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Regents Biology
Proteins – Multipurpose molecules Function:
many, many functions Hormones - Regulation
signals from one body system to anotherInsulin – blood sugar levels
movementmuscle and skin
immune system - antibodiesprotect against germs
enzymes - written over the arrowhelp chemical reactions (metabolism)
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Regents Biology
Proteins
Building block =
—N—H
H
H|
—C—|
C—OH
||O
variable group
amino acids
20 different amino acids
Amino group
Carboxyl group (“acid”)
“R” group (20 different ones)
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Regents Biology
Amino acid chains Proteins – also called polypeptides
amino acids chained into a polymer by peptide bonds
Each amino acid is different – “R group” some “like” water & dissolve in it
some “fear” water & separate from it
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid
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Regents Biology
Water-fearing amino acids Hydrophobic
“water fearing” amino acids try to get away from water in cell
the protein folds
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Regents Biology
Water-loving amino acids Hydrophillic
“water loving” amino acids try to stay in water in cell
the protein folds
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Regents Biologypepsin
(stomach)
For proteins: SHAPE matters!
collagen (skin)
Proteins fold & twist into 3-D shape that’s what happens in the cell!
Different shapes = different jobs/functions Shape is determined by the order of the
amino acids
hemoglobinred blood cellscarries oxygen
growthhormone
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Regents Biology
It’s SHAPE that matters! Proteins do their jobs, because of their 3-D
shape Unfolding a protein destroys its shape
wrong shape = can’t do its job unfolding proteins = “denature”
temperature (high) pH (acidity)
folded
unfolded“denatured”
In Biology,it’s not the size,it’s the SHAPEthat matters!
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Regents Biology
Nothing works without enzymes! ALL chemical reactions (metabolism) in
living organisms require enzymes to do work (GRRSNERT) building molecules
Synthesis enzymes
breaking down molecules digestive enzymes
enzymes speed up reactions “catalysts” – lower activation energy
+
+
enzyme
enzymeWe can’t live
without enzymes!
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Regents Biology
Examples Synthesis
Digestion - N
+
+
enzyme
enzyme
Same enzyme for BOTH reactions
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Regents Biology
Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to
a specific reaction each enzyme needs to be the right 3-D
shape for the job enzymes are named for the reaction
they help – usually end in -ase sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA
Oh, I get it!They end
in -ase
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Regents Biology
Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction
used only temporarily - reusable re-used again for the same reaction with
other molecules – written over the arrow very little enzyme needed to help in many
reactions
enzyme
substrateor reactant
product
active siteenzyme-substrate
complex
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Regents Biology
Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme
helper protein molecule
Co-enzyme Usually a vitamin; NOT protein
Substrate molecule that enzymes work on
Products what the enzyme helps produce from the reaction
Active site part of enzyme that substrate
molecule fits into
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Regents Biology
The “Key”
It’s Shape that Matters!!!
• Lock & Key model• Shape of protein allows enzyme & substrate to fit
togetherSHAPE of enzyme for each specific reaction
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Regents Biology 2009-2010
For enzymes…What matters?
SHAPE!Correct protein determined by:• Correct order of amino acids –
determined by DNA
• Temperature• pH (acids & bases)• Substrate Concentration (amount of
substrate)
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Regents Biology
Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job!
DNA
DNA
chain ofamino acids
chain ofamino acids
foldedprotein
foldedprotein
right shape!
wrong shape!
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Regents Biology
Sickle Cells vs Normal RBC’s
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Regents Biology
Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity
Optimum (best) temperature greatest number of collisions between
enzyme & substrate human enzymes
35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) Raise temperature (boiling) - fever
denature protein = unfold = lose shape Lower temperature T°
molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme &
substrate
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Regents Biology
37°
Temperature
temperature
reac
tio
n r
ate
What’s happening here?!
humanenzymes
Enzyme is denaturing or
unfolding
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Regents Biology
7
pH
pH
reac
tio
n r
ate
20 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
stomachpepsin
intestinestrypsin What’s
happening here?!
11 12 13 14
acid baseneutral
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Regents Biology
Also Substrate concentration Lucy and the candy factory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4wp3m1vg06Q
ALL enzymes are in use; can’t go any faster unless more enzymes are added
Substrate concentration
reaction rate