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Red Tides, Green Tides, & Brown Tides in theIndian River Lagoon, Florida
Edward Phlips and Susan BadylakFisheries and Aquatic Sciences ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesville, Florida
Margaret LasiSt. Johns River Water Management DistrictPalatka, Florida
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BASIC SCOPE: 1997 - Present
Sampling – 8-12 sites, monthly or twice per month
Field parameters – Temperature, oxygen, salinity, light attenuation
Analytical Parameters - Total nitrogen, total phosphorus (some SRP, DIN, Si)
Other – Color, turbidity (some TSS, POC), chlorophyll a
Plankton – Phytoplankton composition, biovolume, carbonSome zooplankton and bacterioplankton
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8. Vero
6. Sebastian
4. Eau Gallie
2. Titusville (Core 2)
Sebastian Inlet
5. Melbourne (Core 6)
3. Banana River (Core 5)
Florida
4.1. Cocoa
0 20km
3.5. N. Banana River(Core 3)
1.5. S. Mosquito Lagoon(Core 1)
1. Mosquito Lagoon
Sampling Regime – 10 Sites
Nort
hern
Range
Phlips et al.
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Note: 1 µg C ml-1 ≈ 15-25 µg Chl a L-1
Phytoplankton Biomass – Southern Mosquito Lagoon
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Ja
n-97
Jan-
98Ja
n-99
Jan-
00Ja
n-01
Jan-
02Ja
n-03
Jan-
04Ja
n-05
Jan-
06Ja
n-07
Jan-
08Ja
n-09
Jan-
10Ja
n-11
Jan-
12Ja
n-13
Jan-
14
1.5 Southern ML21 10
PE/PC
Al Al
Dino
Diatom
Cyano
Other
Car
bon,
µg
ml-1
Phlips et al.
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Phytoplankton Biomass – Northern Indian River Lagoon
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Ja
n-97
Jan-
98Ja
n-99
Jan-
00Ja
n-01
Jan-
02Ja
n-03
Jan-
04Ja
n-05
Jan-
06Ja
n-07
Jan-
08Ja
n-09
Jan-
10Ja
n-11
Jan-
12Ja
n-13
Jan-
14
2. Titusville IRL88
PE/PC
AlAl
Pb
Pb Pb
Pb
Pb
PbAk Ak
PC
DPb
Dino
Diatom
Cyano
Other
Car
bon,
µg
ml-1
Phlips et al.
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Phytoplankton Biomass – Central Banana River
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Ja
n-97
Jan-
98Ja
n-99
Jan-
00Ja
n-01
Jan-
02Ja
n-03
Jan-
04Ja
n-05
Jan-
06Ja
n-07
Jan-
08Ja
n-09
Jan-
10Ja
n-11
Jan-
12Ja
n-13
Jan-
14
3. Central BRL Pb
PE/PC
PC
PCPb
Pb
Ak
Pb
DD
D
D
D
PCPbPb
DPb
DPC
D
Dino
Diatom
Cyano
Other
Car
bon,
µg
ml-1
Phlips et al.
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Phytoplankton Biomass – Central IRL Sebastian
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Ja
n-97
Jan-
98Ja
n-99
Jan-
00Ja
n-01
Jan-
02Ja
n-03
Jan-
04Ja
n-05
Jan-
06Ja
n-07
Jan-
08Ja
n-09
Jan-
10Ja
n-11
Jan-
12Ja
n-13
Jan-
14
6. Sebastian IRL
DD
Dino
Diatom
Cyano
Other
Car
bon,
µg
ml-1
Phlips et al.
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Some Major HAB Species
Max #Obs. TotalBiomass* >0.2* Obs.
Pyrodinium bahamense 6.0 116 535Akashiwo sanguinea 7.3 44 615Peridinium quinquecorne 1.7 13 120Karlodinium veneficum 0.8 8 817Prorocentrum minimum 0.4 5 295Cochlodinium polykrikoides 0.4 4 224Takayama tasmanica 1.4 3 78Kryptoperidinium foliaceum 3.6 3 80
Pedinophyceae sp. 4.4 76 295
Aureoumbra lagunensis 23.0 12 36
Pseudo-nitzschia calliantha 1.5 16 384
*µg C ml-1
Dinoflagellates
Diatom
Chlorophyte
Pelagophyte
Phlips et al.
