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ecugblm Blequofbty `kr
Wjorec Mrkwtj bl GjbloWtrotemy olc Qkfbgy Kptbkls `kr
Muolmcklm Qrkvblge
C B ^ E G S B K L W B L C E P E F K Q I E L S
Juiol Cevefkpielt
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^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec
Mrkwtj bl Gjblo
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^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr
Wjorec Mrkwtj bl GjbloWtrotemy olc Qkfbgy Kptbkls `krMuolmcklm Qrkvblge
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>1?? Sje Blterlotbklof Nold `kr ^egklstrugtbkl olc Cevefkpielt / Sje ]krfc Nold?:?: J Wtreet L]
]osjblmtkl CG >1377Sefepjkle8 >1>-3=7-?111Blterlet8 www.wkrfcnold.krm
Off rbmjts reservec
? > 7 3 ?7 ?> ?? ?1
Sjbs vkfuie bs o prkcugt k` tje sto`` k` tje Blterlotbklof Nold `kr ^egklstrugtbkl olcCevefkpielt / Sje ]krfc Nold. Sje `blcblms, blterpretotbkls, olc gklgfusbkls expressec bl tjbsvkfuie ck lkt legessorbfy re`fegt tje vbews k` tje Exegutbve Cbregtkrs k` Sje ]krfc Nold kr tjemkverlielts tjey represelt.
Sje ]krfc Nold ckes lkt muoroltee tje oggurogy k` tje coto blgfucec bl tjbs wkrd. Sje nkulc-orbes, gkfkrs, celkiblotbkls, olc ktjer bl`kriotbkl sjkwl kl oly iop bl tjbs wkrd ck lkt bipfyoly hucmeielt kl tje port k` Sje ]krfc Nold gklgerlblm tje femof stotus k` oly terrbtkry kr tjeelckrseielt kr oggeptolge k` sugj nkulcorbes.
^bmjts olc Qeribssbkls
Sje ioterbof bl tjbs punfbgotbkl bs gkpyrbmjtec. Gkpyblm olc/kr trolsibttblm pkrtbkls kr off k`tjbs wkrd wbtjkut peribssbkl ioy ne o vbkfotbkl k` oppfbgonfe fow. Sje Blterlotbklof Nold `kr^egklstrugtbkl olc Cevefkpielt / Sje ]krfc Nold elgkuromes cbsseiblotbkl k` bts wkrd olcwbff lkrioffy mrolt peribssbkl tk reprkcuge pkrtbkls k` tje wkrd prkiptfy.
@kr peribssbkl tk pjktkgkpy kr reprblt oly port k` tjbs wkrd, pfeose selc o request wbtj gki-pfete bl`kriotbkl tk tje Gkpyrbmjt Gfeorolge Gelter Blg., >>> ^ksewkkc Crbve, Colvers, IO1?2>7, UWO4 tefepjkle8 2=:-=51-:3114 `ox8 2=:-=51-33=14 Blterlet8 www.gkpyrbmjt.gki.
Off ktjer querbes kl rbmjts olc fbgelses, blgfucblm sunsbcbory rbmjts, sjkufc ne occressec tk tjeK``bge k` tje Qunfbsjer, Sje ]krfc Nold, ?:?: J Wtreet L], ]osjblmtkl, CG >1377, UWO4`ox8 >1>-5>>->3>>4 e-iobf8 punrbmjtsAwkrfcnold.krm.
BWNL8 2=:-1-:>?7-:3:3-:eBWNL8 2=:-1-:>?7-:51?->CKB8 ?1.?520/2=:-1-:>?7-:3:3-:
Fbnrory k` Gklmress Gotofkmblm-bl-Qunfbgotbkl Coto
^ecugblm blequofbty `kr sjorec mrkwtj bl Gjblo 8 strotemy olc pkfbgy kptbkls `kr Muolmcklmprkvblge.
p. gi.Blgfuces nbnfbkmropjbgof re`erelges olc blcex.BWNL 2=:-1-:>?7-:3:3-: BWNL 2=:-1-:>?7-:51?-> (efegtrklbg)?. Muolmcklm Wjelm (Gjblo)Wkgbof gklcbtbkls>?st geltury. >. Muolmcklm Wjelm
(Gjblo)Wkgbof pkfbgy. 7. Muolmcklm Wjelm (Gjblo)Wkgbof pfollblm. 3. Gbty pfollblmGjbloMuolmcklm Wjelm. 5. EcugotbklGjbloMuolmcklm Wjelm. 0. Wkgbof gjolmeGjbloMuolmcklm Wjelm. =. Muolmcklm Wjelm (Gjblo)Qkfbtbgs olc mkverlielt>?stgeltury. B. ]krfc Nold.
JL=31.M:7^37 >1?171=.7'3125?>=cg>>
>1?117113>
Gkver pjktk8 Qolkroio Iecbo FbibtecGkver cesbml8 Loyfkr Cesbml, ]osjblmtkl, CG
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v
@krewkrc ny ]olm Rolm xvbb
@krewkrc ny Hoies ]. Ocois xxbbb
Ogdlkwfecmielts xxvbb
Onnrevbotbkls xxbx
Kvervbew ?
Nogdmrkulc k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge 7
Sje Gjoffelme k` Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm 3^ecugblm Blequofbty wbtj Wpotboffy Ulnofolgec
Mrkwtj ?1
^ecugblm Blequofbty8 O Sjree-Qbffor Wtrotemy ?>
Efbiblotblm Onskfute Qkverty tjrkumj tje
Cbnok Wystei ?5
Nkkstblm ^urof Blgkie ny Mbvblm Qekpfe
Kppkrtulbtbes ?:
Blvestblm bl Qekpfe tjrkumj IkreEqubtonfe Wervbge Cefbvery >2
Gklgfusbkl 72
Lktes 3?
^e`erelges 3>
Gkltelts
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Gjopter ? Ulcerstolcblm Qkverty olc Blequofbty
bl Muolmcklm 35
Ieosurblm Qkverty bl Muolmcklm 32
Sje Gurrelt Qkverty Wbtuotbkl bl Muolmcklm 57
Qrk`bfe k` tje Qkkr 0>
Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm 05
Wuiiory olc Qkfbgy Bipfbgotbkls =3
Lktes =0
^e`erelges =0
Gjopter > Wuppkrtblm tje Qkkr tjrkumj urof Cbnok =2Jkw tk Evofuote o Wkgbof Ossbstolge Qrkmroi :?
Evkfutbkl olc Iobl Qkfbgy @eotures k` ^urof
Cbnok bl Muolmcklm :7
Gjoffelmes @ogec ny tje Cbnok Qrkmroi
bl Muolmcklm :0
Nubfcblm o Cbnok Qrkmroi `kr tje @uture8
Qkfbgy ^egkiielcotbkls 2:
Lktes ?1>^e`erelges ?1>
Gjopter 7 Cevefkpblm ol E``bgbelt olc Bltemrotec
Fonkr Iordet bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge ?17
Fonkr Iordet Kvervbew ?10
Norrbers tk o Iknbfe olc @fexbnfe Fonkr Iordet ??0
Qkfbgy Bipfbgotbkls ?>1
Lktes ?>3^e`erelges ?>3
Gjopter 3 Iodblm @blolge ]krd bl ^ecugblm Blequofbty
olc Qkverty bl Muolmcklm ?>=
Sje Gurrelt Wbtuotbkl ?7?
Bssues olc Qrknfeis ?3=
Gklgfusbkls olc Wuiiory k` ^egkiielcotbkls ?5=
Ollex 3.? Gkiporbskl k` tje ^emufotbkl
@roiewkrd `kr Gkiiergbof Nolds olc^urof @blolgbof Blstbtutbkls, >11: ?0>
Ollex 3.> Cb``erelt ^equbreielts `kr
Ibgrkfkol Gkipolbes ny Geltrof versus
Fkgof Outjkrbtbes ?03
vb Gkltelts
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Ollex 3.7 Bllkvotbve IWE Felcblm Qrkhegt
bl Gjblo ?0:
Ollex 3.3 Iutuof Wkgbetbes bl Qkkr Pbffomes ?=1
Lktes ?=?
^e`erelges ?=?
Gjopter 5 Muolmcklm8 e`kriblm Folc Qkfbgy `kr
Netter ^bmjts Qrktegtbkl olc o Jeoftjber
Cevefkpielt Qotterl ?=7
O Lew Qfot`kri `kr Qursublm Nkfcer Bllkvotbkls ?=3
Gklgfusbkls ?21Lktes ?2>
^e`erelges ?2>
Gjopter 0 Wpelcblm kr Gkipufskry Ecugotbkl
bl Muolmcklm ?27
Dey Kutgkie Mops bl Gkipufskry Ecugotbkl ?25
Wpelcblm Mops bl Gkipufskry Ecugotbkl olc tje
Lew @ree Gkipufskry Ecugotbkl Wgjeie >13Gklgfusbkls olc Qkfbgy Bipfbgotbkls >75
Ollex 0.?8 Kutgkie Blcbgotkrs bl
Muolmcklm Qrkvblge >33
Ollex 0.>8 Wpelcblm Blcbgotkrs bl
Muolmcklm Qrkvblge >3=
Lktes >52
^e`erelges >01
Gjopter = Wdbffs Cevefkpielt bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge >0?
Qreporblm `kr Gjolme >03
Ieetblm tje Gjoffelme `kr Wdbffs Cevefkpielt >=3
Ollex =.?8 Sonfes >:=
Ollex =.>8 ^urof olc Urnol Jkusejkfc Wurveys >20
Lktes >22
^e`erelges 711
Gjopter : ^ecugblm embklof Cbsporbtbes bl Jeoftj
Wervbges bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge8 Gjoffelmes
olc Kptbkls 717
Sje Gjoffelme k` Blequofbty olc
^embklof Cbsporbtbes 715
Gkltelts vbb
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^eskurge Iknbfbzotbkl olc Offkgotbkl 7?3
Wuiiory olc ^egkiielcotbkls 7>1
Biprkveielt k` tje E``bgbelgy olc Equbty k`
Jeoftj Qrktegtbkl Wgjeies 7>?
Wtrelmtjelblm k` Jeoftj Wervbges Cefbvery
Gopogbty bl tje Fommblm Oreos 77>
Bssues Leecblm @urtjer Otteltbkl olc
Wummestbkls `kr @urtjer Wtucy 731
Lktes 73?
^e`erelges 73>
Blcex 737
Nkxes
?.? Muolmcklm urof olc Urnol Jkusejkfc
Wurvey Coto 3:
?.> Ieosurblm tje Blgbcelge, Ceptj, olc Weverbty
k` Qkverty 53
?.7 Ieosurblm Blequofbty 007.? Ieosurblm Blequofbty ?15
3.? Ulcerstolcblm @blolge ?>:
3.> Sje @blolgbof Grbsbs Femogy bl Muolmcklm ?75
3.7 Sje Ibgrkfelcblm Experbielts ny Gjblo
Qkstof Wovblms ?3=
5.? Pbetloi8 Folc Qkfbgy e`kris olc Lotbklof
Folc ^embstrotbkl Qrkmroi ?==
5.> Srols`eronfe Cevefkpielt bmjts (SC^s) ?:?5.7 Sje Gose k` Otfolto ?:3
5.3 Wiort Mrkwtj ?:5
5.5 Qrkperty Sox os Mkkc Fkgof Sox ?:2
0.? Exoipfes k` @ulcblm @kriufos bl Geltrof Oierbgo >31
:.? IO Qbfkt bl tje Runeb Cbstrbgt k`
Gjklmqblm Iulbgbpofbty 77?
:.> Qrogtbge kl ^eteltbkl k` urof Jeoftj ]krders 77:
IopK.? Sje @kur ^embkls k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge 7
@bmures
?.? Gkiporbskl k` MCQ olc Qer Gopbto MCQ ogrkss
Gjblos Qrkvblges, >11= 30
vbbb Gkltelts
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?.> MCQ k` Muolmcklm olc Eost Osbol Lewfy Blcustrbofbzec
Egklkibes, >11= 30
?.7 Qer Gopbto MCQ k` Muolmcklm olc Eost Osbol
Lewfy Blcustrbofbzec Egklkibes, >11= 3=
?.3 ^otbk k` urof olc Urnol Blgkies olc Qer Gopbto MCQ 3:
?.5 Gkiporbskl k` Lotbklof Qkverty Fbles 5>
?.0 Urnol olc urof Blgkie Cbstrbnutbkl bl
Muolmcklm, >11= 50
?.= Welsbtbvbty tk tje Qkverty Fble bl Urnol olc ^urof
Muolmcklm, >11= 5=
?.: ^urof Blgkie olc Gklsuiptbkl Mrkwtj bl Muolmcklmny _ubltbfe, >1151= 01
?.2 Gkiporbskl k` Mblb Blcexes k` Blgkie Blequofbty, >11= 0=
?.?1 Srelcs bl ^urof-Urnol Cbsporbty8 Muolmcklm olc Gjblo 0:
?.?? Fkrelz Gurves kr Qer Gopbto ^urof olc Urnol
Blgkie, >11= 02
?.?> ^embklof Blgkie Cbsporbty bl Muolmcklm olc
Gjblo, ?22:>11= 02
?.?7 Cbstrbnutbkl k` embklof Qkpufotbkl olc EgklkibgOgtbvbtbes bl Muolmcklm, >11= =1
?.?3 Urnol- urof Cbstrbnutbkl k` Qkpufotbkl olc Egklkibg
Ogtbvbtbes bl Muolmcklm, >11= =?
?.?5 Blgkie Cegkipksbtbkl k` Qkkfec urof olc Urnol
Jkusejkfcs bl Muolmcklm, >11= =>
?.?0 Wkurges k` Urnol-^urof Blgkie Cbsporbty =7
?.?= Gkulty-Fevef Blgkie Blequofbty Cegkipksbtbkl bl
Muolmcklm, ?22:>11= =3>.? ^embklof Cb``erelges bl urof Cbnok Gkverome :=
>.> Gkrrefotbkl netweel Cbnok Wtolcorcs olc
Egklkibg Wtrelmtj, Wefegtec Gkultbes :2
>.7 Cbstrbnutbkl k` urof Cbnok ^egbpbelts ogrkss Blgkie
_ubltbfes, >11= 2?
