastructure.
Services/community facilities.
The requirement of infrastructure services/community
facilities shall be assessed with the local body/DDA.
The residents society shall then development works
of services as per the approved services plan of the
colony.
The local bodies and authority would approve the layout plans in
their areas of jurisdiction.
The boundaries of the site and of contiguous
land with ownership status.
The position of the site in relation to
neighboring area/roads.
The name of the streets in which the plots are
proposed/existing.
All existing building standing on, over or under
the site.
The means of access/roads, street and their
width.
The direction of north point relative to the
plan of the buildings.
Any existing physical features, such as wells,drains, trees, etc.
The use and area of the plots and the breakup
of land uses with the calculation for
percentage.
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Service plan
Such other particular signatory of residents
society, architect/town planner and services
engineer shall authenticate the plan.
A key plan drawn to a scale of not less than
1:10,000 shall be submitted along with the
layout plan, showing boundary, location of the
site with respect of neighborhood landmarks.
The layout plan of water supply, sewage
disposal system and other services need to be
made available at the scale of 1:1000 or
larger.
Check list
1. Land use: As per Master Plan
As per Zonal Plan
2. Whether falls in Reserved Forests or Regional Park Yes/No
3. Whether the Colony effects/falls over
Master Plan Road alignment
Railway Line
Metro Corridor
Water Supply/sewerage lines/Utilities
Works
4. Any Monuments/Heritage Buildings in the Colony or in the
vicinity?
5. Key Plan/Site Plan of unauthorized Colony and Description of
boundaries (Please attach scaled Key Plan/Plan of Colony
Superimposed on Zonal Plan/City Survey Map Indicating North
Point, surrounding features, Adjacent roads, buildings, drains,
electricity, lines Etc.)
6. NOC as mentioned at para IV
7. Undertaking/Indemnity Bond
8. Status of Services Nos./Area/ Width/Length Stage of
Development
Roads
Water Supply
Hand pumps
Tube wells
Underground Water Tank
Street Light
ESS/Transformers/Generators
Drains
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Sewerage/Sanitation
Fire-fighting installations
9. Status of Facilities Nos./Area/ Width/Length Stage of
Development
Parks/Transport lots/Common
Open space Schools
Community Hall
Common parking areas
Dispensary/Health Centre
Religious structures
Police Post/Fire Post
LITERATURE STUDY
Despite its initial stated good intention to integrate people with
low incomes into the urban fabric [DDA 1957, 1962], the public
policy of urban planning and housing implemented by the Delhi
Development Authorities (DDA) failed to meet the demand of the
poorest section of the population. Thus, the latter resorted to
informal habitat, and had no option but to occupy vacant lands,
essentially public land, where they self-constructed makeshift
housing or JJs. We have analyzed elsewhere the discrepancy
between the declared social objective of the initial DDA policy and
its achievements as well as the reasons for this. To emphasize thispoint, it suffices to mention the startling findings of a study
commissioned in 2003 by the DDA to the association of urban
management and development authorities in order to assess its
track record.
For low-income housing, the DDA was to develop 27,487 hectares
of land in the 20-year period of the first master plan. Of this, only
15,540 were acquired. Similarly, in 1962, the total existing urban
residential land was 4,694 hectares. The plan proposed to add
another 14,479 hectares by 1981. But the land actually developedwas only 7,316 hectares. Roughly half the projected residential
land was not developed. It is therefore not surprising to observe a
continuous increase of the population of the JJ clusters or
squatter settlements from the 1950s till the 1990s. In 1998, the
population living in squatter settlements was estimated at around
three million people, scattered in around 1,100 clusters of varied
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sizes throughout the urban area, and accounting for about 27 per
cent of the total urban population as against 5 per cent in 1951
and 18 per cent in 1991 but occupying only less than 6 per cent
of the city land. All these figures underline the inadequacy of the
various slum clearance programmes implemented since the 1950s
as well as the inability of the DDA to provide affordable housingfor the poor.
According to 2001 Census, Delhis population is 1.378 crores. At
present, three fourths of this population lives in; sub-standard
areas, which have features similar to slums, include 14.0 lakh
people living in unauthorized colonies. About 13.0 lakh in Jhuggi-
Jhompri clusters, about 12.0 lakh in Resettlement colonies, 1.5
lakh in urban villages, and about 5 lakh in rural areas. The growth
of slums within Delhi is another challenge. In 1951, there were just
12 thousand slum households and today the figure has reached 59lakh households. This is in addition to the programme under which
during the last thirty years 2.14 lakh households have been
resettled in 46 Resettlement Colonies. Migration is adding more
than three lakh people every year to Delhis population. The
majority of these new migrants settle down in slums and
resettlement colonies. This type of upsurge in population exerts a
tremendous pressure on the citys infrastructure and urban
utilities like water, roads, electricity, etc. In addition, the shelter
problems, insanitary conditions and high pollution are adding to
the problems of inhabitants. Inadequate health, education andrecreation facilities are also complicating the urban life in the
capital city of India. For the purpose of Census of India 2001, slum
areas broadly constitute:
All specified areas notified as slums by state/local
governments and Union Territory administrations under
any Act.