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Pyrodinium bahamense var. bahamense
Badylak et al. 2004
Most prolific bloom-formerin the IRL
Saxitoxin producer
Source of toxin in some fishand invertebrates speciesin the IRL
May be associated with alterations in food webs
Increased light attenuation,Secchi depths 0.9-1.5 m
(Phlips et al. 2006, 2010, 2011, 2014;
Badylak et al. 2004, 2007, 2008;
Landsberg et al. 2006)
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Melbourne
Cocoa
Titusville
Mosquito Lagoon
Banana River
Sebastian Inlet
Atlantic Ocean
Florida
Pyrodinium bahamense Spatial Distribution – Summer 2009
Phlips et al. 2011
(cells/ml)
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2006 Pyrodinium Bloom – Central Banana River
C. Banana River
Longevity
High tempLow salinityRain link
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Oct
-05
Nov-
05De
c-05
Jan-
06Fe
b-06
Mar
-06
Apr-0
6M
ay-0
6Ju
n-06
Jul-0
6Au
g-06
Sep-
06O
ct-0
6No
v-06
05
10152025303540
Oct
-05
Nov
-05
Dec
-05
Jan-
06Fe
b-06
Mar
-06
Apr
-06
May
-06
Jun-
06Ju
l-06
Aug
-06
Sep-
06O
ct-0
6N
ov-0
6
Diatom Cyano Other
Tem
pera
ture
, oC
(red
)Sa
linity
, psu
(bla
ck)
Rai
nfal
l, cm
(blu
e)
Pyro Other Dinos
Car
bon,
µg
ml-1
Temperature
Salinity
Rain
Phlips et al. 2014
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El Niño Southern Oscillation Index and Pyrodinium Biovolume
0123456
Jan-
97Ja
n-98
Jan-
99Ja
n-00
Jan-
01Ja
n-02
Jan-
03Ja
n-04
Jan-
05Ja
n-06
Jan-
07Ja
n-08
Jan-
09Ja
n-10
Jan-
11Ja
n-12
ENSO
Ind
ex,
MEI
-3-2-101234
Pyrodinium
, µg
C m
l-1
Phlips et al. 2014
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2011 Green Tide - “Super” bloomPedinophyceae sp./Picocyanobacteria
SEM
Badylak, Phlips and Kelley
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2010/2011- Diatom/Pedinophyceae sp. & Picocyanobacteria BloomsCentral Banana River
Longevity
Record cold
Low rainfall
SeagrassDie off
0
1
2
3
4
5
Oct
-10
Nov-
10
Dec-
10
Jan-
11
Feb-
11
Mar
-11
Apr-1
1
May
-11
Jun-
11
Jul-1
1
Aug-
11
Sep-
11
Oct
-11
Diat
Cyan
Other
Ped
Dino
Car
bon,
µg
ml-1
05
10152025303540
Oct
-10
Nov
-10
Dec
-10
Jan-
11
Feb-
11
Mar
-11
Apr
-11
May
-11
Jun-
11
Jul-1
1
Aug
-11
Sep-
11
Oct
-11
Tem
pera
ture
, oC
Rai
n, c
m&
Sal
inity
, psu
Salinity
Temperature
Rain
Recordcold
Chl a up to 100+µg L-1
Secchi <0.5m
Phlips et al. 2014
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Kelly Young
2012 Brown Tide – Mosquito LagoonJust When You Thought Things Were Getting Better
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SEM TEM
2012 Bloom: Pelagophyte sp. (Aureoumbra lagunensis)
Badylak, Kelley & PhlipsBadylak, Kelley & Phlips
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00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
05/0
1/12
06/0
1/12
07/0
2/12
08/0
2/12
09/0
2/12
MosquitoTitusvilleBanana
Pela
goph
yte
dens
ity,
(106
cells
ml-1
)
Summer 2012 Pelagophyte Cell Densities in Mosquito Lagoon, N. IRL and Banana River
Phlips et al.
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Phlips Lab Current Research
Continued phytoplankton monitoring program
Addition of bacterioplankton and zooplanktonanalyses at selected sites in the northern IRL,Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon
Nutrient uptake experiments with cultures of pico- andnano-plankton
Microzooplankton grazing experiments at selected sites in the northern IRL,Banana River and Mosquito Lagoon