>.3 ^urof Cbnok Expelcbture bl Muolmcklm
bl Gkiporbskl wbtj Ktjer Qrkvblges >11= 23
>.5 @blolgblm k` urof Cbnok ny tje Qrkvblgbof olc Fkgof
Mkverlielts 207.? ^urof Jkusejkfc Blgkie bl Muolmcklm ny
Wkurge, >11= ?13
7.> Blgkie Blequofbtbes olc Wjore k` Fonkr
Blgkie, >11= ?15
7.7 Eipfkyielt ny Wegtkr bl Muolmcklm ?1=
Gkltelts bx
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7.3 Fonkr Offkgotbkl, >115 olc >11= ?1:
7.5 ^embklof Eipfkyielt Wtrugture, >111 olc >115 ??0
7.0 Overome Iblbiui ]ome Wtolcorcs bl Muolmcklm
olc Gjblo ??2
3.? F/C ^otbk k` @blolgbof Blstbtutbkls bl Urnol olc
^urof Oreos, >11= ?7>
3.> F/C otbk k` Wefegtec @blolgbof Blstbtutbkls, >11= ?77
3.7 LQF ^otbk k` @blolgbof Blstbtutbkls, >11= ?73
3.3 LQF ^otbk k` @bve Formest Nolds, ONG, olc
^GG, >11= ?73
3.5 ^urof Jkusejkfcs wbtj Oggess tk Nold Fkols, >11= ?7=3.0 ^urof Jkusejkfcs wbtj Oggess tk Bl`kriof
olc @kriof Gjollefs, >11= ?7=
3.= Wioff Nusblesses wbtj Oggess tk Nolds Fkols, >11= ?7:
3.: @oriblm Jkusejkfcs wbtj Oggess tk Wovblms
Cepksbt Oggkults, >11> ?72
3.2 @oriblm Jkusejkfcs wbtj Oggess tk Wovblms Cepksbt
Oggkults, Q^C Oreo vs. Lkl-Q^C Oreo, >11= ?31
3.?1 Overome Jkfcblms k` QWN Noldblm Gorcs, >110 ?313.?? Overome Jkfcblms k` Cepksbt Oggkults, >110 ?3?
3.?> Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes bl Wefegtec Gkultrbes ?3>
3.?7 Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes bl Wefegtec Gkultrbes ?3>
3.?3 Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes, >11= ?37
3.?5 Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes, >11= ?37
3.?0 Overome Luiner k` Noldblm Kutfets Qer
Skwlsjbp, >11= ?33
3.?= Overome Luiner k` Noldblm Kutfets QerOciblbstrotbve Pbffome, >11= ?33
3.?: Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes, Q^C Oreo vs. Lkl-Q^C
Oreo, >11= ?35
3.?2 Luiner k` Nold Nrolgjes, Q^C Oreo vs. Lkl-Q^C
Oreo, >11= ?35
3.>1 Qrkpkrtbkl k` ^urof Jkusejkfc Fkols, >11= ?5>
3.>? Qrkpkrtbkl k` Fkols kl Omrbgufturof Qrkcugtbkl, >11= ?57
0.? Sje @kur Mops k` urof olc Fommblm Gkipufskry
Ecugotbkl ?230.> Mrkss olc Let Elrkffielt otes bl Qrbiory Ecugotbkl,
?225>110 ?2=
0.7 Ecugotbklof Ottoblielt k` Cb``erelt Ome
Gkjkrts, >11= ?2:
x Gkltelts
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0.>7 Nkkds Qer Wtucelt olc ^otbk k` Cbfopbcotec
Nubfcblms Kveroff olc bl Urnol olc ^urof Oreos,
>113 olc >11= >>>
0.>3 K&I Qer Wtucelt Kveroff olc bl Urnol olc ^urof
Oreos, >113 olc >11= >>7
0.>5 MCQ Qer Gopbto olc Wjore k` Qrkvblgbof Qkpufotbkl
k` Gkulty Woipfe >>3
0.>0 Gjolme netweel >113 olc >11= bl Wpelcblm olc
^evelue Wkurges bl Qrbiory Ecugotbkl `kr tje
Gkulty Woipfe, Ruol Qer Wtucelt >>0
0.>= ^efotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto olc QrbioryWpelcblm Qer Wtucelt, >113 >>=
0.>: ^efotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto olc Qrbiory
Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt, >11= >>=
0.>2 ^efotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto bl >113
olc Qergeltome Blgreose bl Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt >>=
0.71 ^efotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto bl >113 olc
Qergeltome Blgreose bl Nucmetory ^evelues Qer Wtucelt >>:
0.7? Cegreose bl Ibsgeffolekus @ees, @ee Mop, olc Gjolmebl urof Elrkffielt bl Qrbiory, Ruol Qer Wtucelt >>2
0.7> ^efotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto olc Hulbkr
Wegklcory Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt, >113 >7?
0.77 ^efotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto olc
Hulbkr Wegklcory Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt, >11= >7?
0.73 ^efotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto bl >113
olc Qergeltome Blgreose bl Wpelcblm Qer Wtucelt >7?
0.75 ^efotbklsjbp netweel MCQ Qer Gopbto bl >113 olcQergeltome Blgreose bl Nucmetory ^evelues Qer Wtucelt >7>
0.70 Cegreose bl Ibsgeffolekus @ees, @ee Mop, olc
Gjolme bl ^urof Elrkffielt bl Hulbkr Wegklcory,
Ruol Qer Wtucelt >7>
0.7= Offkgotbkl k` tje @GE Wgjeie ogrkss tje Cb `erelt
Wunsbcbes bl tje Gkulty Woipfe
(Qrbiory Ecugotbkl), >11= >77
0.7: ^otbk k` Cbfopbcotec Qrbiory Wgjkkf Nubfcblms bl
tje Gkulty Woipfe, >113 olc >11= >730.72 K&I ny Wtucelt `kr Muolmcklm olc bl tje Gkulty
Woipfe, >11= >75
0.31 Qrbiory Urnol-^urof Wpelcblm Mops ulcer
Cb``erelt Wgelorbks >7:
xbb Gkltelts
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0.3? Hulbkr Wegklcory Urnol-^urof Wpelcblm Mops
ulcer Cb``erelt Wgelorbks >7:
=.? Bteis ^oldec os @brst- kr Wegklc-Ikst Bipkrtolt
Gklstroblt tk Mrkwtj ny BGO @bris >05
=.> Fkgof Mkverlielt Wpelcblm kl Ecugotbkl Qer Wtucelt,
>11110 >00
=.7 Fkwer Qer Gopbto Mkverlielt Wpelcblm bl Gbtbes
wbtj Forme ^urof Qkpufotbkls >02
=.3 ^bse bl Wjore k` tje Qkpufotbkl Elrkffec bl o
Wegklcory Wgjkkf wbtj ^bse bl Urnol Wjore k` o
Gbtys Qkpufotbkl >=1=.5 Rkutj-tk-Ocuft Uleipfkyielt otbk olc Qergeltome
k` Welbkr Wegklcory Pkgotbklof Elrkffielt bl KEGC
Gkultrbes, >115 >=>
=.0 Forme @bris bl Muolmcklm Ikre Fbdefy tk Srobl
tjol Wioffer @bris >=7
=.= @bris wbtj ol Ecugotec ]krd`krge Ikre Fbdefy
tk Srobl >=3
:.? Qer Gopbto MCQ ny embkl, >110 710:.> Bl`olt Ikrtofbty ote, >11= 710
:.7 Gjolmes bl Bl`olt Ikrtofbty otes, >1111= 71=
:.3 Oggess tk Wo`e Crbldblm ]oter, >11= 71:
:.5 Jkspbtof Cefbvery otes, >11= 712
:.0 Kutpotbelt Pbsbts Qer Gopbto, >11= 712
:.= Blpotbelt Wervbges Qer Gopbto, >11= 7?1
:.: Overome Qer Gopbto Jeoftj Expelcbture ny Blgkie
_ubltbfe olc Urnol-^urof Cb``erelge, >11= 7??:.2 Qjysbgbol Celsbty ogrkss Iulbgbpofbtbes olc
^embkls, >11= 7?>
:.?1 _uofbty k` Jeoftj ]krders ogrkss Iulbgbpofbtbes
olc ^embkls, >11= 7?7
:.?? Mkverlielt Jeoftj Wpelcblm os o Qergeltome k`
Sktof Mkverlielt Expelcbture, >110 7?=
:.?> Qer Gopbto Mkverlielt Jeoftj Wpelcblm, >110 7?=
:.?7 ]jere Leec Bs Mreoter, eskurges Ore Fess 7?:
:.?3 Elrkffielt ote kr L^GIW 7>>:.?5 ^embklof Cbsporbty bl Qer Gopbto L^GIW
Gkltrbnutbkls, >11= 7>7
:.?0 Bffustrotbkl k` Jbmjer-Fevef Qkkfblm k` tje L^GIW 7>5
:.?= Ogguiufotec Wovblms k` L^GIW ^evelue, >11= 7>0
Gkltelts xbbb
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:.?: Qer Gopbto IO Ossbstolge ogrkss Qrkvblges, >11= 7>:
:.?2 Ecugotbkl k` tje Pbffome Ckgtkrs k` Muolmcklm 773
Sonfes
K.? Cegkipksbtbkl k` Blgkie Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm
Qrkvblge, >11= ?1
?.? Qkverty Fbles bl Gjblo 51
?.> Gkiporbskl k` Lotbklof Qkverty Fbles bl Eost Osbo,
Wefegtec Gkultrbes 57
?.7 Qkverty Jeocgkult, Ceptj, olc Weverbty bl Muolmcklm,
>11= ($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 55?.3 Gklgeltrotbkl k` urof Qkverty bl Muolmcklm
($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 5=
?.5 Gklgeltrotbkl k` Urnol Qkverty bl Muolmcklm
($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 5:
?.0 ^urof Qkverty ny Mekmropjbg Skpkmropjy, >11=
($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 52
?.= ^urof Qkverty Cyloibgs bl Muolmcklm
($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 01?.: ^urof Blgkie Iknbfbty ny _ubltbfe, >1151= 0?
?.2 Blterlotbklof Gkiporbskl k` Qkverty, >115
($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 0>
?.?1 Qrk bfe k` Jkusejkfc Qkverty bl urof Muolmcklm,
>11= ($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) 07
?.?? Qrk bfe k` Blcbvbcuof Qkverty bl urof Muolmcklm,
>11= ($>-per-coy Qkverty Fble) 03
>.? Qkverty ote olc Cbstrbnutbkl bl urof Muolmcklm,>11= ($>-Qer-Coy Qkverty Fble) :1
>.> Nosbg Blcbgotkrs kr urof Cbnok bl Muolmcklm :3
>.7 ^urof Cbnok Gkverome ^otes vs. ^urof Qkverty
^otes, >11= :=
>.3 Cbnok Wtolcorc olc ^urof Let Blgkie, >11= ::
>.5 Gkiporbskl k` Cbnok Wtolcorc olc Qkverty Fbles,
>11= :2
7.? Fonkr Offkgotbkl ny embkl, >11= ?1=
7.> Gjolme bl Ceteriblolts k` Fonkr Offkgotbkl ?127.7 ]krdblm Sbie Offkgotbkl ny Mrkup, >11= ??1
7.3 O Lew Estbiotbkl k` Wurpfus Fonkr bl urof
Muolmcklm, >11= ??>
7.5 Egklkibg Wtrugture olc Eipfkyielt ??7
xbv Gkltelts
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7.0 Cbstrbnutbkl k` Eipfkyielt ny Fkgofbty, >115 ??3
0.? Mrkss olc Let Elrkffielt otes bl Qrbiory olc
Hulbkr Wegklcory Ecugotbkl, Ociblbstrotbve Coto ?20
0.> Blterlof E` bgbelgy Blcbgotkrs, Ociblbstrotbve Coto ?20
0.7 Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Blcbgotkrs bl Muolmcklm
Qrkvblge, >113 olc >11= >15
0.3 Qrbiory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Srelcs olc Uses >10
0.5 Hulbkr Wegklcory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture
Srelcs olc Uses >10
0.0 Qrbiory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Wkurges >1=
0.= Hulbkr Wegklcory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Wkurges >1=0O.?.? Qrbiory Blcbgotkrs ny Oreo (Gbty), >110 >33
0O.?.> Ecugotbkl Cbstrbnutbkl ogrkss ^urof olc Urnol
Oreos, >115 olc >11= >35
0O.?.7 Ecugotbkl Cbstrbnutbkl ogrkss Blgkie _ubltbfes olc
^urof olc Urnol Oreos, >11= >30
0O.?.3 Ecugotbkl Cbstrbnutbkl ogrkss ^embkls kr Gbtbes, >11= >30
0O.>.5 Qrbiory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Srelcs olc Qotterls
ogrkss ^urof olc Urnol Oreos >3=0O.>.0 Fkwer Wegklcory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Srelcs
olc Qotterls ogrkss ^urof olc Urnol Oreos >3:
0O.>.= Qrbiory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Wkurges ogrkss
^urof olc Urnol Oreos >32
0O.>.: Hulbkr Wegklcory Ecugotbkl Expelcbture Wkurges
ogrkss ^urof olc Urnol Oreos >51
0O.>.2 Gkipksbtbkl k` tje Lew @GE Wgjeie olc SEKW,
Overome Wunsbcbes, olc Cbstrbnutbkl ny BlstbtutbklofWkurge, >110 >5>
0O.>.?1 Gkipksbtbkl k` tje Lew @GE Wgjeie olc SEKW,
Overome Wunsbcbes olc Cbstrbnutbkl ny Blstbtutbklof
Wkurge, >11= >57
0O.>.?? Wpelcblm olc ^evelue Wkurges `kr Qrbiory Ecugotbkl
bl tje Wevel Gkulty/Gbty Woipfe >53
0O.>.?> Wpelcblm olc ^evelue Wkurges `kr Hulbkr
Wegklcory Ecugotbkl bl tje Wevel Gkulty/Gbty
Woipfe >550O.>.?7 Oikult olc Offkgotbkl k` tje @ree Gkipufskry
Ecugotbkl Wgjeie ogrkss tje Wevel Gkulty Woipfe >50
=O.?.? Wgjkkfs, Wtucelts, olc Seogjers bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge
ny Fevef k` Wgjkkf, >1111= >:=
Gkltelts xv
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=O.?.> @eotures k` Welbkr Pkgotbklof Wgjkkfs bl Muolmcklm
Qrkvblge, >115 >:2
=O.?.7 Urnol Qkpufotbkl, Fkgof Mkverlielt Expelcbtures,
olc Qer Gopbto MCQ ny Gbty `kr Muolmcklm
Qrkvblge, >110 >:2
=O.?.3 Overome Olluof ]ome k` @uffy Eipfkyec Wto`` olc
]krders ny Egklkibg Wegtkr, >117 olc >110 >21
=O.?.5 Fkgof Mkverlielt Wpelcblm kl Ecugotbkl bl
Muolmcklm Qrkvblge, >11110 >21
=O.?.0 Wgjkkfs, Elrkffielt, olc @uff-Sbie Seogjers ny
Sype k` Wgjkkf olc Gbty, >110 >2?=O.?.= Eipfkyees Sroblblm ny @bri Wbze bl
Muolmcklm Qrkvblge, >110 >2>
=O.?.: @bris Sroblblm ny Expkrt Wtotus bl Muolmcklm
Qrkvblge, >110 >2>
=O.?.2 Sroblblm ny @bris ny Wjore k` Eipfkyees
wbtj o Jbmj Wgjkkf Ecugotbkl bl Muolmcklm
Qrkvblge, >110 >27
=O.?.?1 Sroblblm ny @bris ny Wjore k` Eipfkyeeswbtj o Ulbversbty Ecugotbkl bl Muolmcklm
Qrkvblge, >110 >27
=O.?.?? ^oldblm k` Ikst Wevere Gklstroblts tk Mrkwtj
ny ]krfc Nold Blvestielt Gfbiote Ossessielt
Wurvey, >110 >23
=O.?.?> Gjorogterbstbgs k` Ibmrolt Fonkr bl Muolmcklm
Qrkvblge, >110 >25
=O.>.?7 Wuiiory Wtotbstbgs kr Dey Porbonfes >20=O.>.?3 Qrknbt Estbiotes k` tje Fbdefbjkkc k`
Qortbgbpotbkl bl Sroblblm bl Muolmcklm
(Iermec Woipfe `rki tje >115 olc >11=
^urof Jkusejkfc Wurveys) >2=
=O.>.?5 ]ome ^emressbkls >2:
:.? Cbsporbtbes bl @ogbfbty Bl`rostrugture k` SJGs 7?>
:.> Mkverlielt Jeoftj Wpelcblm os o Qergeltome k`
Sktof Jeoftj Expelcbture 7?0
:.7 Grbterbo kr Melerof Qrkvblgbof @bsgof Srols`er 7?2:.3 IO Qrkmroi Cbsnurseielt kr o
Qkverty-Wtrbgdel Gkulty 7>:
xvb Gkltelts
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]krfc Nold teoi, olc ikre tjol ?1 `befc ibssbkls were gklcugtec tk
motjer coto olc bl`kriotbkl kl tje urnol-rurof cbsporbty olc tk prkvbce
jbmj-quofbty olofysbs olc ocvbskry servbges tk Muolmcklm nosec kl eipbr-
bgof evbcelge. Wbibforfy, tje GQG Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Gkiibttee olc
tje Qrkvblgbof Mkverlielt ofsk ottogjec mreot bipkrtolge tk tjbs gkffon-
krotbkl wbtj tje ]krfc Nold. Exgeffelt suppkrt olc gkffonkrotbkl were
prkvbcec4 ioly mkverlielt omelgbes olc experts bl refotec `befcs `rki
tje prkvblge portbgbpotec bl tjbs hkblt stucy. Bl sjkrt, tjbs prkhegt jos
joc ulpregeceltec jbmj-fevef, nrkoc-rolmblm, olc bllkvotbve blterlo-
tbklof gkkperotbkl. Huol Hks Conkun, `krier ]krfc Nold Iolomblm
Cbregtkr, gklsbcerec tjbs kle k` tje ikst suggess`uf ]krfc Nold dlkwf-ecme gkffonkrotbkls bl Gjblo, olc Muolmcklm kle k` ]krfc Nolds nest
portlers.