All areas recognized as slums by the state/local
governments and Union Territory administrations which
may not have been formally notified as slum under any
Act.
A compact area with a population of at least 300 or about
60-70 households of poorly built congested tenements in
unhygienic environment usually with inadequate
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infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitation and
drinking water facilities.
The slum areas are those that are notified under the Slum
Improvement and Clearance Areas Act of 1956. Buildings and/or
areas that are considered to be unfit for human habitation may bedeclared as slum areas under section 3 of the Act. As such they are
considered to be legal structures and are eligible for benefits
under the Act. The squatter or JJ cluster settlements on the other
hand are considered as encroachments on public and private
lands. They are therefore seen as illegal settlements.
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Policies in Place
While evaluating the policies affecting housing for slum dwellers
we take a top-down approach by first giving a brief overview of
the National Housing Policy 2007 and then getting an insight into
special schemes laid out for Delhis slums by various authorities.
a. National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy 2007
The National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy 2007 states its goal
as affordable housing for all in the country. It promotes various
types of public-private partnerships and pays special emphasis on
the urban poor intending to promote sustainable development of
housing in the country, with a view to ensuring equitable supply of
land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all sections of
society. The policy focuses on multiple stakeholdersthe private
sector, the cooperative sector, the industrial sector for labour
housing and the services and institutional sector for employee
housing.
To attain the overarching goal of affordable housing for all,
emphasis is laid on urban planning, increasing supply of land, use
of spatial incentives like additional floor area ratio (FAR),
transferable development rights, increased flow of funds, effective
solid waste management and use of renewal sources of energy.
Encouraging integrated townships and Special Economic Zones
(SEZs), the policy calls for reservation of 10-15% land in every new
public and private housing project or 20-25% FAR (whichever is
greater) for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS), and Low Income
Group housing through appropriate spatial incentives.
The private sector would be permitted assembling land within the
purview of master plans. The policy also sets action plans for
urban slum dwellers with a special package being prepared for
cooperative housing, labour housing and employee housing. The
primary choice would be to give provision of shelter to urban poor
at their present location or near their work place. The approach
taken will be in situ slum rehabilitation; relocation will be
considered only in specific cases.
The policy would also promote micro-finance institutions at state
level to expedite flow of finances to the urban poor. The current
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budget allocates Rs. 3973 crore for the different projects
addressing the needs of housing for the urban poor.
The role of housing and provision of basic services to the urban
poor has been integrated into the objectives of the Jawaharlal
Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM).
b. Basic Services to the Urban Poor, JNNURM
The Sub-Mission II of the JNNURM involves Basic Services to the
Urban Poor (BSUP) including the integrated housing and slum
development programme. The objectives of the Mission are
outlined as:
i. Focused attention to integrated
development of basic services to the
urban poor in the cities covered underthe Mission.
ii. Provision of basic services to urban poor
including security of tenure at
affordable prices, improved housing,
water supply, sanitation and ensuring
delivery through convergence of other
already existing universal services of
the government for education, health
and social security. Care will be taken
to see that the urban poor are
provided housing near their place of
occupation.
iii. Secure effective linkages between asset
creation and asset management so
that basic services to the urban poor
created in cities are not only
maintained efficiently but also
become self-sustaining over time.
iv. Ensure adequate investment of funds to
fulfill deficiencies in the basic services
to the urban poor.
v. Scale up delivery of civic amenities and
provision of utilities with emphasis on
universal access to urban poor.
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The Delhi Master Plan 2021 has laid emphasis on improvement
of the living conditions of 45% of Delhites living in slums and JJ
clusters in the next ten years as part of the improvement in the
livability of the city for its inhabitants, for which the overall
JNNURM budget which was Rs. 11, 842 crore, is increased by 87%
this year.
c. Three-Pronged Approach in Delhi
The urban poor live predominantly in squatter settlements which
rank among the worst in sub-standard slums. The programme of
squatter clearance was discontinued at the end of the Sixth Plan
(from 1985). Accordingly, no major settlement programme was
carried out until 1992 when a Revised Resettlement Policy was
formulated by the DDA. This did not mean that there were no
resettlement works in progress. The general policy adopted by the
government since then is two-fold: firstly, no fresh encroachments
shall be permitted on public land; and secondly, past
encroachments (those in existence till 30 January 1990) would not
be removed without providing alternatives.
