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Regents Biology 2006-2007
Photosynthesis:Life from Light and Air
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Regents Biology
Plants are energy producers Like animals, plants need energy to live
unlike animals, plants don’t need to eat food to make that energy
Plants make both FOOD & ENERGY animals are consumers plants are producers
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Regents Biology
How do plants make energy & food? Plants use the energy from the sun
to make ATP energy to make sugars
glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch, & more
sun
ATP
sugars
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Regents Biology
H2O
Building plants from sunlight & air Photosynthesis
2 separate processes ENERGY building reactions
collect sun energy use it to make ATP
SUGAR building reactions take the ATP energy collect CO2 from air &
H2O from ground use all to build sugars
ATP
sun
sugars
+CO2
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Regents Biology
Using light & air to grow plants Photosynthesis
using sun’s energy to make ATP using CO2 & water to make sugar in chloroplasts allows plants to grow makes a waste product
oxygen (O2)
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Regents Biology
What do plants need to grow? The “factory” for making
energy & sugars chloroplast
Fuels sunlight carbon dioxide water
The Helpers enzymes H2O
sugars
ATP
enzymes
CO2
sun
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Regents Biology
H2O
Photosynthesis
ENERGYbuilding reactions
SUGARbuilding reactions
ATPADP
CO2
sugar
sun
used immediatelyto synthesize sugars
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AP Biology
Chloroplasts double membrane stroma
fluid-filled interior thylakoid sacs grana stacks
Thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll molecules electron transport chain ATP synthase
Plant structure
outer membrane inner membrane
thylakoidgranum
stroma
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AP Biology
Labeling the Chloroplast Outer Membrane = I Intermembrane Space = J Inner Membrane = K Granum Thylakoid = L = GREEN!! Stromal Lamella = M DNA = N Ribosome = O Starch Grain = P Stroma = Q
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
Lab objectives Separate plant pigments using
chromatography Calculate Rf values for four
different plant pigments Rf value = distance pigment
traveled distance solvent traveled
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AP Biology
Pigments of photosynthesis Pigments of photosynthesis Must be present for Pn to occur Embedded in thylakoid membrane Each pigment absorbs light of specific
wavelengths Arranged in a photosystem Collection of pigment molecules embedded in a
protein Examples:
Chlorophyll a: ¾ of chlorophylls in green plants Primary Pn pigment; absorbs blue and red light
Chlorophyll b: absorbs light in blue-green and orange-red spectrum
Carotenoids: absorb light in the blue and blue-green regions of the spectrum (carotenes and xanthophylls)
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AP Biology
Pigments of photosynthesis
Chlorophylls & other pigments embedded in thylakoid membrane arranged in a “photosystem”
Collection of pigment molecules embedded in a protein
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AP Biology
Photosynthesis
Light reactions light-dependent reactions energy conversion reactions
convert solar energy to chemical energy ATP & NADPH
Calvin cycle light-independent reactions sugar building reactions
uses chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) to reduce CO2 & synthesize C6H12O6
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AP Biology
2 Processes of Photosynthesis
1) Light reactions Takes place in the thylakoid
membranes light-dependent reactions Uses water energy conversion reactions
convert solar energy to chemical energy ATP & NADPH
net products: ATP, NADPH, Oxygen Uses photosystems with reaction centers
of 2 chlorophyll-a molecules
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AP Biology
Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
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AP Biology
ETC of Photosynthesis ETC uses light energy to produce
ATP & NADPH go to Calvin cycle
PS II (PS680) absorbs light and gets excited excited electron passes from 2 chlorophyll-
a to “primary electron acceptor” Chlorophyll is now _____________ and
requires an electron enzyme extracts electrons from H2O &
supplies them to chlorophyll splits H2O O combines with another O to form O2
O2 released to atmosphere and we breathe easier!
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AP Biology
Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
Photosystem II
Photosystem I
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AP Biology
Excited electron passes down ETC to PS I (PS700)
Each time electron is passed, releases a little energy used to pump H+ from stroma into thylakoid
H+ will then diffuse down conc. gradient back into stroma Pass through ATP Synthase allowing phosphorylation of ADP
ATP used in Calvin Cycle
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AP Biology
MEANWHILE… PS I (PS700) has also been activated
by light excited electron passes from
chlorophyll to “primary electron acceptor”
need to replace electron in chlorophyll!! Electron comes from ETC of PSII
Excited electron passes to electron carrier molecule down another ETC Reduces NADP+ to make NADPH Sent to Calvin Cycle in the stroma
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AP Biology
split H2O
Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
O
ATP
to Calvin CycleH+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+H+
H+
e e
e e
sunsun
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AP Biology
Photosynthesis Lab 2 Photosynthesis Lab 2 ObjectiveObjective Measure the rate of photosynthesis Measure the rate of photosynthesis
using a spectrophotometer.using a spectrophotometer. Cuvette 1 should be used to calibrate Cuvette 1 should be used to calibrate
the machine between each reading. the machine between each reading. Set to 100% transmittance.Set to 100% transmittance.
Cuvette 2 should stay wrapped in foil Cuvette 2 should stay wrapped in foil the whole time unless a reading is the whole time unless a reading is being done.being done.
Remember, DPIP changes from blue to Remember, DPIP changes from blue to clear as photosynthesis occursclear as photosynthesis occurs this will cause a higher % this will cause a higher %
transmittance!transmittance!
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
From Light Reactions to Calvin Cycle Sugar Building Process
Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
Need products of light reactions to drive synthesis reactions ATP NADPH
Uses CO2
stroma
thylakoid
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AP Biology
RuBisCo RuBisCo Enzyme which fixes carbon from air
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase the most important enzyme in the
world! it makes life out of air!
definitely the most abundant enzyme
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AP Biology
starch,sucrose,cellulose& more
1C CO2
Calvin Cycle
5CRuBP
3C
RuBisCo
1. Carbon fixation
2. G3P Production
3. Regenerationof RuBP
ribulose bisphosphate
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase
6 NADP
6 NADPH 6 ADP
6 ATP
3 ADP
3 ATP
usedto make
glucose
3C
3CG3Pglyceraldehyde-3-P
C C C C C
C C C C C
C C C C C
6C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
PGAphosphoglycerate
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C C
C C CC C C
CC
C
5C
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
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AP Biology
A good scientific title!
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AP Biology
Photosynthesis summary Light reactions
produced ____________ produced ____________ consumed ____________ produced ____________ as byproduct
Calvin cycle consumed ____________ produced ____________ regenerated ____________ regenerated ____________
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AP Biology
H2O
Energy cycle
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
sun
glucose O2CO2
plants
animals, plants
ATP
CO2 H2O C6H12O6 O2light
energy + ++
CO2 H2OC6H12O6 O2ATP
energy+ ++
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AP Biology
Light Reactions
O2
H2O
Energy BuildingReactions
ATP
produces ATP produces NADPH releases O2 as a
waste product
sunlight
H2O ATP O2light
energy ++ + NADPH
NADPH
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AP Biology
Calvin Cycle
sugars
CO2
SugarBuilding
Reactions
ADP
builds sugars uses ATP &
NADPH recycles ADP
& NADP back to make
more ATP & NADPHATP
NADPH
NADP
CO2 C6H12O6 ++ + NADPATP + NADPH ADP