Sje hkblt e``krt ny tje twk sbces jos lkw nkrle `rubt tjot bs repre-
seltec ny jbmj-quofbty reseorgj. Nosec kl rbgj blterlotbklof experbelges
olc o ulbque blterlotbklof perspegtbve, tje repkrt prkvbces bl-ceptj
olofysbs k` tje urnol-rurof cbsporbty bl Muolmcklm, os weff os iohkr gjof-
felmes olc kppkrtulbtbes tk occress tjese gjoffelmes. Nosec kl tjese
olofyses, tje repkrt puts `krworc ol bllkvotbve tjree-pbffor strotembg`roiewkrd8 efbiblotblm onskfute pkverty, recugblm blequofbty k` kppkrtu-
lbtbes, olc gkltoblblm blequofbty k` kutgkies. Sje repkrt ofsk iodes o
serbes k` pkfbgy regkiielcotbkls gklgerlblm tje refkgotbkl k` blcustrbes
olc fonkr, cevefkpblm rurof `blolgbof servbge, re`kriblm tje rurof folc sys-
tei, olc biprkvblm nosbg ecugotbkl olc iecbgof servbges bl rurof oreos.
Sjese regkiielcotbkls ore gklstrugtbve olc `krworc fkkdblm, re`fegtblm
tje rbgj experbelge k` tje ]krfc Nold bl recugblm pkverty olc lorrkw-
blm urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes.Wblge tje nembllblm k` re`kri tjree cegoces omk, tje Muolmcklm
Qrkvblgbof Qorty Gkiibttee olc tje Qrkvblgbof Mkverlielt jove ioce
pkverty recugtbkl o prbkrbty. Ieosures olc prkmrois jove neel bipfe-
ieltec, sugj os tjkse recugblm pkverty tjrkumj juiol gopbtof cevefkp-
ielt, tjrkumj portlersjbps netweel tje ikre cevefkpec rembkls olc fess
cevefkpec rembkls, tjrkumj prkcugtbkl-krbeltec pkverty offevbotbkl ieos-
ures, olc tjrkumj tje estonfbsjielt k` tje iblbiui fbvblm offkwolge sys-
tei. Os o resuft, tje pergeltome k` tje pkpufotbkl fbvblm bl pkverty jos
neel `offblm, tje stolcorc k` fbvblm k` pkkr pekpfe jos seel gkltblukusbiprkveielt, olc tje nosbg fbvblm gklcbtbkls os weff tje gklcbtbkls `kr
egklkibg ogtbvbtbes bl rurof oreos ore biprkvblm mrocuoffy. Netweel >11?
olc >11=, tje luiner k` pekpfe fbvblm bl pkverty bl tje prkvblge
crkppec `rki 3.?? ibffbkl tk 7.?0 ibffbkl, o sbmlb`bgolt oggkipfbsjielt.
xvbbb @krewkrc
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Jkwever, we ore ofsk deelfy owore tjotos o resuft k` iuftbpfe gkl-
stroblts sugj os mekmropjbg fkgotbkl, loturof elckwielt, egklkibg kul-
cotbkl, jbstkry, gufture, olc blstbtutbklsgklsbceronfe binofolge stbff
exbsts bl Muolmcklms skgbof olc egklkibg cevefkpielt. Sjbs binofolge
bs re`fegtec ikst ogutefy ny tje mrkwblm cevefkpielt olc blgkie cbspor-
btbes oiklm cb``erelt rembkls wbtjbl tje prkvblge, netweel urnol olc
rurof oreos, olc netweel cb``erelt pkpufotbkl mrkups. ^ecugblm tjese cbs-
porbtbes jos negkie o iohkr gjoffelme tjot iust ne occressec eorlestfy
tk bipfeielt tje sgbeltb`bg cevefkpielt gklgept bl tje prkvblge.
Muolmcklm bs ot o grbtbgof hulgture bl bts trolsbtbkl tk o trohegtkry k` sgb-
eltb`bg cevefkpielt. Bl respklse tk tje gjolmblm ckiestbg olc blterlo-tbklof sbtuotbkls, tje Qrkvblgbof Qorty Gkiibttee olc tje Qrkvblgbof
Mkverlielt ore vbmkrkusfy bipfeieltblm o gkkrcblotec rembklof cevef-
kpielt strotemy olc strbvblm tk lorrkw tje urnol-rurof cbsporbty olc
nubfc o joriklbkus skgbety. Sje punfbgotbkl k` tje resuftblm repkrt `rki
tje ]krfc NoldMuolmcklm hkblt reseorgj prkhegt wbff lkt klfy regkrc
tje jorc wkrd olc wbscki k` nktj sbces, nut ofsk gertoblfy prkvbce sbmlb`-
bgolt mubcolge olc blspbrotbkl tk Muolmcklms e``krt bl recugblm urnol-
rurof cbsporbtbes. Ioly gkiielts olc summestbkls bl tje repkrt ore verypertblelt olc blsbmjt`uf. Sodblm bltk gklsbcerotbkl tje reofbty k`
Muolmcklm, B nefbeve tjot tje `uture pkverty recugtbkl wkrd bl tje
prkvblge sjkufc ne pusjec krworc wbtj o kgus kl tje kffkwblm kur oreos8
@brst, we leec tk treot tje cevefkpielt-krbeltec pkverty recugtbkl
strotemy gjorogterbzec ny jkusejkfc-fevef pfollblm olc blcbvbcuof
fevef respklsbnbfbty os o iohkr skgbof olc egklkibg cevefkpielt strot-
emy. Sk jefp pekpfe bl leec bs o `ble trocbtbkl k` tje Gjblese pekpfe,olc cevefkpielt-krbeltec pkverty recugtbkl bs ol bipkrtolt ieosure
tk recuge tje luiner k` pekpfe fbvblm bl pkverty. ]e ore preporblm tk
bipfeielt tje cevefkpielt-krbeltec pkverty recugtbkl strotemy gjor-
ogterbzec ny jkusejkfc-fevef pfollblm olc blcbvbcuof-fevef respklsbnbf-
bty, olc o spegbof ieetblm wbff ne jefc tk iode refotec orrolmeielts olc
mbve blstrugtbkls. Sjbs strotemy todes o kle-kl-kle ossbstolge opprkogj.
Wpegb`bgoffy, bt wbff iotgj tje 7,312 pkkr vbffomes olc =11,111 pkkr
jkusejkfcs (per gopbto olluof blgkie nefkw ?,511 yuol) bl tje fess
cevefkpec rembkls k` Muolmcklm wbtj eltbtbes bl tje ikre cevefkpecQeorf bver Cefto rembkl4 mkverlielt omelgbes ot tje prkvblgbof, iulbg-
bpof, olc gkulty fevefs4 punfbg servbge ulbts4 os weff os elterprbses wbtj
reskurges olc wbffblmless tk portbgbpote. O tobfkrec cevefkpielt strot-
emy wbff ne cesbmlec `kr eogj pkkr vbffome, olc o spegb`bg ietjkc wbff ne
@krewkrc xbx
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rurof olc urnol oreos olc netweel rbgj olc pkkr pekpfe. Ikre e``krts
sjkufc ne ioce tk blgreose tje blgkie k` fkw-blgkie pekpfe, robse
tje prkpkrtbkl k` ibccfe-blgkie pekpfe, e``egtbvefy ochust exgessbve-
fy jbmj blgkie, olc prkjbnbt bffemof blgkie. Bl tjbs woy, o ikre reoskl-
onfe olc krcerfy blgkie cbstrbnutbkl strugture wbff ne `kriec.
@kurtj, we leec tk pusj `kr equofbzotbkl k` nosbg punfbg servbges
netweel urnol olc rurof oreos. Equofbzotbkl bl nosbg punfbg servbges bs
ol bssue k` skgbof hustbge os weff os ol bipkrtolt ieols `kr gkltoblblm
blequofbty bl kutgkies. Cb``erelge bl blcbvbcuof blgkies bs ol ulovkbc-
onfe reofbty, nut ikre equofbty bl pekpfes oggess tk nosbg punfbg servbgesgol mreotfy recuge tje mop netweel tje rbgj olc tje pkkr. Qrbkrbty
sjkufc ne mbvel tk ecugotbkl8 we sjoff strbve `kr ikre nofolgec cevef-
kpielt bl gkipufskry ecugotbkl netweel urnol olc rurof oreos. ]e
ofsk leec tk speec up e``krts tk greote o nosbg jeoftj gore systei gkv-
erblm nktj urnol olc rurof resbcelts olc tk iode sure tjot oriers jove
oggess tk nosbg jeoftj servbges. ]e leec tk estonfbsj ol bltemrotec skgbof
segurbty systei gkverblm nktj urnol olc rurof resbcelts olc gkltblu-
kusfy expolc gkverome olc blgreose tje fevef k` prktegtbkl. Ikrekver,we leec tk biprkve jkusblm gklcbtbkls `kr rurof resbcelts olc biprkve
rurof bl`rostrugture tk greote netter fbvblm gklcbtbkls os weff os o netter
elvbrklielt `kr egklkibg ogtbvbtbes. Bl suiiory, kur mkof bs tk elsure
tjot stucelts jove mkkc ecugotbkl, wkrders jove `obr blgkies, tje sbgd
regebve iecbgof gore, tje kfc ore todel gore k`, olc off pekpfe jove reo-
sklonfe jkusblm. Bl `ogt, wjbfe cbsgussblm wbtj tje ]krfc Nold tjbs
reseorgj prkhegt kl urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes, we ofsk blbtbotec tje pfol-
lblm `kr ogjbevblm equofbzotbkl k` punfbg servbge netweel urnol olcrurof oreos ny >1>1wjbgj wbff gkltrbnute tk tje lorrkwblm k` urnol-
rurof cbsporbtbes.
B nefbeve tjot, tjrkumj e``krts bl tje onkve oreos, sbmlb`bgolt prkmress wbff
ne oggkipfbsjec bl recugblm urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes olc prkiktblm nof-
olgec rembklof cevefkpielt bl Muolmcklm bl o `ew yeors. Ny tjot tbie,
we wbff blvbte tje ]krfc Nold experts nogd tk Muolmcklm tk evofuote kur
wkrd olc mbve `urtjer mubcolge.
^ecugblm urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes bs ol orcukus fklm-teri tosd tjotrequbres persbstelt e``krts `rki vorbkus portbes gklgerlec. Sjbs gkkperotbkl
netweel Muolmcklm olc tje ]krfc Nold iords o very mkkc nembllblm.
B fkkd `krworc tk ikre olc ceeper exgjolmes olc gkkperotbkl bl o nrkocer
@krewkrc xxb
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rolme k` oreos bl tje `uture, olc tk gkltblukusfy expfkrblm lew ikcofbtbes
k` gkffonkrotbkl. Sjese e``krts wbff ulckuntecfy iode lew gkltrbnutbkls tk
tje pkverty recugtbkl ulcertodblm bl Muolmcklm.
]olm Rolm
Ieiner k` tje Qkfbtbgof Nureou, Gkiiulbst Qorty k` Gjblo
GQG Geltrof Gkiibttee
Wegretory k` tje GQG Muolmcklm Qrkvblge
xxbb @krewkrc
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jkwever, bt bs bipkrtolt tk regkmlbze tjot fklmer-teri bssues, sugj os
ulnofolgec mrkwtj, wbff ceterible tje vbtofbty k` tje egklkiy olc tje
gkjesbkl k` skgbety.
Cespbte neblm Gjblos feocblm mrkwtj pkwerjkuse, Muolmcklm
prkvblgefbde ktjer prkvblges`oges iohkr gjoffelmes bl togdfblm
blequofbty, olc tje ]krfc Nold teoi exoiblec tjese ofklm tjree cbiel-
sbkls8 onskfute pkverty, blequofbty k` kppkrtulbty, olc blequofbty k` kut-
gkies. Onskfute pkverty, wjbgj ceprbves blcbvbcuofs k` tje iblbiui
ieols `kr nosbg fbvblm, reiobls o sbmlb`bgolt gklgerl bl rurof Muolmcklm.
Blequofbty k` kppkrtulbty, wjbgj celbes blcbvbcuofs tje soie kppkrtulbtbes
tk pursue tjebr fb`e mkofs, bs ofsk wbcespreoc, os evbcelgec ny cbsporbtbes bloggess tk ecugotbkl olc jeoftj servbges. Blequofbty k` kutgkies, wjbgj bs
re`fegtec bl cbsporbtbes oiklm jkusejkfcs olc blcbvbcuofs bl teris k`
blgkie olc weoftj, jos rbsel tk ol oforiblm fevef. Wkie blequofbty k` kut-
gkies bs blevbtonfe olc evel mkkc `kr e``bgbelgy olc mrkwtjportbguforfy
wjel blequofbty k` blgkie re`fegts ulevel per`kriolge oiklm blcbvbcuofs.
