Download - Reconstruction of black & urban areas final
Meghan Curran
Dianna Milano
Collean Toupin
Reconstruction of Black & Urban Areas
Reconstruction Period of US can be classified in two different ways: Reconstruction of the United States as a whole Reconstruction of the South
Took place btw the years 1863-1887 Depending upon the state, reconstruction began/ended at different times. All federal policies were abandoned entirely in 1887 Consisted of politicians attempting to reunite the North & South Government was faced with deciding how the southern states should be
punished for leaving the union.
Background of Reconstruction
http://proliberty.com/observer/20051220.htm
President Lincoln started to reconstruct the North & South.
President Andrew Johnson took over after Lincoln’s assassination in 1865
Acts laid out the process for readmitting southern states into the Union.
14th Amendment (1868) provided former slaves with national citizenship
15th Amendment (1870) granted black men the right to vote
2 new amendments created huge controversy in the South, created turmoil for African Americans
Rejected the land distribution proposal known as “40 acres and a mule”
The Reconstruction Acts of 1867
http://www.cartoonstock.com/vintage/directory/d/draft_riots.asp
Took a century of civil rights movements, protests & marches to defeat racial slurs, targeting and profiling they endured & to move up the social ladder
Southern states created the “Black Codes” which kept the African American population under the authority of the whites.
Black codes permitted the arrest of unemployed African Americans, but also made it difficult to find work.
Required African Americans obtain a license for skilled work & work a certain amount of hours in order to be considered employed
Basically left the African Americans still slaves because of the sharecropping system
Only major southern cities saw large improvements in African American equality
African American’s New Found “Freedom”
http://www.lib.niu.edu/1996/iht329602.html
African Americans were beat and killed for protesting & for no reason at all
When African Americans tried to settle in the northern European and white neighborhoods, they were often driven out. People would burn their homes, destroy their property
Had to face the stereotypes which added to the discrimination
Scientific experiments were conducted to prove physical differences between African Americans & whites Cranial capacities of skulls
measured, whites found to have a larger capacity, therefore white people were smarter
Discrimination
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/may18.html
Many southern states passed Jim Crow LawsThe laws left the African Americans
uneducated & made it more difficult for them to find jobs
Jim Crow Laws segregated African Americans from whites in:Social settingsDrinking fountainsSchoolsPublic transportation
Jim Crow Laws & Segregation
http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/history/1-segregated/white-only-1.html
Supreme Court Case in 1896Over the constitutionality of SegregationPlessy was 7/8 white, with white skin & sat in all
white section of the railroad carWas arrested for refusing to sit in the African
American section of the railroad car & violating Louisiana’s Segregation laws
Lost caseSupreme court ruled it is constitutional as long as
the laws followed the motto “separate but equal”Ruling further enforced the mistreatment of
African Americans
Plessy Vs. Ferguson
http://vivian-folkenflik.org/core-course-winter%2011.htm
15th Amendment Found ways around the 15th amendment
North Carolina (1835); former slaves banned from voting
Steep Taxes Literacy tests Voter qualification laws Louisiana Grandfather Clause: Men allowed
to vote if their fathers/grandfathers had been eligible to vote as of January 1, 1867. No African Americans qualified
Loopholes existed in the restrictions that made otherwise ineligible whites eligible to vote
African American man held a seat in congress in 1877
African Americans serving in several state legislatures by 1900
Late 1890’s = Racial tensions increased because government feared poor whites and African Americans would form and potentially threaten the power structure
Voting
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAvoting65.htm
Great Migration of African Americans moving from the south to the north, starting in 1890s
The generation of young African Americans who were born after the Civil War saw slavery as “childhood tales” & had a new motivation to move north, earn money & make something of themselves
Small migration back to AfricaEstablish all-black towns in Tennessee, Kansas and
the Oklahoma TerritoryOrganized civil rights organizations such as the
Citizens Equal Rights Association (CERA, 1887) and the Afro-Amerian League (1890)
The African American Response
Influential figure in the African American community from around 1895 until his death in 1915
Formerly a slave of Virginia, moved to West Virginia to work
