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Reaching food and nutrition security:
The untapped potential of agricultural biodiversityEmile Frison, Director General, Bioversity International
The World Bank, 26 March 2013
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The challenges we face
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Feeding a growing population
By 2050...
World population will grow
to 9.2 billion = growth of 37%
Food production must increase
by more than 70% ...
and be sustainable
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Triple burden of malnutrition
• Hunger or Undernutrition : Almost 1
billion people suffer from hunger
and 3.5 million young children die of
undernutrition every year.
• Hidden hunger: Young children and
women are among those most at risk
of developing micronutrient
deficiencies.
• Overnutrition and obesity: More
than 1.2 billion people are overweight
globally. This number is rising quickly
and dramatically everywhere.
• Increasingly in low income
countries, under- and overnutrition
exist side-by-side along with
micronutrient deficiencies (the triple
burden).
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Increasing contribution of NCDs to cause of deathRural Bangladesh (Matlab area, 1986–2006)
(Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, some cancers, obesity)
Source: http://www.globalhealthaction.net/index.php/gha/article/view/19/2301
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Climate change
Temperatures rise up to 2.5 degrees C
Changes in growing conditions
New pests and diseases
Water scarcity and desertification
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Entirely new climates?
• Global warming creates new climates
• Coolest summers in 2090 will be warmer
than the hottest summer now.
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Climate change: more extreme events
Less predictable seasons, greater risks…
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Increasing reliance on few plants
300,000
100,000
30,000
7,000
120
30
3
•Known plant species
•Used by humankind
•Edible
•Used as food at local level
•Important at national scale
•Provide 90% of plant calories
•Provide 60% (rice, wheat, maize)
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Loss of agricultural biodiversity
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How can agriculture meet these challenges?
We need to adapt...
Agricultural systems that
produce more and better food
under harsher conditions
while protecting the environment
If we want to focus on the needs of the poor and hungry
we need a different paradigm
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Better use of agricultural and forest biodiversity
and agro-ecological intensification
In order to simultaneously:
• Improve smallholder livelihoods
• Enable resilient ecosystem services
• Provide better nutrition and health
• Create system sustainability.
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• To complement ex situ conservation with on-farm
conservation of crop landraces important for smallholders
and in situ conservation of crop wild relatives
and forest tree biodiversity.
• To develop a global framework for availability:
– Information
– Supportive policies
Better use also requires conservation
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Agricultural biodiversity for improved livelihoods
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Creating more opportunities for Neglected and
Underutilized Species (NUS)
Dried vegetables
and fruits
Pressure-popping
Noodles made from
sorghum and millets
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Shaded coffee intercropped with bananas
for greater productivity in Latin America
• In Colombia, >80% of plantains
produced in mixed systems with coffee,
cocoa, cassava or fruit trees and
contribute 10% to 20% to income. (Espinal 2005; Castellon 2010, Rajala 2010, Martinez 2011)
• In East Africa, mixed systems are less
common, but economic benefits as
compared to monocrop are significant. (van Asten et al., 2011)
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Tropical fruit tree diversity:
multiple strategies to ensure benefits to
smallholder farming communities
• Piloting good practices that reduce risk and increase
productivity
• Identify and improve access of best trees and information
• Increase the demand for the material marketing
information, diverse products and value addition
• Ensure rights and provide recognition to custodian farmers
and their networks
• Consolidate roles of smallholders farmers as conserver,
innovator and promoter on community based approaches
(CBM; PPB, CSB, FFS etc.)
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Creating more opportunities for Neglected and
Underutilized Species (NUS)
New uses for traditional
crops: Enset
Traditional use is limited. But
through innovation, new value
added, new use and market
for NUS created. Growing Enset for animal
feeding (Ensete sp)
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Agricultural and forest biodiversity for agro-system stability, resilience and ecosystem services
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Agricultural and forest biodiversity for ecosystem
services: improving ecosystem function
• Nutrient cycling and soil
fertility
• Pollination
• Water management
• Erosion control
• Pest and disease
regulation
• CO2 sequestration and
climate regulation
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Disease management through diversification:
cultivar mixture against rice blast in China
• Re-introduction of traditional glutinous rice varieties (formerly replaced by
blast-resistant rice hybrids)
• Lesser use of fungicides, reduced production cost; higher profit, yield
increase of glutinous rice.