Jkwever, blequofbty k` kutgkies gol negkie jori`uf tk mrkwtj wjel bt
bs tkk jbmj olc melerotes sunstoltbof blequofbty k` kppkrtulbty olc cbstkr-
tbkl bl iordet olc punfbg blstbtutbkls, tjreotelblm skgbof stonbfbty.Sje Muolmcklm outjkrbtbes jove regkmlbzec tje urmelt leec tk
occress tjese cevefkpielt gjoffelmes, olc tjbs hkblt exergbse k` tje
]krfc Nold olc Muolmcklm teois obis tk bl`kri tje prkvblges kver-
off strotemy `kr `ksterblm ikre prk-pkkr, equbtonfe mrkwtj. @kr sugj o
strotemy tk wkrd bl progtbge, bt iust ne `kulcec kl evbcelge-nosec
olofyses tjot tode bltk gklsbcerotbkl Muolmcklms portbgufor sbtuotbkl,
os weff os fesskls `rki ktjer gkultrbes olc rembkls orkulc tje wkrfc.
Sjbs stucy bs cesbmlec tk prkvbce sugj olofyses, `kgusblm kl dey oreostjot were hkbltfy bceltb`bec ny tje Muolmcklm outjkrbtbes olc tje
]krfc Nold stucy teoi.
Sje stucy prkpksec o tjree-pbfforec strotemy tk occress blequofbtbes bl
Muolmcklm prkvblge.
@brst, tje mkverlielt gkufc ossuie tje respklsbnbfbty k` efbiblotblm
onskfute pkverty tjrkumj bts skgbof ossbstolge prkmroi. Sje iblbiui
fbvblm offkwolge (Cbnok) systei gkufc ne expolcec tk netter occress
tje leecs k` pkkr olc vufleronfe pekpfe bl Muolmcklm. Sje systei golne bipfeieltec wbtj ikre `bsgof blputs, netter ce`blec `blolgblm re-
spklsbnbfbtbes, biprkvec tormetblm iegjolbsis, olc ikre trolsporelt
mkverlolge opprkogjes.
xxbv @krewkrc
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Wegklc, tje mkverlielt gkufc jefp nkkst rurof blgkie ny elsurblm ikre
equof kppkrtulbtbes8 prkiktblm rurof fonkr trols`er tk lkl`oriblm hkns,
biprkvblm blvestielt gfbiote bl fess cevefkpec rembkls, ceepelblm rurof
`blolge re`kri, olc prkvbcblm netter prktegtbkl k` tje folc rbmjts k` tje
rurof pkpufotbkl.
Sjbrc, tje mkverlielt gkufc jefp blvest bl pekpfe ny elsurblm ikre
equof prkvbsbkl k` servbges bl nosbg ecugotbkl, sdbffs cevefkpielt, olc
jeoftj gore. @urtjer re`kri k` tje bltermkverlieltof `bsgof systei bs
esseltbof tk tje suggess k` tjese e``krts.
Blequofbty bs gfeorfy refotec tk spotbof binofolge k` mrkwtj, olc ikrenofolgec mrkwtj bs cesbronfe. Jkwever, twk gelturbes k` egklkibg cevef-
kpielt jove sjkwl tjot spotbof cbsporbtbes bl blgkie olc prkcugtbkl ore
blevbtonfe. Bl `ogt, wjbfe tje gklgeltrotbkl k` egklkibg ogtbvbtbes bl tje
Qeorf ^bver Cefto rembkl k` Muolmcklm bs o dey `ogtkr nejblc tje rembklof
olc urnol-rurof cbsporbtbes wbtjbl tje prkvblge, bt jos gkie wbtj tje mobls
k` ol ommfkierotbkl egklkiyol bipkrtolt skurge k` prkcugtbvbty
mrkwtj. Negouse egklkibg mrkwtj gollkt ne expegtec tk spreoc evelfy
ogrkss spoge, Muolmcklm wbff leec tk recuge blequofbty olc prkiktecevefkpielt kl tje nosbs k` spotboffy ulnofolgec mrkwtj.
Nubfcblm kl bts bipressbve mrkwtj regkrc, tje Gjblese mkverlielt jos
jbmjfbmjtec tje leec olc bts ceteriblotbkl tk pursue o ikre sustoblonfe
olc nofolgec mrkwtj, os weff os o joriklbkus cevefkpielt prkgess bl
wjbgj loturof weoftj bs preservec, juiol gopbtof bs vofuec, olc tje nel-
e`bt k` mrkwtj bs nrkocfy sjorec ny bts gbtbzels. Gklsbstelt wbtj tjbs
lotbklof strotemy, tje Muolmcklm mkverlielt kutfblec bts prbkrbtbes bl
`ogbfbtotblm tje bltemrotbkl k` urnol olc rurof egklkibes, recugblm cbspor-
bty, olc prkiktblm equofbty bl skgbof servbge prkvbsbkl. Os tje pbkleer k`re`kris bl Gjblo `kr tjree cegoces, Muolmcklm bs weff-pksbtbklec tk tode
kl tjese lew gjoffelmes olc bipfeielt o gkiprejelsbve opprkogj tk
cevefkpielt. Muolmcklms suggess bl `ksterblm sjorec mrkwtj wbff lkt
klfy pksbtbkl tje prkvblge os o feocer bl Gjblos lew pjose k` cevefkp-
ielt, nut ofsk prkvbce o vofuonfe exoipfe tk ktjer gkultrbes mroppfblm
wbtj sbibfor gjoffelmes.
Sje ]krfc Nold bs gkiibttec tk suppkrtblm kur gfbelt gkultrbes tk
ogjbeve tjebr fklm-teri cevefkpielt mkofs. ]e ore jklkrec tk ne osskgb-otec wbtj Muolmcklms elceovkr bl trolsfotblm bts vbsbkl olc strotemy bltk o
gkjerelt pkfbgy `roiewkrd olc gklgrete ogtbkls. Sjbs hkblt prkmroi jos
neel kle k` kur ikst suggess`uf dlkwfecme gkffonkrotbkls wbtj Gjblo. Bt
@krewkrc xxv
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xxvb @krewkrc
wbff prkve tk ne o vofuonfe experbelge os tje ]krfc Nold gkltblues tk
expfkre woys tk strelmtjel kur dlkwfecme portlersjbp wbtj Gjblo.
Hoies ]. Ocois
^embklof Pbge Qresbcelt
Eost Osbo olc Qogb`bg ^embkl
Sje ]krfc Nold
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xxvbb
Sjbs nkkd bs tje resuft k` o stucy tjot wos gorrbec kut bl >11:12 ny o
]krfc Nold teoi fec ny Zbokqblm Ru (Wkgbof Qrktegtbkl Wegtkr Iolomer,
Feoc Egklkibst) olc Gjulfbl Xjolm (Feoc Qrbvote Wegtkr Cevefkpielt
Wpegbofbst). Ieiners k` tje teoi blgfucec Orvbf Pol Ocois (gklsuftolt),
Mourov Cott (Welbkr Egklkibst), Eioluefo Cb Mrkpeffk (Welbkr Juiol
Cevefkpielt Egklkibst), Rolm Cu (gklsuftolt), Hkjl Folmelnruller
(Feoc Jeoftj Egklkibst), Muk Fb (Welbkr Omrbgufturof Egklkibst), Sok
Wu (Seoi Ossbstolt), Ibllo Jojl Sklm (gklsuftolt), Cewel ]olm (gkl-suftolt), Hul ]olm (Feoc @blolgbof Wegtkr Wpegbofbst), Fbjklm ]olm
(Qrkhegt K``bger, B@G), Iebyol ]olm (gklsuftolt), Fbpblm Zbok
(Ecugotbkl Wpegbofbst), Folsklm Xjolm (Kperotbkls Olofyst), Wjuk Xjolm
(Jeoftj Wpegbofbst), olc Fuol Xjok (gklsuftolt).
Sjbs stucy wos gklcugtec ulcer tje kveroff mubcolge `rki Covbc
Ckffor (`krier Gjblo Gkultry Cbregtkr), Eiioluef Hbielez (Juiol
Cevefkpielt Wegtkr Cbregtkr, Eost Osbo olc Qogb`bg ^embkl), olc Jsbok-
Rul Efoble Wul (Kperotbkls Iolomer, Gjblo Ceportielt). Nert Jk`iol(Gkultry Cbregtkr, tje Qjbfbppbles), Wjojbc Rusu` (Ocvbser, ]krfc Nold
Blstbtute), olc Ibl Solm (Ceputy Wegretory Melerof, Gjblo Cevefkpielt
^eseorgj @kulcotbkl) were peer revbewers. Sje teoi ofsk nele`btec `rki
ocvbge olc suppkrt `rki ioly ktjer gkffeomues, blgfucblm Sulg Sojsbl
Ogdlkwfecmielts
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Uyolbd (Wegtkr Iolomer, @blolgbof olc Qrbvote Wegtkr Cevefkpielt, Eost
Osbo olc Qogb`bg ^embkl), @olm Gob (Cbregtkr Melerof, Gjblese Ogoceiy
k` Wkgbof Wgbelges), Fkubs Dubhs (Welbkr Egklkibst), Lolgy Gkkde (Gjblo
Gkultry Qrkmroi Gkkrcblotkr), Wjokjuo Gjel (Welbkr Wtotbstbgbol), olc
Rue _u (gklsuftolt).
Sje ]krfc Nold teoi elhkyec ol exgeffelt portlersjbp wbtj bts gkul-
terports bl Muolmcklm prkvblge. Ioly blstbtutbkls olc blcbvbcuofs ioce
vofuonfe gkltrbnutbkls tk tjbs wkrd. Sje teoi wbsjes tk express bts portbg-
ufor oppregbotbkl `kr tje gkffonkrotbkl k` tje twk feocblm gkulterports k`
tje stucyQkfbgy ^eseorgj K``bge k` tje Gkiiulbst Qorty k` Gjblo
(GQG) Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Gkiibttee, olc tje Qrkvblgbof Ceportieltk` @blolge. Sjrkumjkut tje prkgess k` tje stucy, tjey prkvbcec mubcolge,
blsbmjts, olc strklm suppkrt tk tje ]krfc Nold teoi. Sjey jefpec krmol-
bze tje `befc vbsbts, tegjlbgof ieetblms, olc wkrdsjkps. Sjey `ogbfbtotec
tje blterogtbkl k` tje ]krfc Nold teoi wbtj ioly prkvblgbof ceportielts,
iulbgbpofbtbes, `bris, sgjkkfs, gfblbgs, eipfkyielt k``bges, nolds, resbcelts,
olc servbge prkvbcers. Sjey suppkrtec tje sjorblm k` bl`kriotbkl, oggess tk
grbtbgof coto, olc cbsgussbkl k` prefbiblory `blcblms. Sje ]krfc Nold teoi
kwes o spegbof cent k` mrotbtuce tk tje `kffkwblm blcbvbcuofs `kr tjebr feoc-ersjbp olc melerkus e``krts8 Fbu Dul (`krier Cbregtkr Melerof k` tje
Qrkvblgbof Ceportielt k` @blolge, lkw Pbge Mkverlkr), Ik Xjel, ]eb
Job`elm, Fbl Rblm (Qkfbgy ^eseorgj K``bge), Fb Wjuyuol, Fbl Juo, Xelm
Zbokjklm, olc Fbu Hbe (Qrkvblgbof Ceportielt k` @blolge).
Sjbs ]krfc Nold stucy wos gorrbec kut os port k` ol kveroff
Muolmcklm]krfc Nold hkblt olofytbgof prkmroi, bl wjbgj poroffef stuc-
bes bl refotec oreos were krmolbzec ny sbx Muolmcklm reseorgj teois. Sje
Nold teoi wkufc fbde tk express bts tjolds tk tje sbx Muolmcklm teois`kr tjebr melerksbty wbtj tjebr tbie olc dlkwfecme8 Qkfbgy ^eseorgj
K``bge k` tje GQG Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Gkiibttee, Muolmcklm
Qrkvblgbof Cevefkpielt ^eseorgj Geltre, Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof
Ogoceiy k` Wkgbof Wgbelges, Qrkvblgbof Ogoceiy k` Urnol-^urof
Qfollblm olc Cesbml, Wkutj Gjblo Omrbgufture Ulbversbty, olc Wul Rot-
Wel Ulbversbty.
Sje teoi ofsk wbsjes tk tjold tje K``bge k` tje Qunfbsjer ot tje ]krfc
Nold `kr bts ossbstolge bl tje punfbgotbkl k` tjbs wkrd. Iory @bsd wos tje
prkcugtbkl ecbtkr, olc Qotrbgbo Dotoyoio wos tje ogqubsbtbkl ecbtkr. FbiebWul (Qrkmroi Ossbstolt) prkvbcec exgeffelt suppkrt tk tje teoi tjrkumj-
kut tje ecbtkrbof prkgess.
xxvbbb Ogdlkwfecmielts
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xxbx
ONG Omrbgufture Nold k` Gjblo
NKG Nold k` Gjblo
NKGKI Nold k` Gkiiulbgotbkls
N^B Nold odyot Blcklesbo
GN^G Gjblo Noldblm ^emufotkry Gkiibssbkl
GNS gkipetelgy-nosec troblblm
GGN Gjblese Gklstrugtbkl Nold
G@M^ gkiprejelsbve bsgof mrkwtj roteGQG Gkiiulbst Qorty k` Gjblo
GQB gklsuier prbge blcex
GUFW Gjblo Urnol Fonkr Wurveys
@O^ `fkkr oreo rotbk
@GE `ree gkipufskry ecugotbkl
@MS @kster-Mreer-Sjkrnegde gurve
@B `blolgbof blstbtutbkl
MCQ mrkss ckiestbg prkcugtME^ mrkss elrkffielt rote
MIB muorolteec iblbiui blgkie
MLB mrkss lotbklof blgkie
BGO Blvestielt Gfbiote Ossessielt
Onnrevbotbkls
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BGNG Blcustrbof olc Gkiiergbof Nold k` Gjblo
BGQ Blterlotbklof Gkiporbskl Qrkmroi
FOW folc ociblbstrotbkl systei
FU^G folc use rbmjt gertb`bgote
F/C fkol-tk-cepksbt rotbk
IO Iecbgof Ossbstolge kr Iecbgof Obc (sgjeie kr systei)
IK@ Iblbstry k` @blolge
IWEs ibgrk- olc sioff elterprbses
LGC lklgkltombkus cbseose
LE^ let elrkffielt rote
LQF lklper`kriblm fkolL^GIW Lew ^urof Gkkperotbve Iecbgof Wgjeie
K&I kperotbkl olc iobltelolge
KEGC Krmolbsotbkl `kr Egklkibg Gk-kperotbkl olc
Cevefkpielt
KKQ kut-k`-pkgdet
QNN per`kriolge-nosec nucmetblm
QNG Qekpfes Nold k` Gjblo
QBWO Qrkmroiie kr Blterlotbklof Wtucelt OssessieltQQQ purgjosblm pkwer porbty
QQW prknonbfbty prkpkrtbklote tk sbze soipfblm
Q^C Qeorf ^bver Cefto
QWN Qkstof Wovblms Nold
^GN rurof gkiiergbof nold
^GG rurof grecbt gkkperotbve
^GGU rurof grecbt gkkperotbve ulbkl
^GU rurof gkkperotbve ulbkl^@B rurof blolgbof blstbtutbkl
WGN stote-kwlec gkiiergbof nold
WELOB Lotbklof Blcustrbof Sroblblm Wervbge
WELGE Lotbklof Wervbge k` Sroblblm olc Eipfkyielt
WESO Wegtkr Ecugotbkl olc Sroblblm Outjkrbty
WIE sioff olc iecbui elterprbse
WKE stote-kwlec elterprbse
SC^ trols`eronfe cevefkpielt rbmjt
SEKW twk exeiptbkls, kle sunsbcySJG tkwlsjbp jeoftj gelter
SBG trust olc blvestielt gkipoly
SBIWW Srelcs bl Blterlotbklof Iotjeiotbgs olc Wgbelge Wtucy
xxx Onnrevbotbkls
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UGG urnol grecbt gkkperotbve
UENIB Urnol Eipfkyee Nosbg Iecbgof Blsurolge
U^NIB Urnol ^esbcelt Nosbg Iecbgof Blsurolge
U^B Urnol ^esbcelgy Blsurolge
PSN vbffome olc tkwlsjbp nold
Onnrevbotbkls xxxb
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?