Squatter settlements are found throughout the city and especially
on vacant land along railway lines, roads, drains, river
embankments and around resettlement colonies. The strategy of
the government towards slums/squatter settlements has been
mainly of clearance. In recent years, however, there have been
some changes in the attitude and strategies. The three strategiesused in Delhi since 1991 are as follows:
Improvement of slum environment
Relocation of slums
In situ upgradation and rehabilitation
d. Draft National Slum Policy 2001
Another more specific policy namely the draft National Slum
Policy is yet to be ratified by the Government. The Draft NationalSlum Policy envisages cities without slums. The policy adopts an
approach of in situ upgradation and improvement towards
fulfillment of this vision. It recommends clearance only in
exceptional circumstances. It therefore talks of urban growth with
equity and justice and makes a plea for greater participation of
communities and civil society in all areas of planning, capacity-
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building and development. Correspondingly, it proposes a series of
interventions with regards to definitions, tenure, planning,
economic empowerment, governance and management, and
shelter upgradation. The draft policy is however silent over the
ways in which its goals could be realized. Furthermore, the
definition of all under-served serviced lands as slums will hinderand deny the most needy and vulnerable from having access to
resources for upgradation and improvement.
Unauthorised Colonies and Harijan Bastis
The unauthorized colonies are the residential pockets, which have
come up generally on private land in an unplanned manner in
violation of the Master Plan and Zonal Plan regulations. The
harijan bastis are those unauthorized colonies, which are
inhabited by the low caste families. The buildings in these colonies
are concrete structures which have been constructed without
approved plans and therefore the planning norms of land use
restrictions and building norms of height and front and rear
setbacks have not been followed. Besides road networks, drainage
and sewage system, parks, playgrounds, community centers and
other common facilities have not been developed in such colonies.
The approach of Government towards such colonies has been ad
hoc. Over the years a large number of such colonies have been
regularized, usually on political compulsions, on consideration of
betterment levy for redevelopment of such colonies, but either
the rate of such charges or the recovery of the same have been far
too inadequate to actually implement such redevelopment plans
which have lagged far behind the pace of growth, making most of
such colonies only marginally better than many slum
resettlements.
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PHYSICAL PROFILING:
Area: 5670 sqm
Reference number 857, INDRAPURI (HARIJAN BASTI),
KARKARDOOMA is an unauthorized colony located in east Delhi
under Zone E of Master Plan 2021. It is situated near Anand vihar
surrounded with Jagriti Enclave in North, Saini Enclave in West and
Karkardooma metro station in South. It has an area of which
comes under the neighborhood of 00800DMC Vishwas Nagar and
was established in 1960. Plot sized include 100 to 200 yards plots
which are sometimes further divided to accommodate more
people. Infrastructural facilities that support this colony are a
Mandir, nearby dispensaries available within 500 meters distance.
Schools are far from the site. Physical services and facilities include
sewer, water pipe line which are laid recently. Road Hierarchy isnot conducive to development and width varies from 1.5 & 2.5 M
inner roads to 6 M outer roads. Services that the site is equipped
with are primary-non-functional-schools area, vacant plots
earmarked for development of social/physical infrastructure.
Physical pattern that was observed on site were, iron grid;
introvert location; proper entry; courtyard. Nearby networking
hubs are Karkardooma metro station and Anand vihar bus
terminal provides connectivity to the city.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILING
Demography:
Its tentative census is 90-100 DU with fluctuating rental
population. Major residents are harijans by cast and their
occupations primarily involve 4th grade government and private
jobs. The major residing ethnicities are Hindus. Yearly celebrations
include marriages and festivals and are generally arranged under
tents in open spaces lying in the area. Literacy rates are high. Class
segregation is not present, all are harijans. Social patterns
observed are cohesive and introvert in nature. Income profile &Land prices are relatively low with respect to neighboring areas.
Income by rents with rents varying from Rs 1000 to Rs 1500.
Dwelling houses are Single/Double & three storied. Garbage
collection is self-financed.
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Reconnaissance Conditions
The conditions are conducive for development. RWA is willing
and active to improve the conditions in their colony. They have
been cooperative with the public officials and have got sanctions
for community hall/chaupal among other facilities. Presently theyuse the Temple as chaupal. Villagers are cooperative and are
willing to abide by compensatory measures which can be avoided
or mitigated under the pretext of land availability and proper plot
arrangement in grid iron pattern. The area is not too dense or
cluttered for development. Already, only recently sewer and water
pipeline has been installed but is malfunctioning and needs proper
maintenance. Differential norms can be reasonable applied to this
area. Vacant plots and areas are available which can be used to
improve social/physical conditions of the site. The objective of
regularization-effectively incorporated in the mainstream of urbandevelopment- can be fulfilled by the exercise in a
productive manner for both tangible and intangible sense of
human development.
REGULARIZATION
It is unauthorized by the fact that it was developed on private-
farmland-and bought from Mr. Kishan lal (the owner of farmland)
by the residents. Over the years generations divided it into smaller
plots sizes or multi storied houses.
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di d ki i i illi l i lhi
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