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Regional agrominerals as support to Evergreen Revolution
Eder de Souza MartinsGeologist, Dr. – Agrogeology
Embrapa Researcherhttp://lattes.cnpq.br/8160265101709215
2nd International Workshop on Alternative Potash
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Plan Presentation
• Historical overviewAgricultural revolutions
Selection and breeding
Ecological intensification
• North-South DualitiesDependence on natural resources
Chemical inputs
Technological exhaustion
• Biological functioningAgroecosystems
Microbiomes
Biological inputs
• Evergreen RevolutionRegional resources
Agroecosystem evolution
Long term sustainability
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Historical overview - After climate warming
Mazoyer e Roudart (2006) A History of World Agriculture
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Historical overview - Timeline of Agriculture
12,000 10,000 4,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 300 200 120 60 30 20 +30
Today
Years ago
Hunters & Gatherers
Agricultural Revolution
Hydraulic Agriculture
Slash and Burn
Green Revolution
Evergreen Revolution
Climate Warming
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TERRA PRETA DE ÍNDIO
Clement et al. (2015)http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1812/20150813
Historical overview - Amazonian Dark Earth
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Historical overview – Chinampas in Mesoamerica
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Hunters & Gatherers Agriculture
Population growthTechnology
Conquest for landFood production
Culture
Expanding
population &
use of natural
resources
Adapted from Diamond (1997) Guns, Germs, and Steel: the Fates of Human Societies
Historical overview - Agriculture and human development
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http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/images/nature01019-f2.2.jpg
Historical overview - Centers of origin of crops
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Gruissen (2013) A coalition of plant and crop societies across the Globe
Historical overview - Centers of origin of crops
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Tropical
Temperate
Temperate
North-South Dualities - Land use intensity
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Fertile BeltsHigh resilienceHigh performance
Tropical
Temperate
Temperate
North-South Dualities - Soil Quality
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Tropical
Temperate
Temperate
Tropical BeltsMedium to high resilienceLow to medium performance
North-South Dualities - Soil Quality
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TropicalTemperate
SiO4-4, PO4
3-, SO42-, NO4
-Anions:
SO42-
North-South Dualities - Agricultural soils
PO43-
NO4-
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North-South Dualities - Agricultural soils
Sparks & Huang (1985) Physical chemistry of soil potassium.
Tropical conditions
Temperate conditions
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Tropical
Temperate
Temperate
North-South Dualities - Fertilizer commodities
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North-South Dualities - Potash consumptions
Zorb et al (2014) Potassium in agriculture
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Ano agrícola
Índi
ce
consumo de nutrientes (fertilizantes)
produção agro-vegetal
Sources: Anda; IBGE e Lopes, A. S., 2007 (compiled by Polidoro, 2012)
Technological Exhaustion - Nutrient efficiency
Index
Year
Fertilizer comsuption
Agricultural production
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Ano agrícola
Índi
ce
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
consumo de nutrientes (fertilizantes)
produção agro-vegetal
EAF (eficiência Agronômica)
Sources: Anda; IBGE e Lopes, A. S., 2007 (compiled by Polidoro, 2012)
Relative nutrient efficiency
Technological Exhaustion - Nutrient efficiency
Agricultural production
Fertilizer comsuption
Year
Index
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Sarkar & Naidu (2015) Nutrient and Water Use Efficiency in Soil: The Influence of Geological Mineral Amendments .A. Rakshit et al. (eds.), Nutrient Use Efficiency: from Basics to Advances
Technological Exhaustion - Nutrient efficiency
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1
3
2
0 1 2 3 4 5Year after continuous cultivations
Org
an
icm
att
er
(%)
OM reductionAQ - 80%LVm - 76%LVma - 41%
LVma
LVmAQ
Source: Silva et al. (1994)
Clayey soil
Sandy soils
Technological Exhaustion – Loss of organic matter
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Bender et al (2016) An Underground Revolution: Biodiversity and Soil Ecological Engineering for Agricultural Sustainability.