Gjblo jos hust gkiieikrotec tje 71tj ollbversory k` tje foulgj k` bts
re`kri olc kpelblm up. Sje tjree cegoces sblge ?2=: jove neel iordec
wbtj ol bipressbve per`kriolge k` egklkibg mrkwtj olc pkverty recug-
tbkl tjot bs ulpregeceltec bl juiol jbstkry. Mkblm `krworc, jkwever,
Gjblo `oges tje serbkus gjoffelme k` elsurblm tjot bts strklm mrkwtj bs
sjorec ikre nrkocfy olc equoffy oiklm tje pkpufotbkl tk gkltblue
recugblm pkverty olc tk gkltobl olc reverse tje trelc k` rbsblm blequof-
bty. Occressblm tjbs gjoffelme bs o dey gkipklelt k` tje strotemy tk pur-sue ikre nofolgec urnol-rurof cevefkpielt olc o jbmjer cemree k` skgbof
jorikly, wjbgj jos neel prkiktec strklmfy ny tje lotbklof feocersjbp
sblge >11>.
Os Gjblos feocblm mrkwtj pkwerjkuse olc o pbkleer k` re`kri olc
kpelblm up `kr tjree cegoces, Muolmcklm prkvblge bs lkw `ogblm tje
soie gjoffelme olc jos tje kppkrtulbty tk feoc tje lotbkl omobl bl povblm
tje woy `kr prk-pkkr olc ikre equbtonfe mrkwtj, settblm ol exoipfe `kr
ktjer prkvblges tk `kffkw. Sje regelt mfknof egklkibg ckwlturl sbmlb`-bgoltfy gkipfbgotes tje gjoffelmes `ogec ny Muolmcklm. Bl respklse
tk biiecbote gklgerls, tje mkverlielt ioy ne `kgusblm kl sjkrt-
teri ieosures tk sustobl mrkwtj. Ieolwjbfe, iobltoblblm fklm-teri
Kvervbew
Sjbs kvervbew wos preporec ny Gjulfbl Xjolm olc Zbokqblm Ru.
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gkipetbtbveless olc ikre nofolgec cevefkpielt requbres tjot tje mkv-
erlielt gkltblue tk togdfe o serbes k` fklm-teri bssues bl o tbiefy olc
selsbnfe ioller. Blceec, tje sjorp egklkibg sfkwckwl tjot Gjblo jos
experbelgec sblge fote >11: jos bts rkkts bl ckiestbg binofolges, wjbgj
ore gjorogterbzec ny ol kverrefbolge kl blvestielts olc expkrts rotjer
tjol ckiestbg gklsuiptbkl `kr mrkwtj. Sje weodelblm suppkrt k`
ckiestbg gklsuiptbkl `kr mrkwtj bs gfeorfy fbldec tk tje rbsblm blgkie
blequofbty. Bl tjbs selse, tje mfknof grbsbs jos klfy jbmjfbmjtec tje leec
`kr otteltbkl tk tjbs fklmer-teri gjoffelme.
Sk tjbs elc, tje prkvblgbof outjkrbtbes leec tk cevefkp ol kveroff strot-
emy `kr recugblm blequofbty. @kr tje strotemy tk wkrd bl progtbge, bt iustne `kulcec kl evbcelge-nosec olofyses tjot ocequotefy tode bltk gklsbc-
erotbkl Muolmcklms portbgufor sbtuotbkl olc fesskls `rki ktjer gkul-
trbes olc rembkls orkulc tje wkrfc. Sjbs ]krfc Nold stucy bs cesbmlec tk
prkvbce sugj olofysbs. Sje stucy jos resuftec bl ebmjt gjopters olc kle
pkfbgy lkte (Xjolm >112) kl o serbes k` sunhegts hkbltfy bceltb`bec ny tje
Muolmcklm outjkrbtbes olc tje ]krfc Nold stucy teoi.
Oftjkumj blequofbty bs k`tel cbsgussec bl teris k` blgkie, tjbs stucy
ockpts o nrkocer gklgept. Bt ce`bles blequofbty os jovblm tjree cbiel-sbkls8 onskfute pkverty, blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty, olc blequofbty bl kut-
gkies. Onskfute pkverty bs o stote bl wjbgj blcbvbcuofs ore ceprbvec k` tje
iblbiui ieols `kr nosbg fbvblm. Bt bs ol extreie `kri k` blequofbty.
Blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty kggurs wjel blcbvbcuofs ck lkt jove tje soie
gjolges tk pursue tjebr fb`e mkofs cue tk preceteriblec gbrguistolges
neyklc tjebr gkltrkf (`kr exoipfe, melcer, roge, pfoge k` nbrtj, `oibfy sbt-
uotbkl). Blequofbty bl kutgkies re`ers tk cbsporbty oiklm jkusejkfcs olc
blcbvbcuofs bl teris k` blgkie olc weoftj.Sjbs kvervbew suiiorbzes tje dey `blcblms k` tje ebmjt gjopters olc
kle pkfbgy lkte. Bt bs krmolbzec os `kffkws. Sje `brst segtbkl prkvbces o
nogdmrkulc k` Muolmcklm, wjbfe tje segklc cesgrbnes tje gurrelt sbtu-
otbkl k` blequofbty bl tje prkvblge. Lext bs o cbsgussbkl k` tje pkteltbof
bipogts k` tje trols`er k` blcustrbof ogtbvbtbes (blcustrbof trols`er) bl
ibtbmotblm rembklof cbsporbty, `kffkwec ny tje regkiielcotbkl k` o tjree-
pbffor strotemy `kr Muolmcklm. Sje `b`tj segtbkl `kguses kl tje efbiblotbkl
k` onskfute pkverty tjrkumj tje iblbiui fbvblm offkwolge (Cbnok) sys-
tei, olc tje sbxtj turls tk pkfbgy ogtbkls leecec tk blgreose kppkrtulb-tbes `kr tje rurof pkpufotbkl ny ikvblm tjei tk hkns, blgreosblm tjebr
oggess tk `blolge, olc elsurblm tjot tjebr folc rbmjts ore netter prktegtec.
Sje seveltj segtbkl `urtjer ossesses Muolmcklms kptbkls `kr blvestblm bl
pekpfe tjrkumj ikre equbtonfe servbge cefbvery bl gkipufskry ecugotbkl,
> ^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo
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sdbff cevefkpielt, olc jeoftj gore, wbtj tje obi k` eljolgblm tje gopog-
bty k` tje pkkr tk sebze olc utbfbze kppkrtulbtbes. Sje fost segtbkl gklgfuces
tjbs kvervbew.
Nogdmrkulc k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge
Muolmcklm, o prkvblge k` kver 27 ibffbkl resbcelts, bs fkgotec kl tje skutj-
erl gkost k` Gjblo (see iop K.?). Bt gklsbsts k` >? iulbgbpofbtbes, wjbgj ore
gkiiklfy cbvbcec bltk `kur rembkls8 tje Qeorf ^bver Cefto (Q^C) rembkl (2
iulbgbpofbtbes), tje lkrtjerl ikultoblkus oreo (5 iulbgbpofbtbes), olc tje
eosterl wblm (3 iulbgbpofbtbes) olc westerl wblm (7 iulbgbpofbtbes) k` tjeQ^C.?
Kver tje post tjree cegoces, Muolmcklm jos iobltoblec ol olluof
overome mrkwtj rote bl mrkss ckiestbg prkcugt (MCQ) k` ?7.= pergelt. Bt
bs lkw kle k` tje ikst cevefkpec prkvblges bl Gjblo, oggkultblm `kr kver
?? pergelt k` Gjblos >11= MCQ, tje jbmjest oiklm off tje prkvblges.
Kvervbew 7
Iop K.? Sje @kur ^embkls k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge
Wkurge8 Muolmcklm Urnol ^urof Qfollblm Ogoceiy.
Xjolhbolm
IokiblmRolmhbolm
Rul`uXjokqblm
Hbolmiel
@ksjol
Xjklmsjol
Xjujob
_blmyuol
Iebzjku
Wjoltku
Hbeyolm
Gjokzjku
Wjokmuol
Wjelzjel
Cklmmuol Jubzjku
Wjolweb
Jeyuol
MUOLMXJKU
Eosterl ]blm Oreo3 pre`egture-fevef gbtbes,
?1 gkultbes kr gkulty-fevef gbtbes,?5,0=5 sq. di.,
?5.27 ibffbkl pekpfe
Qeorf ^bver Cefto Oreo2 pre`egture-fevef gbtbes,
?1 gkultbes kr gkulty-fevef gbtbes,
3>,10? sq. di., 37.=0 ibffbkl pekpfe
Lkrtjerl Ikultoblkus Oreo5 pre`egture-fevef gbtbes,
7= gkultbes kr gkulty-fevef gbtbes,21,>=2 sq. di., ?:.12 ibffbkl pekpfe
]esterl ]blm Oreo
7 pre`egture-fevef gbtbes,?> gkultbes kr gkulty-fevef gbtbes,
7?,=3? sq. di., ?5.>5 ibffbkl pekpfe
@ U H B O L
H B O L M Z BJULOL
M U O L M Z B
IOGOK
JKLM DKLM
BN^C 7:17:OUMUWS >1?1
Egklkibg ^embkl NkulcorbesQre`egture Gopbtofs
Qrkvblge Gopbtof
Qrkvblge Nkulcorbes
@kur Egklkibg Oreos k` Muolmcklm Qrkvblge
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Sodblm Muolmcklm prkvblge os ol egklkiy, bt wkufc ne roldec os tje
`kurteeltj-formest egklkiy bl tje wkrfc bl teris k` purgjosblm pkwer
porbty (QQQ) (Mreel >11:).
Muolmcklms egklkiy jos neel jbmjfy blcustrbofbzec olc urnolbzec.
Bl >11=, segklcory olc tertbory blcustrbes oggkultec `kr 5?.7 pergelt
olc 37.7 pergelt, respegtbvefy, k` bts prkvblgbof MCQ (Muolmcklm
Qrkvblgbof Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs >112, tonfe 7-3) olc 07.? pergelt k` tje
resbcelts fbvec bl urnol oreos (Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs
>112, tonfe 3-0). Sje prkvblge bs ofsk weff estonfbsjec os tje feocblm
expkrt prkvblge k` Gjblo. Kver 71 pergelt k` Gjblos expkrts bl >11=
were `rki Muolmcklm prkvblge (Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof Nureou k`Wtotbstbgs >112, tonfe ?=-?>). Sje rotbk k` expkrts tk MCQ bl Muolmcklm
wos 21.7 pergelt bl >11=, tje jbmjest oiklm Gjblese prkvblges. Sje
expkrt-krbeltec blcustrbes jove neel suppkrtec ny ol bl`fux k` ibmrolt
wkrders `rki blfolc prkvblges. Muolmcklm joc onkut >0 ibffbkl
ibmrolt wkrders bl tje prkvblge orkulc >11=, gkiporec tk bts tktof
fonkr `krge k` 53 ibffbkl (Zblm olc Ib >11:4 Muolmcklm Qrkvblgbof
Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs >112).
Sje Gjoffelme k` Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm
Jbstkrbgof ogjbeveielts lktwbtjstolcblm, Muolmcklm bs `ogblm o serbkus
gjoffelme k` blequofbty. Bl ossessblm tje gurrelt sbtuotbkl, tjbs stucy `kulc
tjot onskfute pkverty reiobls o sbmlb`bgolt gklgerl bl rurof Muolmcklm,
blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty bs wbcespreoc, olc blgkie blequofbty jos rbsel
tk ol oforiblm fevef.
Onskfute Qkverty]jot bs tje gurrelt pkverty sbtuotbkl bl Muolmcklm; Ne`kre olswerblm
tjbs questbkl, o luiner k` ieosureielt bssues iust ne gforb`bec. @brst,
wjel ieosurblm pkverty, per gopbto blgkie olc per gopbto gklsuiptbkl
ore tje ikst gkiiklfy usec wef`ore ieosureielts. Meleroffy speodblm,
blgkie bs remorcec os o (portbof) ieosure k` wef`ore kppkrtulbty olc gkl-
suiptbkl bs o ieosure k` wef`ore ogjbeveielt. ]jbfe nktj ieosureielts
jove tjebr hustb`bgotbkls olc fbibtotbkls, gklsuiptbkl bs usuoffy gklsbcerec
o ikre stonfe ieosureielt, espegboffy wjel blgkie repkrtblm gol ne ibs-feocblm (]krfc Nold >112, ?::). Sjbs stucy gklsbcers nktj blgkie
pkverty olc gklsuiptbkl pkverty.