Completed high school & started to teach
Wanted his students to study “actual things” like industrial training (modern technical school)
Founded Tuskegee Normal (1881)Believed African Americans should
concentrate on economic self-improvement rather than demanding social equality & civil rights
Philosophy became known as the Atlanta Compromise after a speech in 1895 in Atlanta
Booker T. Washington
http://gardenofpraise.com/ibdbookr.htm
Frederick Douglas was born as a mulatto slaveMulatto: Someone with one Caucasian parent and
one African parentHe experienced a comfortable childhood thoughHe lived on the outskirts of a Maryland plantation
with his grandparentsThe harsh realities of slavery soon found Douglas
thoughHe was whipped, beat and brutally ridiculed by white
workersHe realized that knowledge and education were the
only way that he was going to reach freedom
Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass – Road to Freedom
In 1938, Douglas escaped slavery in Baltimore by train
He dressed as a sailor and carried the papers of a free black man
For the rest of his life, Douglas spoke out against slavery and was a very influential abolitionist
Migrated north by the hundreds of thousands in early 20th century Labor shortage in first world war drew around 40,000 African
Americans to the North over 2 years African Americans chose cheapest method to the north, usually
resulting in large migrations to major cities such as St. Louis Baltimore Philadelphia Pittsburg New York Minneapolis Kansas City Cincinnati Cleveland Indianapolis Detroit Chicago
Migration to the North
http://www.lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki/tiki-print_article.php?articleId=104
African Americans were able to find jobs, but faced discrimination in the north with the growing African American population
Resented by the European-American working class. Whites would refuse to work alongside/train the African Americans
Worked mainly in the steel, automobile, shipbuilding and meatpacking industries
Working African Americans doubled from 500,000 to 901,000 during 1910-1920
Because of rising populations in major cities, housing shortages occurred
Other ethnic groups resisted against change and discriminated, restricting African Americans to crowded neighborhoods, resulting in ghetto’s
Migration to the North
http://www.alaboola.com/lists/cartoon/index428142.php
As African American’s migrated, they were integrated into society
Divide between the working class and African Americans closed due to close working conditions
African Americans from rural farm workers –> urban industrial workers
Still faced segregation when it came to the whitesAfrican American migrants kept many southern traits,
resulting in a stereotype of African Americans
Integration & Segregation in the North
http://www.episcopalarchives.org/Afro-Anglican_history/exhibit/transitions/segregation_and_integration.php
1955 – 1968Goal was to get rid of racial discrimination against
African AmericansOrganizations formed to help the movement
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
SNCC (Student NonViolent Coordinating Committee)CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Congress)
Favored non-violent protestsSit-insBoycottsMarches
The Civil Rights Movement
http://www.thedefendersonline.com/2010/05/04/two-ousted-sclc-officers-convene-a-separate-board-meeting-in-hopes-of-regaining-control/
Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956): Bus boycott that resulted after the arrest of Rosa Pars
Little Rock Arkansas (1957) First high school to be desegregated
Greensboro Sit-ins (1960) in North Carolina at several diner counters where African Americans were not allowed to be served
Freedom rides organized by CORE in 1961. African Americans and Whites sat anywhere on the busses and traveled from Washington D.C. to New Orleans
Birmingham Campaigns (1963-1964): Peaceful protests where protestors were treated extremely harsh
March on Washington (August 28, 1963): 200,000 to 300,00 demonstrators in front of Lincoln Memorial. “I have a Dream” Speech
Mississippi Freedom Summer (1964): White college student movement to register African American's to vote
Important Events in the Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights Act of 1964: banned discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin
Voting Rights Act of 1965Immigration and Nationality Services Act of
1965Fair Housing Act of 1968
Outcomes of the Civil Rights Movement
https://wikis.nyu.edu/ek6/modernamerica/index.php/Reform/TheCivilRightsMovement
Important Figures in the Civil Rights Movement
Malcom X Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Rosa Parks
http://www.truth-it.net/15th_amendment_to_the_us_constitution.html
http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/washington/bio.html
“A Different Mirror; A History of Multicultural America” by Ronald Takaki
http://www.infoplease.com/spot/civilrightstimeline1.html
Sources