• Farmer’s adoption of the practice:
1997: 15ha 2002: 260,000ha Continued expansion
• Row interplanting of susceptible
glutinous rice together with
resistant hybrid rice
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Diversity and field resistance:
Higher varietal richness less variance and damageRichness x Disease Index
Variety Richness
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
Dis
ea
se D
am
ag
e f
or
Maiz
e N
Lea
f B
ligh
t
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
HH Richness vs HH Disease Damage for Maize N Le Peng et al., 2010,
unpublished data
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Farmers’ management of genetic diversity
Prevents dilution of the stress resistance characteristics of local varieties
Participatory plant breeding to improve disease resistance in the
local cold tolerant rice and barley landraces in situ in high
mountain agricultural sites in Nepal Sthapit, Jarvis, Skinner, Murray, 2012
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Participatory plant improvement with poor farmers
in Nepal: use of pro-poor traits
• Breeding goal set by farmers:
- Improve taste of Mansara landrace
rice and productivity
- Retain its traits for specific
adaptation to marginal conditions
(poor soils)
• Continue to select and maintain
seed of segregating lines under
target niches until preferred traits
are fixed-address G x E interaction
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Site 2
Site 3
Site1 Site 2
Site 3
Site1
Unpredictable rainfall Variety diversity
Minimizing risk for unpredictable environmental conditions in Burkina Faso
4-5 traditional sorghum varieties per farm
(1.2 ha) and 23 per community with any two
plants drawn at random within a farm differed
in 69% (within a community 91%)
(Sawadogo et al., 2005 and 2006)
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Broadening the genetic base of crop cultivation and empowering farmers for climate change adaptation through crowdsourcing
Citizen science approach scales out participatory crop research.
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Systematic review of integrated landscapes in Asia
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Agricultural and forest biodiversity, dietary diversity, sustainable diets and human nutrition
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B. Nutrient composition of 3 food crops
shown as % of daily requirement: Corn:
dark gray; Black beans: light gray;
Pumpkin: black line.
(DeClerck et al., 2011)
A. Ideal diet: dark gray; lack of
protein and micronutrients: light
gray.
Nutrient diversity requirements
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The nutrition transition
Simplifiction of diets:
• Increased fats, sugars
and processed/refined
foods
•Energy rich but nutrient
poor
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What is a Sustainable Diet?
Sustainable diets are those diets with low
environmental impacts which contribute to food and
nutrition security and to healthy life for present and
future generations.
They are:
• protective and respective of biodiversity and ecosystems
• culturally acceptable
• accessible
• economically fair and affordable
• nutritionally adequate, safe and healthy
…while optimizing natural and human resources.
INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SYMPOSIUM: BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINABLE DIETS UNITED AGAINST HUNGER,
3-5 NOVEMBER 2010, FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS HEADQUARTERS, ROME
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Agricultural biodiversity for nutrition
What has been tried in agriculture to improve nutrition?
• Fortification of commodities
• Biofortification of staple products
• Home gardening of fruits and vegetables
• Animal programmes to increase animal source
proteins
Promoting the use of agricultural biodiversity to provide affordable,
nutritionally-rich food sources which contribute to dietary diversity and
improved nutrition and health.
Agricultural biodiversity (traditional
foods, varieties…) is under-researched
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Traditional African leafy vegetables (ALV) in Kenya
• Local ALV - nutritious, affordable,
adapted to local growing conditions
and cultural traditions.
• Identifying key issues hindering
cultivation, conservation and marketing
of traditional ALV in Nairobi peri-urban
areas.
IMPACT
Of those growing ALVs, half of
them (52%) participated in
marketing.
Two-thirds of households
increased their incomes, while half
had increased their consumption.
(Gotor and Irungu, 2010)
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(Yenagi et al., 2010)
• High in iron and calcium
• High tolerance to drought more
productive than other grains.
• Worked with 200 farming families to
increase production and marketing of three
minor millets.
• By training the women in quality
standardization, packaging and production,
new millet based recipes developed into
popular snack foods, which led to
increased sales of millet-based products
and malt in urban markets.
Minor millets in India
IMPACT
Monitored farmers increased
yields by 70%.
Processing the millet into malt
added value, and increased
income, with some women tripling
their profits by selling only the
malt.
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Exploiting existing diversity
•Case study: Pro-vitamine A content
EAHBCavendish Plantain
Utin Jap
Source: Davey et al., 2009
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Value chains and institutional innovations supporting use of agricultural and forest biodiversity
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Multiple values of agricultural and forest biodiversity
DUV IUV OV BV XV
Direct Use
Values
Indirect Use Values Option
Values
Bequest
Values
Existence
Values
Food
Animal feed
Fibres
Fuel
Construction
materials
Traction and
transport
Source of income
Agroecosystem
resilience;
Symbiotic/synergistc
effects
Maintenance of geneflow,
evolutionary processes,
indigenous knowledge
and culture, soil and
water quality,
pollinators
(for an
uncertain
future)
Satisfaction
arising from
passing
specific genetic
resources/
diversity on to
future
generations
Satisfaction
arising from
knowing that a
specific genetic
resource /
diversity exists
Private Goods Public Goods
Total Economic Value of agricultural biodiversity =
DUV + IUV + OV + BV + XV
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Local-regional markets
International market
Contextpolitical – legal – institutional – macroeconomic – market – cultural
RemittancesOff-farm labor
Market-oriented agriculture
Subsistence agriculture
House-hold
assets
+
Gender-differentiated approach to identify best-bet
options for ensuring food, nutrition and income
Multi-chain approach to value chain and livelihood development
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Develop new dishes and identify most
suitable diversity.
(Padulosi et al., 2009)
Enhancing private values for the poor through innovations across the value chainElimination of drudgery makes millets viable
options and more attractive food for households.
