Download - Recent advances in carcinoma breast
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Dr kundan Junior Resident , Department of surgery
Patna medical college & Hospital
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Risk assessment tools Imagings Non Palpable Lesions and Localization
Techniques Biomarkes Genomic analysis Surgery Chemoprevention Chemotherapy
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Gail model-focuses primarily on nongenetic risk factors, with limited information on family history
Claus model- based on empiric data from the Cancer and Steroid Hormone Study
Estimates a woman’s risk of breast cancer based on her age, the number of first- and second-degree relatives with breast cancer (up to two); and their age at onset.
BRCAPRO incorporates BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation
frequencies, cancer penetrance in mutation carriers, cancer status (affected, unaffected, or unknown), and age of the patient's first-degree and second-degree relatives.
The Breast Cancer Risk Assessment Tool Cuzick–Tyrer model - includes history of benign breast disease estrogen exposure
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Does the woman have a medical history of any breast cancer or of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) or lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) or has she received previous radiation therapy to the chest for treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma?
2. Does the woman have a mutation in either the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene, or a diagnosis of a genetic syndrome that may be associated with elevated risk of breast cancer?
3. What is the woman's age?This tool only calculates risk for women 35 years of age or older.
4. What was the woman's age at the time of her first menstrual period? 5. What was the woman's age at the time of her first live birth of a child? 6. How many of the woman's first-degree relatives - mother, sisters,
daughters - have had breast cancer? 7. Has the woman ever had a breast biopsy? 7a. How many breast biopsies (positive or negative) has the woman had?
7b. Has the woman had at least one breast biopsy with atypical
hyperplasia? 8. What is the woman's race/ethnicity? 8a. What is the sub race/ethnicity?
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luminal B ER/PR + Her-2/neu +Basal-like ER/PR - Her-2/neu -luminal A ER/PR + Her-2/neu - Her-2 overexpressing
ER/PR - Her-2/neu +
HER-2 positive and triple negative subtypes have been shown to preferentially metastasize to the brain over the other subtypes
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Full-field digital mammography -superior to standard mammography in women under 50 years of age and in those with dense breasts.
Computer-Aided Detection CAD programs are commercially available systems that use
computer software to assist the mammographer in detecting or identifying potentially suspicious abnormalities on a mammogram. The CAD program identifies potential abnormalities on the images and marks areas on the study that the computer considers to be suspicious.
DYNAMIC MRI – Contrast enhancement with Gd-DTPA The cancers are found to have rapid wash-in of contrast and
either a rapid wash-out of contrast or a leveling off of contrast. These two patterns of dynamic contrast enhancement yields 91% sensitivity and 83% specificity for malignancy detection.
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Positron-Emission Mammography- Most breast malignancies have greater metabolism than normal
tissues and concentrate 18F- fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG)
Molecular breast imaging
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utilizes small semiconductor-based γ-cameras in a mammographic configuration to provide high-resolution functional images of the breast.
have used Tc-99m sestamibi, Imaging can be performed within 5 min postinjection, with the
breast lightly compressed between the two detectors. Images of each breast are acquired in the craniocaudal and mediolateral oblique projections facilitating comparison with mammography.
overall sensitivity of 90%, with a sensitivity of 82% for lesions less than 10 mm in size
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Digital Infrared Imaging based on the principle that metabolic activity and vascular
circulation in both pre-cancerous tissue and the area surrounding a developing breast cancer is almost always higher than in normal breast tissue
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3-dimensional (3-D) imaging technology reduces or eliminates the tissue overlap
effect
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non-palpable lesions are associated with both a lower stage of disease and a substantially decreased incidence of lymph node involvement
Wire localization (WL)- pain and discomfort dislodgement of the wire, intraoperative wire transection, retention of wire fragments, thermal injury with the use of cautery, hematoma syncope
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Radioguided occult lesion localization (ROLL)
injection of a nuclear tracer (99 m TC-labelled colloidal albumin) directly around the tumor under ultrasound or stereotaxic guidance
the excision of the primary tumor is guided by a gamma probe, and a sentinel node biopsy can be performed at the same time if needed
intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS).
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used to collect cellular material for cytomorphology and biomarker studies
cellular material is retrieved by inserting a 1.5-cm flexible microcatheter through through the nipple surface orifices
under local anesthesia and infusing the same with saline uses of ductal lavage include selection of women for risk-reduction therapy, diagnostic workup of a nipple discharge, early diagnosis of an occult cancer monitoring response, study genetic alterations
In conjunction with the newly identified genetic markers, ductal lavage has the potential to identify early breast cancers before any mammography changes occur.
It can be used to study breast epithelial cells at the molecular level. Limitations of ductal lavage are its time-consuming nature, inability
to detect extra-ductal carcinoma, and uncertainty about its sensitivity and specificity.