Technological Exhaustion - Nutrient efficiency
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Technological Exhaustion – New paradigma
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1. Nanotechnology to produce controlled or slow-release fertilizers
2. Clay minerals to control nutrient release
3. Organomineral fertilizers from NPK sources and agro-industrial waste
4. Biostimulants, biofertilizers, and biochar from humic acids and organic compounds generated in the farm or formed by organic waste from human processes
5. Use of in natura regional rocks (stonemeal)
6. New materials based on silicate rock transforming by hydrothermal processes (hydropotash)
16th World Fertilizer Congress of CIEC, Rio de Janeiro (2014)
Technological Exhaustion – Proposed solutions
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Anion Rock type* Main Cations Crust cover (% area)10 Water solubility
Carbonate CO32-
Limestone (sedimentary)1
Carbonatite (igneous)2
Marble (metamorphic)3
Ca2+, Mg2+ 10.0 Low
Sulphate SO42- Evaporitic deposits
(sedimentary)4Ca2+, K+ 0,0 Very high
Chloride Cl-1 Evaporitic deposits
(sedimentary)K+ 0,0 Very high
Phosphate PO43- Phosphorite (sedimentary)5
Phoscorite (igneous)6Ca2+ 0,0 Low
Silicate SiO44-
Sedimentary7
Igneous8
Metamorphic9
Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ 90.0 Very low
*Research examples: 1Sousa et al. (1989); 2Andrade et al. (2002); 3Raymundo et al. (2013); 4Freire et al. (2014); 5Chaves et al. (2013);6Resende et al. (2006); 7Lopes (1971); 8Mancuso et al. (2014); 9Duarte et al. (2012).10Scoffin (1987).
Types of agrominerals
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Bioweathering
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Bioweathering
Bonneville et al (2011) Tree-mycorrhiza Symbiosis accelerate mineral weathering. Geoch. Cosmoch. Acta, 75:6988-7005
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Van Straaten (2007)
+ KVermiculiteBiotite +Si +Mg +Fe
Bioweathering
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Bioweathering
Time
2:1
cla
y m
ine
rals
Nutrient availability Stability of 2:1 clay minerals
100 to 101 years 103 to 104 years
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Source: Embrapa Cerrados 2017
Rhizosphere development
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Surface charge formation
SANTOS, L.F; RODRIGUES, L.M.; MACHADO, L.L.; MOL, A.R.; SODRÉ, F.F.; BUSATO, J.G. CUNHA, J.C.; RUIZ, H.A.; FREIRE, M.B.G.; ALVAREZ, V.H.; FERNANDEZ, R.B. (2015) Cargas elétricas e liberação de nutrientes num Latossolo sob adição de sienito finamente moído. XXXV CBCS, Natal-RN, Resumos. Disponível: http://www.cbcs2015.com.br/anais/index.php#menuanais
Permanent charges Variable charges Total charges
Neg
ativ
e ch
arge
den
sity
Control
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3APest_resistance_labelled_light.svg
Technological Exhaustion - Pest and disease control
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Solution:Biological control
https://workinggrouppatel.wordpress.com/biocontrol-with-endophytes/
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Lucero, M. E.; Debolt, Seth; Unc, A.; Ruiz-Font, A.; Reyes, L. V.; McCulley, Rebecca L.; Alderman, S. C.; Dinkins, R. D.; Barrow, J. R.; and Samac, D. A., "Using Microbial Community Interactions within Plant Microbiomes to Advance an Evergreen Agricultural Revolution" (2014). Plant and Soil Sciences Faculty Publications. Paper 41.
http://uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_facpub/41
Solution: Biological equilibrium
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Solution - Biological equilibrium
Schmidt et al (2016) Using Ancient Traitsto Convert Soil Health into Crop Yield.
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Solution: Biological equilibrium
http://mycor.nancy.inra.fr/IAM/?page_id=727
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Solution: Biological equilibrium
Blaser et al (2016) Toward a Predictive Understanding of Earth’s Microbiomes to Address 21st Century Challenges
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Solution: Biological equilibrium
http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/microbiomes-could-hold-keys-to-improving-life/
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1. Biostimulants, biofertilizers, and biochar from humic acids and organic compounds generated in the farm or formed by organic waste from human processes
2. Use of in natura regional rocks (stonemeal)
3. Silicate rock processing by hydrothermal processes (hydropotash)
4. Management of soil and plant microbiomes
New Paradigma: Evergreen Revolution
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New Paradigma: Evergreen Revolution
Bender et al (2016) An Underground Revolution: Biodiversity and Soil Ecological Engineering for Agricultural Sustainability.
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Evergreen Revolution
Use of local and regional resources
Mineral Base - new agrominerals as controlled release sources,
permanent CTC generation and increased nutrient use efficiency
Management - increase in biological activity (production system
and biological inputs)
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Thanks!