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Integrating across livelihoods, nutrition and sustainability
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0
1
2
3
4
5Productivity
Ecosystem services provision
Resilience
Equitable participation
Income generation
Diet diversity
AVL example Optimal
Integrating across outcomes
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Conservation and availability of agricultural and forest biodiversity
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In situ conservation, on farms and in the
wild, of agricultural and forest biodiversity:
ensures the continued evolution and
adaptation to changing conditions
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• Capacity building and conservation actions
• Public awareness
• National Information Systems
• International Information System
• Manual of In Situ Conservation
In situ conservation of crop wild relatives through enhanced information management and field application
Five megabiodiverse country
partners: Armenia, Bolivia,
Madagascar, Sri Lanka and
Uzbekistan
Wild relatives of 35 priority crops
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
no of farmers
US
$/fa
rmer Chillpi Blanco (B)
Noveton (B)Kanchis (B)
Huallata (B)
Hilo (B) Janko Witulla (P)
Cuchi Wila (P)
Mis
aqu
inua
(P)
Chullpi Anaranjado (P)
• Identifying least-cost providers
for max impact of limited
conservation budgets
• Identifying combinations of
market, public, private sources
for sustainable financing.
• Targeting areas of high agricultural
biodiversity and high poverty to
maximize impact
• Establishing of monitoring systems,
baselines, conservation goals
Enhancing capture of public value for the poor through PACS
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Agricultural biodiversity fairs and use of Andean crops: promotion, documentation, exchange
• Promoting sharing of diversity and knowledge
• Recognition to custodian farmers
• Visibility, documentation, monitoring, networking.
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Increased conservation of target crops and
associated indigenous knowledge
• Output: Documentation of traditional
crops and associated IK, their
agromorphological traits (focus in
Coromata Media and Santiago de
Okola, Bolivia).
• Outcome: Contribution to the
valorization and use enhancement
of target crops and reintroduction of
lost diversity in its original area.
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Conservation of Prunus africana, threatened by
harvest of medicinal bark
• Analysis of patterns of variation in
genotype and chemotype
• Phylogeographic study
• Development of conservation and
management guidelines
• Mapping of priority conservation
zones based on diversity from
chloroplast and nuclear DNA analysis Priority zones for in situ
conservation of genetic diversity
of Prunus africana
Collaboration with Austrian University and member countries of the Subsaharan Network on Forest Genetic Resources (SAFORGEN)
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Networking, information exchange and research
on tools to control illegal logging
• 50% of timber exports from the Amazon, Central Africa,
South-East Asia are illegal & threaten tree resources
• Regulatory controls in importing countries
• EUROPE: FLEGT Action Plan; Public Procurement
Policies, Timber Regulation
• USA - Lacey Act
• Many protected timbers can be mistaken for legally
harvested tree species because of similar wood anatomy
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Networking, information exchange and research
on tools to control illegal logging
DNA, an integrated “barcode” for
species, is not susceptible to
manipulation
100
400
300
200
500
bp
Echtes Mahagoni
(Swietenia macrophylla)
Westindisches Mahagoni
(Swietenia mahagoni)
S. mahagoniS. macrophylla
ProtectedBeobachtungen (Achsen F1 und F2: 98,76 %)
00-004-FMU
10-003/004-FMU
10-004-FMU
10-007-FMU10-026-FMU
10-026/051FMU
-5
0
5
-8 -3 2
F1 (76,21 %)
F2 (
22,5
5 %
)
00-004-FMU 10-003/004-FMU 10-004-FMU 10-007-FMU 10-026-FMU 10-026/051FMU Zentroide
Stable isotopes can differentiate between
locations of origin
Iroko and Sapelli from concessions in Cameron (DA Rotating: D, 18O, 13C, 15N, 34S)
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Improving the availability of plant genetic resources
• Information: need to
know what is where
• A supportive policy
environment
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Global Web Portal(s) for
Agrobiodiversity
ex situ PGR and in situ/on farm ABD
PGR/ABD Registries National (NBPGR, GRIN, etc.)
Regional Networks (e.g. EURISCO)
Crop-Specific (e.g. MGIS, IRIS, etc.)
PGR Data Standards Global data identifiers
Descriptors
Crop Ontology
Web service formats
in situ/on farm
Agrobiodiversity Data
ex situ PGR
Genebank MIS
Mobile Phone
Data Collection
GBIF Internet
Publishing Toolkit
(IPT)
GBIF IPT
Geographical Atlases
of PGR Accessions
Related
Germplasm
Platforms
Related ABD Monitoring & Use
FAO, ITPGRFA PID/SMTA, WIPO systems
GBIF, GeoBON, Conservation Int’l
Breeding & Agroecological information
Other Global ABD monitoring systems
GRIN-Global
Other Genebank MIS: e.g. SDIS
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Impact of policies on different actors’ ability
to use germplasm
• Demonstrating of countries’
interdependence on crop diversity.
• Understanding processes through
which genetic resources are
exchanged between different actors
• Proposing policy recommendations for
facilitated exchange of genetic resources
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www.bioversityinternational.org
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