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Indices of proliferation : PCNA , Ki67 Indices of apoptosis : bcl2 , bcl2/bax
ratio Indices of Angiogenesis :VEGF ,
ANGIOGENESIS INDEX Growth factor receptors : EGFR ,
Her2/neu
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The 21-Gene Recurrence Score (RS) (Oncotype DX) is an RT-PCR based gene expression profiling assay that includes 16 cancer genes and 5 reference genes
Mama print – another assay based on 70 genes
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PROLIFERATIONKi-67STK15
SurvivinCyclin B1
MYBL2
ESTROGENERPR
Bcl2SCUBE2
INVASIONStromelysin 3Cathepsin L2
HER2GRB7HER2
BAG1GSTM1
REFERENCEBeta-actin
GAPDHRPLPOGUSTFRC
CD68
Category
RS (0 – 100)
Low risk RS < 18
Int risk RS ≥ 18 and < 31
High risk RS ≥ 31
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Surgical management of breast cancer has shifted from extensive and highly morbid procedures, to the modern concept obtaining the best possible cosmetic result in tandem with the appropriate oncological resection.
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William Halsted popularized radical mastectomy in 1894.Radical mastectomy (RM) resulted in a significant drop in the local recurrence rate, but the curative potential remained limited.
MRM is a less morbid procedure compared to RM, the patient will still require a loss of the breast. The attempt to preserve the breast without compromising survival brought up the use of Breast Conserving Therapy (BCT)
This includes breast conserving surgery and breast radiotherapy. BCS is an important part of the breast-conserving therapy, which
may be defined as a combination of conservative surgery for resection of the primary tumor with or without surgical staging of the axilla, followed by radiotherapy for the eradication of the residual microscopic disease of the breast, with or without adjuvant systemic therapy.
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ELIGIBLITY CRIETERIA – Ability to obtain a margin negative lumpectomy - capability to deliver breast irradiation - likely hood of achieving a cosmetically acceptable result EXCLUSION CRIETERIA - multicentric disease - diffuse malignant appearing microcalcificaton - prior therapeutic chest irradiation - associated contraindication to radiation - positive margin on lumpectomy/reexcision specimen - history of collagen vascular disease - tumor size > 5 cm
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The incision should be sited in such a way that if mastectomy is eventually required, it can be included in the mastectomy specimen. In the upper part of the breast, incisions should be curvilinear or transverse, while in the lower part, they should be either curvilinear or radial.
Resection of 0.5 to 1.0 cm of grossly normal tissue resulted in a histologically negative margin in 95% of patients.
In order to ascertain a negative margin, intraoperative margin assessment (IOMA) has been found to be useful. These include:
gross inspection in the operating room, with or without frozen section analysis, cytologic touch prep (CTP) analysis,
shaved margin (SM), intraoperative ultrasound (IOUS). Drainage of the lumpectomy cavity should be avoided and it
should be allowed to fill with serum and fibrin. This will give the best cosmetic result.
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COMPLICATIONS : Seroma formation, arm morbidity (arm swelling, arm pain, arm
numbness, arm stiffness, shoulder stiffness, shoulder pain, and nerve injury),
phantom breast syndrome, delayed cellulitis pain syndromes of the chest wall, axilla, and
upper extremity
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skin sparing mastectomy (SSM) was first used by Toth and Lappert in 1991
removes the breast, nipple-areola complex, previous biopsy incisions, and skin overlying superficial tumors
Preservation of the inframammary fold (IMF) and native skin greatly enhances the aesthetic result of breast reconstruction.
The thickness of the mastectomy flaps should be the same as in a conventional mastectomy.
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In radiofrequency ablation, high-frequency alternating current is delivered via an electrode inserted into the tumor under ultrasound guidance. Pilot studies have shown that this technique have confirmed its efficacy to kill tumor cells. Similarly cryosurgery and focused ultrasound are currently under investigation in breast cancer. Percutaneous tumor excision is another novel technique in which small breast tumors are extracted via plastic cannulas attached to a circular blade. The lesion in question is targeted and retrieved with the assistance of mammographic stereotactic localization.
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MammoSite involve a reasonably user-friendly inflatable balloon that is inserted into the lumpectomy cavity either in the operating room or postoperatively, under ultrasound guidance.
Radioactive sources in form of interstitial catheters are placed in the tumor bed intra-or post-operatively offers several advantages over traditional external beam radiation.
It reduces the treatment time from 5 to 7 weeks to 4 to 5 days. It allows restriction of the radiation dose to the tumor bed
compared with conventional radiation therapy Older brachytherapy catheters were bulky and cumbersome.