Wegklc, ol opprkprbote pkverty fble leecs tk ne ce`blec. O rolme k`
pkverty fbles jos neel usec bl Gjblo.> Sje k``bgbof pkverty fble (=:5 yuol
3 ^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo
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per perskl per yeor `kr >11=, kr $1.5= per perskl bl >115 QQQ ckffors)
ckes lkt seei opprkprbote `kr Muolmcklm. Sje k``bgbof pkverty fble `kr
Gjblo bs kle k` tje fkwest bl tje wkrfc?2.1 pergelt fkwer tjol tje kle
usec bl tje Fok Qekpfes Ceikgrotbg ^epunfbg, >1.3 pergelt fkwer tjol
Pbetloi, olc 55.7 pergelt fkwer tjol Iklmkfbo (^ovoffbkl, Gjel, olc
Wolmroufo >11:). K` gkurse, o fkwer pkverty fble ckes lkt jove tk feoc tk
fess sotbs`ogtkry per`kriolge bl pkverty recugtbkl. Jkwever, bt ckes
o``egt tje bl`kriotbkl tjot `eecs bltk tje mkverlielts cegbsbkl-iodblm
prkgess. Os o jbmjfy cyloibg egklkiy wbtj o jbmj ospbrotbkl tjot mrkwtj
ne nrkocfy sjorec, bt ioy ne opprkprbote `kr Muolmcklm tk set tje
pkverty fble wbtj o vbew tkworc gotgjblm up wbtj cevefkpec egklkibesbl tjbs remorc. ]btj tjbs bl iblc, tjbs olofysbs uses tje $> per coy pkverty
fble (bl QQQ)7 tk estbiote tje pkverty sbtuotbkl olc olofyze tje prk`bfe k`
tje pkkr. Sjbs pkverty fble wos equbvofelt tk >,>07 yuol per yeor `kr rurof
Muolmcklm olc 7,?25 yuol per yeor `kr urnol Muolmcklm bl >11=. Sje
rurof fble wos onkut 3>.3 pergelt k` tje ieol rurof per gopbto blgkie,
wjbfe tje urnol fble represeltec >1.> pergelt k` tje ieol urnol per
gopbto blgkie bl Muolmcklm bl >11=.
Sjbrc, ieosurblm pkverty requbres ol opprkprbote coto set. Sjbs stucyuses prkvblgbof jkusejkfc survey coto gkverblm >,501 rurof jkusejkfcs
olc ?,011 urnol jkusejkfcs `kr tje yeors >115 olc >11=.3 Sje soipfe
blgfuces ibmrolts wjk joc fbvec bl Muolmcklm `kr ikre tjol sbx
ikltjs ot tje tbie k` tje survey. Bt represelts tje Muolmcklm sunset k`
tje lotbklof jkusejkfc survey soipfe olc wos gkffegtec ny tje prkvbl-
gbof Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs `kffkwblm prblgbpfes olc prkgecures cesbmlec ny
tje Lotbklof Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs. ]jbfe tje soipfe ot tje prkvblgbof
fevef bs fbibtec bl sbze tk olofyze tje bipfbgotbkl k` portbgufor pkfbgyieosures, bt bs su``bgbeltfy represeltotbve `kr tje purpkse k` tjbs stucy.
Mkblm `krworc, tje prkvblgbof mkverlielt bs strklmfy ocvbsec tk
strelmtjel bts gopogbty `kr pkverty olc blequofbty iklbtkrblm ny biprkv-
blm tje gkltelt olc sbze k` bts jkusejkfc surveys olc usblm tje iklbtkr-
blm resufts systeiotbgoffy.
Usblm tje $> per coy pkverty fble olc tje coto set cesgrbnec onkve,
gjopter ? bl tjbs vkfuie gklgfuces tjot, bl rurof Muolmcklm, ?1.7 pergelt
k` tje resbcelts fbvec bl blgkie pkverty olc ?:.0 pergelt bl gklsuiptbkl
pkverty bl >11=. Bl urnol oreos, resbcelts wjkse blgkie kr gklsuiptbklbl >11= `eff nefkw $> per coy oggkultec `kr kver ? pergelt k` tje pkpu-
fotbkl. Sjere bs o jbmj cemree k` gklsbstelgy netweel tje `blcblms bl
Muolmcklm olc tjkse ot tje lotbklof fevef tjot onskfute pkverty bs o rurof
pjelkielkl.
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]jk ore tje pkkr bl Muolmcklm; Olofysbs k` tje coto `kr >11= sum-
mests tje `kffkwblm8
Ikst k` tje pkkr fbve bl tje eosterl olc westerl rembkls. Swk-tjbrcs k` tjksewjk fbvec bl gklsuiptbkl pkverty bl >11= were kulc bl tje eosterl olc
westerl rembkls. Sje rest were ofikst equoffy spfbt netweel tje Q^C
rembkl olc tje lkrtjerl rembkl, wbtj ?0.> pergelt olc ?=.5 pergelt,
respegtbvefy. Sje jbmj pergeltome k` pkkr resbcblm bl tje Q^C rembkl bs
wkrtj lktblm, mbvel tje rembkls very jbmj fevef k` weoftj olc blgkie.
Qkverty bs ikre pervosbve oiklm former `oibfbes. Bl >11=, 35 pergelt k`tje rurof blgkie pkkr were bl `oibfbes gklsbstblm k` kle gkupfe wbtj
tjree kr ikre gjbfcrel, olc olktjer 73 pergelt fbvec bl `oibfbes gki-
prbsblm tjree melerotbkls.
Ikst k` tje rurof pkkr ore fess ecugotec. Bl >11=, :5 pergelt k` tje rurofblgkie pkkr wjk were ?0 yeors k` ome kr onkve cbc lkt jove o jbmj
sgjkkf kr jbmjer ecugotbkl. Ikrekver, gkiporec wbtj tjkse wjk joc
o jbmj sgjkkf ecugotbkl, tjkse wjk were bffbterote were ?.=> tbiesikre fbdefy tk ne pkkr. Ny tje soie tkdel, prbiory sgjkkf mrocuotes
were 20 pergelt ikre fbdefy tk ne pkkr olc hulbkr segklcory sgjkkf
mrocuotes were ?2 pergelt ikre fbdefy tk ne pkkr.
Ikst k` tje blgkie pkkr ore onfe tk wkrd. Bl >11=, :: pergelt k` tjepkkr were `rki jkusejkfcs bl wjbgj lk ieiners joc fkst tje onbfbty
tk wkrd. Jkwever, tje coto ofsk sjkw tjot tje fkss k` wkrdblm onbfbty
ckunfec tje prknonbfbty k` neblm pkkr.
Blequofbty bl KppkrtulbtyBlequofbty bl kppkrtulbty bs k`tel refotec tk blocequote blvestielt bl
pekpfe olc ol ulevel pfoyblm `befc. @brst, kppkrtulbty negkies ulequof
wjel blcbvbcuofs jove ulequof oggess tk nosbg skgbof servbges. O gjbfc gol
ne ckkiec tk jove o jbmjer prknonbfbty k` pkkr jeoftj olc o fkwer prkn-
onbfbty k` mettblm o jbmj sgjkkf ecugotbkl kr vkgotbklof troblblm tjol ktj-
ers hust negouse je kr sje wos nkrl tk o `oibfy tjot fbves bl o rurof oreo
olc bs `blolgboffy pkkrer tjol ktjers. Wegklc, blcbvbcuofs wbtj sbibforjeoftj, ecugotbklof ottoblielt, olc sdbffs ioy elc up wbtj ulequof
kppkrtulbtbes cue tk ul`obr gkipetbtbkl bl tje iordet. @kr exoipfe, tjey
ioy `oge cbsgrbiblotbkl bl eipfkyielt cue tk tjebr melcer, jkusejkfc
rembstrotbkl (judku), `oibfy nogdmrkulc, kr ktjer `ogtkrs. Wbibforfy, tjebroggess tk folc, gopbtof, bl`rostrugture, olc ktjer ieols k` prkcugtbkl ioy
0 ^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo
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ne ulequof cue tk `ogtkrs neyklc tjebr gkltrkf. Gjopters 0 olc : ossess
tje sbtuotbkls k` ecugotbkl olc jeoftj gore. Sjebr `blcblms summest tjot
blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty bs o wbcespreoc prknfei bl Muolmcklm.
Ecugotbkl. Oftjkumj Muolmcklm jos ioce treielckus strbces bl bipfe-
ieltblm tje lew `ree gkipufskry ecugotbkl (@GE) sgjeie, ecugotbklof
gjoffelmes reiobl very ogute bl rurof oreos. Oftjkumj cbsporbtbes wbtj
urnol oreos jove neel cegreosblm, tjey reiobl sbmlb`bgolt `kr gkipfetbkl
k` prbiory ecugotbkl olc oggess tk hulbkr segklcory ecugotbkl olc jbmjfy
sbmlb`bgolt `kr gkipfetbkl k` olc oggess tk selbkr segklcory ecugotbkl olc
onkve. Lktbgeonfe mops gol ofsk ne seel oiklm jkusejkfcs k` cb``ereltblgkie qubltbfes olc oiklm mekmropjbg oreos k` cb``erelt MCQ per gopbto,
wbtj tje formest mop oppeorblm netweel tje very weoftjbest olc tje ktjers.
@bloffy, oftjkumj mops bl ecugotbklof quofbty gollkt ne `uffy oppregbotec
wbtjkut gkiporonfe ossessielt k` feorlblm kutgkies, mops bl gkipfetbkl
rotes olc ktjer blteriecbote kutgkies, sugj os prkvbsbkl k` nkkds olc
bl`rostrugture quofbty per stucelt, ofsk blcbgote iohkr quofbty mops.
]jbfe tjere ioy ne severof reoskls `kr tje persbstelt kutgkie mops,
mops bl spelcblm per stucelt olc o stbff tkk-fbibtec e``egt k` tje @GEsgjeie ore gertoblfy ports k` tje expfolotbkl. Sje evbcelge sjkws tjot,
cespbte blgreosec spelcblm bl rurof olc cbsocvoltomec oreos, mops bl gki-
pufskry ecugotbkl spelcblm per stucelt wbcelec netweel urnol olc
rurof olc netweel ocvoltomec olc cbsocvoltomec oreos curblm >1131=.
Bl ktjer wkrcs, spelcblm blgreosec `oster bl urnol olc weoftjy oreos. Sje
prknfei bs tje sioff refotbve sbze k` tje @GE sgjeie, bl wjbgj tje iobl
sunsbcy tjot repfogec ibsgeffolekus sgjkkf `ees ckes lkt evel reogj tje
fevef k` tje `ees gkffegtec bl >113 bl rurof oreos. Sje prknfei bs gki-pkulcec ny tje cb``erelt fkgof `bsgof gopogbtbes olc fogd k` su``bgbelt
`blolgbof prbkrbtbzotbkl k` rurof oreos wbtjbl eogj mekmropjbg oreo (gkulty,
gbty, cbstrbgt). Sje blgreosblm mops bl spelcblm ore wkrrbskie, os tjey
iode bt cb``bguft tk gfkse tje quofbty mop olc ecugotbklof ottoblielt mop,
portbguforfy bl hulbkr segklcory ecugotbkl. Urmelt ogtbkl bs tjere`kre
leecec tk stort recugblm tjese mops wjbfe prkvbcblm ocequote blgeltbves
`kr ikre e``egtbve use olc iolomeielt k` ecugotbkl spelcblm.
Muolmcklm jos rkki nktj tk blgreose punfbg gkipufskry ecugotbkl
spelcblm olc tk biprkve `urtjer tje woy tjbs spelcblm bs usec, offkgotec,olc iolomec, tk o forme extelt ny nubfcblm kl tje lew @GE sgjeie.
Jeoftj gore. Blequofbty bl tje jeoftj segtkr represelts olktjer iohkr
gjoffelme `kr Muolmcklm. Wbmlb`bgolt evbcelge blcbgotes tjot tje jeoftj
gore servbges prkvbcec tk tje pkkr olc egklkibgoffy cbsocvoltomec ore
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iugj fess ocequote tjol `kr ktjers, sblge tje cbstrbnutbkl k` jeoftj gore
servbges reiobls jbmjfy cepelcelt kl tjot k` blgkie olc weoftj.Bl teris k` jeoftj kutgkies, gjopter : pkblts tk sbmlb`bgolt rembklof cbs-
porbtbes bl bl`olt ikrtofbty. Sje wkrst-per`kriblm iulbgbpofbty jos ol
bl`olt ikrtofbty rote tjree tbies jbmjer tjol tje nest-per`kriblm kle, olc
tje bl`olt ikrtofbty rote k` tje Q^C rembkl bs iugj fkwer tjol tjkse k`
ktjer rembkls. K` tje lble iulbgbpofbtbes wbtj bl`olt ikrtofbty rotes jbmjer
tjol tje prkvblgbof overome bl >11=, sevel were lkl-Q^C iulbgbpofbtbes.
Wbibfor cbsporbtbes gol ne seel bl ikrtofbty rotes `kr gjbfcrel ulcer `bve
yeors k` ome.
Blequofbty bs ofsk evbcelt bl tje utbfbzotbkl k` jeoftj servbges. @krexoipfe, oggkrcblm tk k``bgbof coto, bl sevel k` tje lble Q^C iulbgbpof-
btbes, leorfy ?11 pergelt k` premlolt wkiel cefbver tjebr nonbes bl jks-
pbtofs. Lble k` tje ?1 iulbgbpofbtbes wbtj jkspbtof cefbvery rotes nefkw
tje prkvblgbof overome bl >11= were lkl-Q^C kles.5 Bl tjese iulbgbpof-
btbes, ?1>1 pergelt k` premlolt wkiel stbff joc tjebr nonbes cefbverec
kutsbce tje jkspbtof settblm.
O mreoter cbsporbty gol ne knservec bl tje utbfbzotbkl k` kutpotbelt olc
blpotbelt servbges. Bl off lkl-Q^C iulbgbpofbtbes, tje luiner k` kutpotbeltvbsbts per perskl wos nefkw tje prkvblgbof overome bl >11=. Wbibforfy, off
nut kle k` tje lkl-Q^C iulbgbpofbtbes `eff nefkw tje prkvblgbof overome
bl teris k` luiner k` jkspbtofbzotbkls per perskl bl >11=. Sje iulbgbpof-
bty wbtj tje jbmjest vkfuie (Cklmmuol bl nktj goses) joc o vkfuie sbx
tbies jbmjer `kr kutpotbelt servbges tjol Hbeyolm (tje iulbgbpofbty wbtj
tje fkwest vkfuie `kr kutpotbelt servbges), olc `bve tbies jbmjer `kr
blpotbelt servbges tjol _blmyuol (tje iulbgbpofbty wbtj tje fkwest vkf-
uie `kr blpotbelt servbges).Sjese cb``erelges bl utbfbzotbkl ore gfeorfy lkt o resuft k` netter jeoftj
oiklm pekpfe bl pkkrer rembkls. ^otjer, coto olc olegcktof evbcelge sum-
mest tjot tjey ore ikst fbdefy o resuft k` `blolgbof gklstroblts. @kr exoipfe,
bl >110, ?: k` tje >? iulbgbpofbtbes joc per gopbto mkverlielt jeoftj
spelcblm nefkw tje prkvblgbof overome. Off nut kle k` tje lkl-Q^C gbtbes
olc `kur k` tje Q^C gbtbes repkrtec per gopbto mkverlielt jeoftj spelc-
blm k` fess tjol 3? yuol, gkiporec wbtj tje prkvblgbof overome k` =: yuol
olc tje jbmjest fevef (bl Wjelzjel) k` >3= yuol. Bl teris k` prbvote spelc-
blm, tje >11= Muolmcklm jkusejkfc survey coto sjkw tjot, kl overome,jeoftj spelcblm k` ol urnol resbcelt wos >.5 tbies ikre tjol tjot k` o
rurof resbcelt. Evel oiklm rurof resbcelts, tje pkkrest >1 pergelt spelt
klfy 20 yuol kl overome, wjbfe tje rbgjest >1 pergelt spelt 7.5 tbies
ikre tjol tjot, ot 351 yuol kl overome.
: ^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo
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Sje jbmj sjore k` kut-k`-pkgdet expelcbture bl tktof jeoftj expel-
cbture bs ofsk o gouse `kr gklgerl. Sjbs sjore stkkc ot 35.? pergelt bl
>110, sbmlb`bgoltfy jbmjer tjol tje overome k` 70.7 pergelt `kr upper-
ibccfe-blgkie gkultrbes bl >11> (Mkttret olc Wgjbener >110). Sjbs
bssue ceserves spegbof otteltbkl `rki tje prkvblgbof mkverlielt, negouse
wjel tje blgkie cbstrbnutbkl bs sbmlb`bgoltfy ulequof, tje jbmj sjore k`
kut-k`-pkgdet expelcbture bl tktof jeoftj expelcbture bipfbes o jbmj
sjore k` tje pkpufotbkl tjot `blcs jeoftj gore servbges ulo``krconfe olc
bs tjus fe`t kut.
Blceec, tje refotbklsjbp netweel jeoftj leecs olc ovobfonfe iulbgb-
pofbty reskurges `kr jeoftj bs gfeorfy cbsprkpkrtbklote, os summestec ny`bmure :.?7 bl gjopter :. ^kumjfy speodblm, tje >? iulbgbpofbtbes gol ne
cbvbcec bltk tjree mrkups. Sje `brst mrkup k` `bve Q^C iulbgbpofbtbes
(Muolmzjku, Jubzjku, Wjelzjel, Xjklmsjol, olc Xjujob) jos jbmjer
per gopbto spelcblm kl jeoftj (jbmjer tjol tje =? yuol k` Xjklmsjol)
olc fkwer bl`olt ikrtofbty rotes (fkwer tjol tje 1.3=0 pergelt k`
Muolmzjku). Sje segklc mrkup gkiprbses twk iulbgbpofbtbes (Jeyuol
olc Wjoltku) wbtj fkw spelcblm olc fkw bl`olt ikrtofbty rotes. Off k`
tje reioblblm ?3 iulbgbpofbtbes `off bltk o tjbrc mrkup gjorogterbzec nyjbmjer bl`olt ikrtofbty rotes olc fkw mkverlielt spelcblm kl jeoftj.
Sjebr fevefs k` per gopbto mkverlielt spelcblm kl jeoftj ore off fkwer
tjol =? yuol, olc tjebr bl`olt ikrtofbty rotes ore off jbmjer tjol tje
3.=0 pergelt k` Muolmzjku.
Blequofbty bl BlgkieOlofysbs k` tje prkvblgbof jkusejkfc survey coto set prkvbces blsbmjts bltk
tje gurrelt sbtuotbkl k` blgkie blequofbty bl Muolmcklm prkvblge. @krMuolmcklm kveroff, tje Mblb gke``bgbelto ieosure k` tje extelt tk
wjbgj o portbgufor blgkie cbstrbnutbkl cbvermes `rki ol onskfutefy equof
cbstrbnutbklstolcs ot 1.723 kr >11=, o`ter ochustielts kr gkst-k`-fbvblm
cb``erelges netweel rurof olc urnol oreos. Sjbs fevef bs fkwer tjol tje fev-
efs `kr Gjblo kveroff olc `kr gkultrbes sugj os tje ^ussbol @ecerotbkl
(1.722), Sjobfolc (1.3>1), olc tje Ulbtec Wtotes (1.31:), nut bt bs jbmjer
tjol kr ioly ktjer cevefkpblm gkultrbes, sugj os Blcbo (1.70:), Blcklesbo
(1.737), olc Pbetloi (1.733).
]jot ore tje skurges k` tjbs blequofbty; Os efsewjere bl Gjblo, urnol-rurof cbsporbty bs kle k` tje dey skurges k` kveroff blgkie blequofbty.
Gjopter ? sjkws tjot bl >11=, nosec kl tje Sjebf blcex k` blequofbty, wjbgj
bs use`uf `kr bts cegkipksonbfbty, blgkie cbsporbty netweel urnol olc rurof
jkusejkfcs oggkultec `kr >7.3 pergelt k` Muolmcklms kveroff blequofbty.
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]jot expfobls tje reioblblm =0.0 pergelt; Sje jume mop netweel tje
Q^C olc lkl-Q^C rembkls bl egklkibg cevefkpielt ibmjt pkblt tk
rembklof cbsporbty (tonfe K.?). Jkwever, tje coto sjkw tjot blequofbty
wbtjbl tje Q^C rembkl btsef` gkltrbnutec ikst tk tje knservec kveroff
blequofbty. Swelty-twk pergelt k` tje kveroff blequofbty goie `rkiblequofbty oiklm urnol jkusejkfcs bl tje Q^C rembkl, olc blequofbty
oiklm rurof jkusejkfcs bl tje Q^C occec olktjer ?=.3 pergelt. ]btjbl-
Q^C blequofbty tjus expfobls 72.3 pergelt k` tje prkvblgbof tktof. Bl gkl-
trost, blequofbty netweel tje Q^C olc lkl-Q^C rembkls klfy gkltrbnutec
?7.? pergelt (5.= pergelt `kr rurof jkusejkfcs olc =.3 pergelt `kr urnol
jkusejkfcs) k` tje tktof. Sjere`kre, bl occbtbkl tk tje weff-ckguieltec
`ogtkr k` urnol-rurof cbsporbty, rembklof cbsporbty bs o sbmlb`bgolt skurge k`
blequofbty, nut blequofbty wbtjbl tje Q^C rembkl jos neel iugj ikre sbm-lb`bgolt tk kveroff blequofbty bl Muolmcklm prkvblge.
^ecugblm Blequofbty wbtj Wpotboffy Ulnofolgec Mrkwtj
Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm prkvblge jos mekmropjbgof rkkts.0 Sje loturof
mekmropjy k` tje prkvblge bs sugj tjot tje Q^C rembkl bs elckwec wbtj
sbmlb`bgolt ocvoltomes kver ktjer rembkls. Sje Q^C rembkl jos ofsk elhkyec
prkxbibty tk, olc jbstkrbgof tbes wbtj, Jklm Dklm, Gjblo, olc Iogok,
Gjblo, olc tjrkumj tjei, tje rest k` tje wkrfc. Os o resuft, Muolmcklms
egklkibg mrkwtj jos neel jbmjfy ulnofolgec bl o spotbof selse. Egklkibg
ogtbvbtbes ore gklgeltrotec bl tje Q^C rembkl, wjere per gopbto MCQ bs
iugj jbmjer olc tje mrkwtj rote iugj `oster tjol tjkse k` tje fommblm
rembkls. Sjbs binofolge jos knvbkusfy gkltrbnutec tk urnol-rurof cbsporbty
?1 ^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo
Sonfe K.? Cegkipksbtbkl k` Blgkie Blequofbty bl Muolmcklm Qrkvblge, >11=
Gkipklelts Sjebf blcex % k` tktof Sktof 1.>:> ?11.1
Blequofbty oiklm rurof jkusejkfcs k` tje Q^C rembkl 1.132 ?=.3
Blequofbty oiklm urnol jkusejkfcs k` tje Q^C rembkl 1.10> >>.1
Blequofbty oiklm rurof jkusejkfcs k` tje lkl-Q^C rembkl 1.133 ?5.5
Blequofbty oiklm urnol jkusejkfcs k` tje lkl-Q^C rembkl 1.1>3 :.3
Blequofbty netweel rurof jkusejkfcs k` tje Q^C olc
lkl-Q^C rembkls 1.1?0 5.:
Blequofbty netweel urnol jkusejkfcs k` tje Q^C olc
lkl-Q^C rembkls 1.1>? =.5
Blequofbty netweel rurof olc urnol jkusejkfcs k` tjeprkvblge 1.100 >7.3
Wkurge8 Muolmcklm Nureou k` Wtotbstbgs >11=.
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olc rembklof cbsporbty bl jkusejkfc blgkie, wjbgj ore nktj skurges k`
blequofbty olc rurof pkverty. Sjere`kre, b` tje spotbof cbstrbnutbkl k` egk-
lkibg mrkwtj gkufc ne ioce ikre nofolgec`kr exoipfe, tjrkumj tje
trols`er k` blcustrbof ogtbvbtbes (blcustrbof trols`er)`rki tje Q^C tk
fommblm rembkls, tjel recugblm blequofbty wkufc ne eosber olc `oster.
Sje Srelc k` Blcustrbof Cegklgeltrotbkl`rki tje Q^C olc tje Quff @krgesJovblm exoiblec ovobfonfe coto kl tje evkfutbkl k` tje spotbof potterl k`
Muolmcklm blcustry curblm ?22:>11=, Xjolm (>112) `kulc tjot cegkl-
geltrotbkl `rki tje Q^C cbc tode pfoge bl regelt yeors, nut klfy kl oiblkr sgofe refotbve tk tje sbze k` Muolmcklms blcustry. Bts strelmtj bs `or
`rki wjot wkufc ne leecec tk recuge rembklof cbsporbtbes bl blcustrbof
cevefkpielt sbmlb`bgoltfy. Sje ikst sbmlb`bgolt sbml k` tje cegklgeltrotbkl
ikveielt bs tje strklm gotgj-up k` twk gbtbes gfkse tk tje Q^C, loiefy
Jeyuol olc _blmyuol. Jkwever, ikre cetobfec olofysbs summests tjot tje
rbse k` tje twk gbtbes gol ne ottrbnutec klfy portboffy tk tje cegklgeltro-
tbkl k` o `ew blcustrbes (`kr exoipfe, lkl`errkus ietoffurmy olc iblblm,
os weff os lklietof iblblm prkcugts) `rki tje Q^C. Kveroff, o gfeor trelck` trols`er k` fonkr-bltelsbve blcustrbes `rki tje Q^C tk ktjer rembkls k`
Muolmcklm ckes lkt seei tk jove eiermec.
]jy jos tje trelc k` cegklgeltrotbkl neel sk weod, cespbte mkverl-
ielt prkiktbkl sblge >115; Kle pfousbnfe expfolotbkl bs tjot Q^C `bris
joc klfy weod blgeltbves tk ikve kut, olc ikre lew `bris stbff pre`errec
tk estonfbsj tjeisefves bl tje Q^C rembkl negouse k` tje exbstelge k`
skie puff `krgestjot bs, egklkibg `krges tjot reworc `bris `kr fkgot-
blm bl tje Q^C rembkl. Bt oppeors tjot tje pkwer k` tje pusj `krges bltje Q^C rembkl`krges tjot strelmtjel blgeltbves `kr `bris tk ikve kut
k` tje Q^C rembkljos neel leutrofbzec sbmlb`bgoltfy ny tje puff `krges.
Sje ikst bipkrtolt puff `krge tk Muolmcklm bs ommfkierotbkl egklkiy,
wjbgj reworcs tje mekmropjbgof gklgeltrotbkl k` `bris. Bl portbgufor,
gklgeltrotbkl k` blcustrbof ogtbvbtbes bl tje Q^C rembkl elonfes `bris
tjere tk reop sbmlb`bgolt mobls bl prkcugtbvbty. Sje segklc puff `krge bs o
`ovkronfe blvestielt gfbiote, bl wjbgj tje Q^C rembkl jos o gfeor ocvol-
tome kver ktjer rembkls.
O dey bipfbgotbkl k` tje exbstelge k` tje puff `krges bs tjot mekmropj-
bgof gklgeltrotbkl k` blcustrbof ogtbvbty gol, gkltrory tk gkiikl pergep-
tbkl, ne nktj cesbronfe olc blevbtonfe. Bt bs kle k` tje ulcerfyblm reoskls
urnolbzotbkl nkksts prkcugtbvbty. Blceec, os tje ]krfc Cevefkpielt^epkrt >112 (]krfc Nold >11:) jos `kulc, egklkibg mrkwtj bs sefcki
Kvervbew ??
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nofolgec, olc e``krts tk spreoc bt preioturefy wbff hekporcbze prkmress.
Swk gelturbes k` egklkibg cevefkpielt sjkw tjot spotbof cbsporbtbes bl
blgkie olc prkcugtbkl ore blevbtonfe. O melerotbkl k` egklkibg
reseorgj gkl`bris tjbs4 tjere bs lk mkkc reoskl tk expegt egklkibg
mrkwtj tk spreoc sikktjfy ogrkss spoge.
Wjb`tblm tje Qkfbgy @kgus tk Biprkveieltk` tje Blvestielt GfbioteSje ovobfonfe evbcelge kl blcustry bl Muolmcklm summests klfy o ikcer-
ote trelc k` cegklgeltrotbkl rki tje Q^C rembkl. Blcustrbof trols`er rki
tje Q^C tk ktjer rembkls wbff gertoblfy gkltblue, nut mbvel tje iordet`krge k` ol ommfkierotbkl egklkiy, bts sgofe bs ulfbdefy tk ne forme elkumj
tk ofter sbmlb`bgoltfy tje spotbof gklgeltrotbkl k` mrkwtj bl tje Q^C
rembkl. Sjbs trelc bipfbes o tkumjer gjoffelme `kr tje Muolmcklm prkvbl-
gbof mkverlielt8 bt iust recuge blequofbty kl tje nosbs k` spotboffy ulnof-
olgec mrkwtj.
Jkw tk ogjbeve sugj o recugtbkl, tjel; Kle kptbkl `kr Muolmcklm bs
tk offkw tje `uff pfoy k` ol ommfkierotbkl egklkiy bl sjopblm egklkibg
mekmropjy olc sjb`t tje `kgus k` pkfbgy e``krts tk biprkvblm tje blvest-ielt gfbiote k` fommblm rembkls. Ikre gkiporonfe blvestielt gfbiotes
netweel fommblm rembkls olc tje Q^C rembkl wkufc lkt klfy recuge tje
pkteltbof gkst k` refkgotbkl k` o `bri `rki tje Q^C tk o fommblm rembkl,
nut wkufc ofsk elgkurome prbvote nusbless greotbkl olc expolsbkl bl tje
fommblm rembkl.
^ecugblm Blequofbty8 O Sjree-Qbffor Wtrotemy
Mbvel tje fbibtec pkteltbof tk iode egklkibg mrkwtj ikre evel oiklm
rembkls, wjot strotemy sjkufc tje Muolmcklm prkvblgbof mkverlielt
ockpt tk recuge blequofbty; Sjbs stucy regkiielcs o tjree-pbfforec strot-
emy8 efbiblotblm onskfute pkverty, recugblm blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty, olc
gkltoblblm blequofbty bl kutgkie.
Efbiblotblm Onskfute QkvertyOnskfute pkverty bs bl `ulcoieltof gkl`fbgt wbtj tje skgbof vofues k`
ikst skgbetbes olc gertoblfy wbtj tjkse k` Gjblo. Elsurblm tjot blcbvbc-uofs ore `ree k` onskfute pkverty bs tje respklsbnbfbty k` tje mkverlielt.