Newer devices, such
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There are two required components for BCT. First, tumors must be resectable with a pathologically clear margin, that is, a surrounding margin of breast parenchyma without disease. Secondly, patients undergoing partial mastectomy typically receive whole breast irradiation to achieve local control in the breast.
Tumor size must be sufficiently small relative to the entire breast, such that the appearance of the breast is cosmetically acceptable following partial mastectomy. Additionally, all suspicious findings on imaging must be resectable with the partial mastectomy. The presence of diffuse highly concerning microcalcifications on mammography is a contraindication to BCT. Pregnancy and a history of previous chest irradiation do not allow BCT, as they are contraindications to the requisite postoperative radiotherapy. Positive margins after BCT require a repeat attempt at excision or completion mastectomy to achieve clear margins. Findings of involved margins with partial mastectomy significantly increase the chance of disease recurrence
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A recent trend including surgery as cancer prevention has gained wide acceptance. Contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (CPM) has been found to decrease the risk of development of a cancer in the disease-free breast in women at high risk.
BRCA mutation or a strong family history of breast cancer
LCIS,
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Bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy is widely used for cancer risk reduction in premenopausal women with BRCA1/2 mutations.[47-49] Bilateral prophylactic salpingo-oophorectomy significantly reduces breast cancer risk by approximately 50% and ovarian cancer risk by 80% to 95% but may be accompanied by menopausal symptoms, increased cardiovascular risk, impaired quality of life, and accelerated bone loss
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circulating tumor cells (CTCs) enrichment of CTCs by antibody-
mediated targeting of the epithelial cell adhesion marker (EpCAM)
greater than five CTCs is the breaking point for a poor prognosis in breast cancer
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Breast Cancer Subtypes Have Distinct Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Trastuzumab
Chemo
Luminal A Yes No Yes
Luminal B Yes Y/N Yes
HER2 No Yes Yes
Basal-like No No Yes
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Advances in Her-2/neu overexpressed breast cancer
•Trastuzumab in adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and metastatic setting
•Lapatinib in neoadjuvant and metastatic settings
•Pertuzumab, TDM-1 (Katherine trial) in neoadjuvant, adjuvant and metastatic settings
• Combinations of Her-2/neu inhibitors
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Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy (NACT)
•Goal is to optimize surgical outcomes
•Standard for larger, Stage 3 tumors
• Marginally resectable tumor
• Inflammatory breast cancer
• Best outcome is pathologic complete response path CR
• Surgery is ALWAYS perfomed, regardless of outcome of chemotherapy
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SERM – tamoxifen , raloxifen AROMATASE INHIBITOR – Exemestane Anastrazole Leterazole
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HER2/NEU – trastuzumab, ado-trastuzumab emtansin pertuzumab laptanib mToR inhibitor – everolimus PARP (poly ADP ribose polymerase) inhibitor -Iniparib BRCA MUTATION INHIBITORS Olaparib
veliparib
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Lapatinib • Binds to intracellular ATP
binding site of EGFR (ErbB-1) and HER2 (ErbB-2) preventing phosphorylation and activation
• Blocks downstream signaling through homodimers and heterodimers of EGFR (ErbB-1) and HER2 (ErbB-2)
• Dual blockade of signaling may be more effective than the single-target inhibition provided by agents such as trastuzumab
1+1 2+2 1+2
Lapatinib
Downstream signaling cascade
Rusnak et al. Mol Cancer Ther 2001;1:85-94; Xia et al. Oncogene 2002;21:6255-6263;Konecny et al. Cancer Res. 2006;66:1630-1639
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Oncotype Dx: Genomic Stratification of Luminal Breast Cancers for Therapeutic
Benefit The 21-Gene
Recurrence Score (RS) (Oncotype DX) is an RT-PCR based gene expression profiling assay that includes 16 cancer genes and 5 reference genes.
PROLIFERATIONPROLIFERATIONKi-67Ki-67
STK15STK15SurvivinSurvivin
Cyclin B1Cyclin B1MYBL2MYBL2
ESTROGENESTROGENERERPRPR
Bcl2Bcl2SCUBE2SCUBE2
INVASIONINVASIONStromelysin 3Stromelysin 3Cathepsin L2Cathepsin L2
HER2HER2GRB7GRB7HER2HER2
BAG1BAG1GSTM1GSTM1
REFERENCE GENESREFERENCE GENESBeta-actin, GAPDH, RPLPOBeta-actin, GAPDH, RPLPOGUS, TFRCGUS, TFRC
CD68CD68
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PROLIFERATIONKi-67
STK15Survivin
Cyclin B1MYBL2
ESTROGENER
PGRBcl2
SCUBE2
INVASIONStromolysin 3Cathepsin L2
HER2GRB7HER2
GSTM1
REFERENCEBeta-actinGAPDHRPLPO
GUSTFRC
CD68
BAG1
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