Qunfbg blterveltbkls ore leecec tk prktegt tje fbvefbjkkcs k` skgbetys
leecbest ieiners olc sjkufc ne exegutec bl tje ikst trolsporelt olc
e``bgbelt ioller. Sjere`kre, kle k` tje ikst bipkrtolt pkfbgy knhegtbves
?> ^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo
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`kr Muolmcklm prkvblge bs tk efbiblote onskfute pkverty bl o fbibtec
perbkc k` tbie. Qortbguforfy mbvel tje prkvblges feocblm rkfe bl Gjblos
cevefkpielt olc re`kri, bt bs klfy opprkprbote tjot jbmj prbkrbty ne pfogec
kl tjbs pkfbgy knhegtbve. Sje `blolgbof olc ociblbstrotbve strelmtj k` tje
prkvblge rufes kut oly questbkl remorcblm tje ottoblonbfbty k` tjbs mkof.
^ecugblm Blequofbty k` KppkrtulbtyBlequofbty k` kppkrtulbty gkl`fbgts wbtj tje vofue k` `obrless bl ikst skgb-
etbes. Ikrekver, bt jurts egklkibg e``bgbelgy olc fklm-teri mrkwtj.
Blstbtutbkls olc pkfbgbes tjot prkikte o fevef pfoyblm `befcwjere off
ieiners k` tje skgbety jove sbibfor gjolges tk negkie skgboffy ogtbve,pkfbtbgoffy bl`fueltbof, olc egklkibgoffy prkcugtbvegkltrbnute tk sus-
toblonfe mrkwtj olc cevefkpielt `kr twk sets k` reoskls. @brst, tjere ore
ioly iordet `obfures bl cevefkpblm gkultrbes, lktonfy bl tje iordets
`kr grecbt, blsurolge, folc, olc juiol gopbtof. ]jbfe gkrregtblm iordet
`obfure bs tje bceof respklse, wjel tjbs bs lkt `eosbnfe kr `or tkk gkstfy,
skie `kris k` recbstrbnutbklk` oggess tk servbges, ossets, kr pkfbtbgof
bl`fuelgegol blgreose egklkibg e``bgbelgy. Wegklc, jbmj fevefs k` egk-
lkibg olc pkfbtbgof blequofbty telc tk feoc tk egklkibg blstbtutbkls olcskgbof orrolmeielts tjot systeiotbgoffy `ovkr tje blterests k` tjkse blcb-
vbcuofs olc mrkups wbtj ikre bl`fuelge. Nktj ibccfe olc pkkrer mrkups
k` tje pkpufotbkl elc up wbtj tofelt tjot bs fe`t ulexpfkbtec. Wkgbety os o
wjkfe bs tjel fbdefy tk ne ikre ble``bgbelt olc tk ibss kut kl kppkrtulb-
tbes `kr bllkvotbkl olc blvestielt (]krfc Nold >115).
Sjere`kre, tje opprkprbote pkfbgy knhegtbve wbtj remorc tk blequofbty k`
kppkrtulbty bs tk recuge bt os iugj os pkssbnfe. Qunfbg pkfbgy olc reskurges
leec tk ne `kgusec kl elsurblm tjot ieiners k` skgbety jove sbibforgjolges tk ne egklkibgoffy prkcugtbve olc skgboffy ogtbve remorcfess k`
tjebr preceteriblec gbrguistolges. Bl tje gose k` Muolmcklm, twk iobl
sets k` blterveltbkls ore ikst bipkrtolt olc refevolt. @brst, punfbg pkfb-
gbes sjkufc prkikte ikre equof oggess tk ecugotbkl, jeoftj servbges, olc
nosbg skgbof prktegtbkl. Wegklc, punfbg olc iordet blstbtutbkls sjkufc ne
krbeltec tkworc prkvbcblm o fevef pfoyblm `befc `kr blcbvbcuofs.
Gkltoblblm Blequofbty bl Kutgkies
Sje loture k` blequofbty bl kutgkies ieosurec bl teris k` blgkie olcweoftj bs ikre gkipfbgotec. Wkie blequofbty bl kutgkie bs mkkc kr e``b-
gbelgy olc mrkwtj, sk mkverlielt pkfbgy sjkufc lkt pursue o gkipfetefy
equof cbstrbnutbkl k` blgkie olc weoftj, portbguforfy wjel blequofbty bl
blgkie re`fegts ulevel per`kriolge oiklm blcbvbcuofs. Iotgjblm reworc
Kvervbew ?7
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wbtj per`kriolge bs tje `kulcotbkl k` iordet-nosec blgeltbves olc jos
neel ol esseltbof efeielt k` Gjblos suggess`uf re`kris. Urnol-rurof
blequofbty bl kutgkies gol ofsk ne mkkc wjel bt bs gousec ny rknust prk-
cugtbvbty mrkwtj bl tje urnol segtkr, bipfyblm tjot tje mop wbff lorrkw ot
skie pkblt os urnolbzotbkl olc prkcugtbvbty mrkwtj gkltblue.
Jkwever, blequofbty k` kutgkies gol ofsk ne noc, iodblm o gose `kr
skie mkverlielt blterveltbkl. Evel wjel blequofbty re`fegts ulevelless
k` per`kriolge oiklm blcbvbcuofs, bt gol negkie jori`uf tk mrkwtj
wjel bt melerotes sunstoltbof blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty olc cbstkrtbkl bl
iordet olc punfbg blstbtutbkls bl sugj o woy os tk tjreotel skgbof gkjer-
elge olc stonbfbty. Lkt off blgkie blequofbty re`fegts per`kriolge mops4 omreot ceof k` blequofbty bl kutgkies ioy re`fegt ulequof kppkrtulbty, ol
ulevel pfoyblm `befc, kr o skgbetys `obfure tk prevelt tje`tlkt tje usuof
grbiblof ogt k` tje`t, nut tje tje`t k` punfbg prkperty olc tje onuse k`
punfbg pkwer tjrkumj gkrruptbkl.
Sje ikst opprkprbote mkverlielt pkfbgy tkworc blequofbty bl blgkie
olc weoftj, tjere`kre, bs tk gkltobl bt tk o skgboffy oggeptonfe fevef wbtj
iblbiui gkst bl teris k` e``bgbelgy. ]jot, tjel, bs ol oggeptonfe fevef
k` blequofbty bl blgkie `kr Muolmcklm prkvblge; Jkw iugj k` tjeexbstblm blgkie blequofbty knservec bl gjopter ? bs mkkc; Sjese ques-
tbkls requbre olktjer stucy kl tje extelt tk wjbgj tje exbstblm blgkie
blequofbty re`fegts per`kriolge mops. Sjbs stucy `kguses ikre kl tje
efbiblotbkl k` onskfute pkverty olc tje recugtbkl k` blequofbty k`
kppkrtulbty, wjbgj wbff nktj gkltrbnute tk o ikre equof cbstrbnutbkl k`
blgkie olc weoftj.
Sje ^kfe k` tje Bltermkverlieltof @bsgof WysteiO dey skurge k` blequofbty bs rembklof cbsporbty bl mrkwtj. Os ormuec eor-fber, sblge gklgeltrotbkl k` egklkibg ogtbvbtbes bs blevbtonfe, tje gjoffelme
bs tk recuge blequofbty kl tje nosbs k` spotboffy ulnofolgec mrkwtj. Sk
suggeec bl gkpblm wbtj tjbs gjoffelme, tje rkfe k` tje bltermkverlieltof
`bsgof systei bs k` `ulcoieltof sbmlb`bgolge. ]btjkut bltermkverlieltof
trols`er, tje spotboffy ulnofolgec mrkwtj olc rembklof cbsporbty bl blgkie
cbstrbnutbkl wbff ne `uffy trolsfotec bltk rembklof cbsporbty bl oggess tk dey
skgbof servbges, sugj os ecugotbkl olc jeoftj gore, wjbgj blevbtonfy resufts
bl blequofbty bl kppkrtulbty. Sje trols`er k` mkverlielt revelue `rkirbgjer rembkls tk pkkrer rembkls blevbtonfy weodels blgeltbves `kr revelue
melerotbkl. Jkwever, o weff-cesbmlec bltermkverlieltof trols`er systei
jos tje pkteltbof tk ogjbeve tje kptbiof nofolge netweel equbty olc
blgeltbves. Os summestec ny tje prknfeis wbtj `blolgblm k` ecugotbkl olc
?3 ^ecugblm Blequofbty `kr Wjorec Mrkwtj bl Gjblo
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jeoftj gore servbges ieltbklec onkve, re`kri k` tje bltermkverlieltof
`bsgof systei reiobls ol oreo wjere o iohkr nreodtjrkumj bs leecec `kr
Muolmcklm tk bipfeielt tje tjree-pbffor strotemy prkpksec jere.
Efbiblotblm Onskfute Qkverty tjrkumj tje Cbnok Wystei
Os bl tje rest k` Gjblo, tje iblbiui fbvblm offkwolge (Cbnok) prkmroi bstje iobl pkfbgy blstruielt `kr tje Muolmcklm mkverlielt tk occress
onskfute pkverty `kr rurof olc urnol resbcelts. Sje prkmroi bs cesbmlec tk
prkvbce cbregt trols`ers tk jkusejkfcs wjkse overome let per gopbto
blgkies ore nefkw o fkgoffy ce`blec tjresjkfc k` iblbiui fbvblm stolcorc.Cespbte tje bipressbve prkmress ioce ny Muolmcklm bl sustoblblm olc
expolcblm bts rurof Cbnok prkmroi, o revbew k` bipfeieltotbkl experb-elge blcbgotes tjot tje prkmroi jos yet tk ogjbeve bts knhegtbves. Sje dey
bssues jblcerblm tje ogjbeveielt k` knhegtbves blgfuce fevef k` prkmroi
gkverome, oikult k` `bsgof blput, cesbml k` skie dey pkfbgy `eotures, olc
ociblbstrotbkl k` tje prkmroi.
Nubfcblm kl kver o cegoce k` experbelge wbtj Cbnok, olc mbvel tje
prkvblges `bsgof strelmtj, Muolmcklm bs bl o pksbtbkl tk fb`t tje pkkr kutk` onskfute pkverty ny expolcblm olc biprkvblm tje Cbnok prkmroi. Btwbff requbre ceteriblotbkl bl settblm prbkrbtbes, biprkveielts bl pkfbgy
cesbml tk eljolge e``bgbelgy, olc strelmtjelblm k` so`ety-let blstbtutbkls
tk elsure tjot tje prkmroi bs weff mkverlec.
Expolcblm Qrkmroi Gkverome ny QrktegtblmOcequote @bsgof Blput
Gkverome k` tje rurof Cbnok prkmroi bs fkw gkiporec tk tje fevefs k`pkverty bl Muolmcklm. ^esufts `rki tje >11= rurof jkusejkfc surveysjkw tjot tje prkmroi reogjec fess tjol 5 pergelt k` pkkr rurof jkuse-
jkfcs, ieosurec omoblst o pkverty fble k` $> per coy. Sje fbibtec gkver-
ome wos espegboffy opporelt bl tje eosterl olc westerl oreos k` tje
prkvblge, wjbgj joc blgkie- olc gklsuiptbkl-nosec pkverty rotes k`
>1 pergelt olc 70 pergelt, respegtbvefy, gkiporec tk o prkmroi gkver-
ome rote k` klfy >.= pergelt. Sje coto ofsk pkblt tk gkltbluec binofolges
ogrkss cb``erelt rembkls k` Muolmcklm8 Oftjkumj tje eosterl olc west-
erl oreos oggkultec `kr kver 01 pergelt k` tje prkvblges pkkr, tje>.= pergelt gkverome rote wos fkwer tjol tjkse k` tje ktjer twk rembkls.
Kle iobl reoskl `kr tje fkw nreoctj (gkverome) olc ceptj (fevef k`
prktegtbkl) k` tje prkmroi bs tje blocequogy k` tje `bsgof blput tk bt.
Gurreltfy, `blolgblm respklsbnbfbty bs sjorec netweel tje prkvblgbof olc
Kvervbew ?5
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fkgof mkverlielts, wbtj o sbmlb`bgolt recbstrbnutbve efeielt. Jkwever,
coto summest tjot tje luiner k` nele`bgborbes bl cb``erelt ports k`
Muolmcklm bs strklmfy gkrrefotec tk tje su``bgbelgy k` fkgof `ulcs `kr
tje Cbnok prkmroi.O rotjer reiordonfe gkltrocbgtbkl gol ne knservec netweel tje pkfbgy
stoteielt olc tje prkmroi reofbty, olc, blceec, bl tjot selse, tje prkmroi
bl Muolmcklm bs lkt iordecfy cb``erelt `rki tjot bl tje rest k` Gjblo.
]jbfe tje prkmroi bs cesbmlec os ol eltbtfeielt prkmroi wbtj tje stotec
prblgbpfe off wjk ore efbmbnfe sjoff regebve nele`bt, bl reofbty, tje ceptj
olc nreoctj k` tje prkmroi ore lkt crbvel ny nosbg leecs nut ore formefy
ceteriblec ny fkgof `bsgof gopogbty.Ikvblm `krworc, Muolmcklm leecs tk blgreose prkmroi gkverome ny
(?) settblm tje fevef k` iblbiui offkwolge nosec kl o gfeorfy ce`blec
opprkogj (`kr exoipfe, nosbg gklsuiptbkl nosdet)4 (>) nucmetblm tje
tktof fevef k` `bsgof blput requbrec nosec kl leecs4 olc (7) rotbklofbzblm
`blolgblm respklsbnbfbtbes oiklm cb``erelt fevefs k` mkverlielt. Sje prbl-
gbpfe k` gkst sjorblm bs skulc, nut bt ioy ne legessory tk bltrkcuge prkvbl-
gbof `ulcblm ikre nbosec bl `ovkr k` tje pkkrest rembkls olc elsure tjot
nucmet offkgotbkls ot tje fkgof fevef ore rblm-`elgec.
Biprkvblm Qkfbgy Cesbml tk ^obse Qrkmroi E``bgbelgyOftjkumj rurof Cbnok bs stbff bl tje eorfy todek`` pjose ot tje lotbkloffevef, Muolmcklm jos ofreocy experbieltec wbtj tje prkmroi `kr kver o
cegoce. Crowblm `rki tje experbelge k` urnol Cbnok, wjbgj `kffkws tjesoie prkmroi cesbml pjbfkskpjy, o rolme k` pkfbgy olc prkmroi cesbml
bssues tjot leec tk ne occressec `kr tje prkmroi tk `ulgtbkl prkperfy olc
ieet bts stotec knhegtbves gol ne bceltb`bec. @kur bssues olc tje regki-ielcec skfutbkls ore jbmjfbmjtec jere.
Sje efbmbnbfbty tjresjkfc. Cespbte tje use k` tje teri iblbiui fbvblm
offkwolge, tje Cbnok tjresjkfcs ore opporeltfy lkt set kr ochustec oggkrc-blm tk oly sgbeltb`bg ieosure k` tje iblbiui fbvblm requbreielt.